In vivo evaluation of the biocompatibility and biodegradation of a new denatured plasma membrane combined with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF).

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a process that involves the regeneration of bone defects through the application of occlusive membranes that mechanically exclude the population of non-osteogenic cells from the surrounding soft tissue. Interestingly, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has previously been proposed as an autologous GBR membrane despite its short-term resorption period of 2-3 weeks. Recent clinical observations have demonstrated that, by heating a liquid platelet-poor plasma (PPP) layer and mixing the cell-rich buffy coat zone, the resorption properties of heated albumin gel with liquid-PRF (Alb-PRF) can be significantly improved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory reaction, biocompatibility, and extended degradation properties of a new autologous Alb-PRF membrane in comparison to commonly utilized standard PRF after nude mice implantation, according to ISO 10993-6/2016. Two standard preparations of PRF (L-PRF and H-PRF) were compared to novel Alb-PRF following subcutaneous implantation at 7, 14, and 21 days. All groups demonstrated excellent biocompatibility owing to their autologous sources. However, it is worth noting that, while both L-PRF and H-PRF membranes demonstrated significant or complete resorption by 21 days, the Alb-PRF membrane remained volume-stable throughout the duration of the study. This study demonstrates-for the first time, to the best of our knowledge-a marked improvement in the membrane stability of Alb-PRF. This indicates its future potential for use as a biological barrier membrane for GBR procedures with a long-lasting half-life, or as a biological filler material in esthetic medicine applications. Thus, further studies are warranted to explore future clinical applications in various fields of medicine.

Growth Factors Release From Concentrated Growth Factors: Effect of ß-Tricalcium Phosphate Addition.

BACKGROUND: Platelet concentrates represent a new approach to improve tissue regeneration and can be used alone or together with autogenous bone, recombinant human growth factors, and/or other biomaterials, to enhance tissue regeneration. Among platelet concentrates, concentrated growth factors (CGFs) exhibit an interesting clinical and biotechnological application potential. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro release of 4 growth factors (bone morphogenetic proteins [BMP] -2, BMP-7, transforming growth factor [TGF] -ß1, and insulin-like growth factor [IGF] -1) by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, in CGFs mixed or not with ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP), using or not the Round-up device, at different times. METHODS: CGFs were obtained from healthy volunteers, mixed or not with ß-TCP, using or not the Round-up device. The release of 4 growth factors from these CGFs was then measured at 5 hours, 1, 3, 6, and 8 days, using the ELISA assay. RESULTS: Comparison of the results obtained with those achieved for CGFs alone showed that BMP2 and BMP-7 release, significantly increased in CGFs mixed with Round-up and ß-TCP, TGF-ß1 release was similar to CGFs alone, whereas IG-1 release was lower compared with CGFs alone. CONCLUSION: The present data suggest that ß-TCP addition to CGF could enhance and improve tissue regeneration, especially bone regeneration, increasing the release of some growth factors that play an important role in osteogenesis.

Fracture load comparison of a new Fiber-Reinforced Composite and Zirconia in All-on-Four Prosthesis: An In Vitro Study.

PURPOSE: To compare the fracture load of two framework materials, zirconia and a new fiber-reinforced composite (FRC), for full-arch implant-supported rehabilitations using various cross- sections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cobalt-chromium metal model simulating the all-on-four concept and including 2 anterior straight and 2 posterior 45- degree angled multi-unit digital implant analogs was manufactured. 4 straight multi-unit abutments were screwed onto the implant analogs. The metallic model was scanned, and 18 frameworks were fabricated, consisting of 9 made of zirconia and 9 made of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). The frameworks were then divided into 6 groups, with each group consisting of 3 frameworks (n=3). Group division was based on material type (Zirconia or FRC Trilor) and framework cross-section: 3.5 x 6 mm2, 5.5 x 6 mm2, or 7.5 x 6 mm2. All specimens underwent thermocycling in 2 baths (5 ͦ c- 55 ͦ c for 2350 cycles). Subsequently, the frameworks were cemented to the abutments of the metal model and subjected to a load-to-failure bending test at 3 different points using a universal testing machine (crosshead speed: 1 mm/min) until complete fracture occurred (according to ISO/TS 11405:2015). Descriptive statistics were used to present quantitative variables as means ± standard deviations. To compare two means, Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test was utilized, and for three means, ANOVA test was used. RESULTS: The FRC group with a 7.5 x 6 mm2 cross-section exhibited the highest load-to-failure values (ranging from 1020 N to 2994N) , while the zirconia group with a 3.5 x 6 mm2 cross-section recorded the lowest values (ranging from 212 N to 1287 N). The material type and framework cross-section significantly affected the mean load-to-fracture values (p< 0.05). Regardless of the framework cross-section, the FRC group exhibited higher fracture loads than the zirconia group. In both materials, fracture load values were increased with larger framework cross-sectional areas, with the highest values observed at the inter-implant midpoint. CONCLUSION: The FRC Trilor demonstrated a fracture load that make it a suitable alternative to zirconia for all-on-four implant prosthetic frameworks.

"Sticky Bone" Preparation Device: A Pilot Study on the Release of Cytokines and Growth Factors.

Sticky bone, a growth factor-enriched bone graft matrix, is a promising autologous material for bone tissue regeneration. However, its production is strongly dependent on manual handling steps. In this sense, a new device was developed to simplify the confection of the sticky bone, named Sticky Bone Preparation Device (SBPD®). The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the suitability of the SBPD® to prepare biomaterials for bone regeneration with autologous platelet concentrates. The SBPD® allows the blending of particulate samples from synthetic, xenograft, or autogenous bone with autologous platelet concentrates, making it easy to use and avoiding the need of further manipulations for the combination of the materials. The protocol for the preparation of sticky bone samples using the SBPD® is described, and the resulting product is compared with hand-mixed SB preparations regarding in vitro parameters such as cell content and the ability to release growth factors and cytokines relevant to tissue regeneration. The entrapped cell content was estimated, and the ability to release biological mediators was assessed after 7 days of incubation in culture medium. Both preparations increased the leukocyte and platelet concentrations compared to whole-blood samples (p < 0.05), without significant differences between SB and SBPD®. SBPD® samples released several growth factors, including VEGF, FGFb, and PDGF, at concentrations physiologically equivalent to those released by SB preparations. Therefore, the use of SBPD® results in a similar product to the standard protocol, but with more straightforward and shorter preparation times and less manipulation. These preliminary results suggest this device as a suitable alternative for combining bone substitute materials with platelet concentrates for bone tissue regeneration.

Newly formulated 5% 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans.

BACKGROUND: A large number of systemic diseases can be linked to oral candida pathogenicity. The global trend of invasive candidiasis has increased progressively and is often accentuated by increasing Candida albicans resistance to the most common antifungal medications. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic approach for oral microbial infections. A new formulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5%ALA) in a thermosetting gel (t) (5%ALA-PTt) was patented and recently has become available on the market. However, its antimicrobial properties, whether mediated or not by PDT, are not yet known. In this work we characterised them. METHODS: We isolated a strain of C. albicans from plaques on the oral mucus membrane of an infected patient. Colonies of this strain were exposed for 1 24 h, to 5%ALA-PTt, 5%ALA-PTt buffered to pH 6.5 (the pH of the oral mucosa) (5%ALA-PTtb) or not exposed (control). The 1 h-exposed samples were also irradiated at a wavelength of 630 nm with 0.14 watts (W) and 0.37 W/cm2 for 7 min at a distance of <1 mm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The 5% ALA-PTt preparation was shown to be effective in reducing the growth of biofilm and inoculum of C. albicans. This effect seems to be linked to the intrinsic characteristics of 5%ALA-TPt, such acidic pH and the induction of free radical production. This outcome was significantly enhanced by the effect of PDT at relatively short incubation and irradiation times, which resulted in growth inhibition of both treated biofilm and inoculum by ∼80% and ∼95%, respectively.