Evaluation of red blood cell distribution width, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and other hematologic parameters in canine acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if RBC distribution width (RDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and other hematological parameters are associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality, increased length of hospitalization (LOH), or disease severity as measured by the Canine Acute Pancreatitis Severity (CAPS) score in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP). DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter study from January 2016 to August 2020. SETTING: Four private emergency and specialty referral centers. ANIMALS: On initial case search, 118 client-owned dogs were identified with a clinical diagnosis of AP. Out of these cases, 114 dogs met inclusion criteria, defined as sudden onset of ≥2 compatible clinic signs (lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, or abdominal pain), a specific canine pancreatic lipase concentration >400 µg/L, hospital admission, as well as CBC and serum biochemistry run within 48 hours of initial hospitalization. Disease severity was calculated and measured using the CAPS score, in addition to LOH and in-hospital mortality. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Clinical endpoints were in-hospital mortality, LOH, and disease severity, as evaluated by the CAPS score. Overall in-hospital mortality was 36.8%. NLR was significantly associated with survival, with a higher percentage being associated with an increased likelihood of nonsurvival (odds ratio: 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.2; P = 0.006, adjusted P = 0.04). Increased NLR was found to be significantly associated with a longer LOH based on the unadjusted P-value (P = 0.02) but was not statistically significant based on a P-value adjusted for multiple comparisons (P = 0.12). No significant associations were noted when RDW, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, WBC count, mean platelet volume, RDW-to-platelet ratio, or RDW-to-total serum calcium ratio was evaluated against outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: This study retrospectively evaluated the prognostic utility of several readily available hematological parameters in dogs hospitalized for AP. Dogs with an increased NLR may have a higher risk of in-hospital mortality and increased LOH, although future prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

A survey of emergency and critical care veterinarians regarding IV fluid bolus therapy and monitoring practices in small animals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how veterinary emergency and critical care clinicians define IV fluid bolus therapy (FBT) and what constitutes a positive response to a fluid bolus. DESIGN: Online survey of 222 emergency and critical care veterinarians between December 17, 2018, and March 1, 2019. INTERVENTIONS: An online survey was provided to diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC), residents of ACVECC-approved training programs, as well as house officers and emergency clinicians of a corporate multicenter emergency and specialty care veterinary hospital. The survey investigated the administration of various crystalloid, colloid, and blood products for FBT, as well as expected physiological responses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The majority of respondents considered balanced isotonic crystalloids appropriate for FBT (220/222 [99.1%]). Respondents showed greater variability in acceptance of 0.9% sodium chloride (105/222 [47.30%]), hypertonic (3-7%) sodium chloride (131/222 [59.01%]), and hydroxyethyl starch solutions (90/222 [40.54%]). Most respondents did not consider physiological plasma (44/222 [19.82%]) an appropriate choice. The most commonly used parameters for monitoring FBT responses were heart rate (220/222 [99.10%]), blood pressure (217/222 [97.75%]), capillary refill time (192/222 [86.49%]), lactate (181/222 [81.53%]), pulse pressure (151/222 [68.02%]), and rectal temperature (145/222 [65.32%]). The majority of respondents perceived that 0-20% (165/222 [74.32%]) of hypotensive patients are nonresponsive to FBT. CONCLUSIONS: Small animal emergency and critical care clinicians favored balanced isotonic electrolyte solutions and hypertonic sodium chloride solutions for FBT over other options. When monitoring responses to FBT, heart rate, blood pressure, capillary refill time, and plasma lactate were among the most commonly monitored parameters, and there was a lack of familiarity with others. Despite the widespread use of FBT, these findings outline the need for further prospective clinical trials regarding the ideal fluid type and rate, as well as the appropriate responses to FBT.

Anaphylaxis-related hemoperitoneum in 11 dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the unique complication of hemoperitoneum associated with anaphylaxis. DESIGN: Retrospective case series from September 2012 to August 2017. SETTING: Two private emergency and specialty referral hospitals. ANIMALS: Eleven client-owned dogs diagnosed with anaphylaxis and hemoperitoneum upon presentation or referral. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Inclusion criteria included clinical signs consistent with anaphylaxis (hypotension, tachycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, collapse, with or without the presence of dermal signs) due to witnessed or unwitnessed presumed bee sting, an elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), performance of abdominal FAST (AFAST) examination with an abdominal fluid score, the sonographic presence of gallbladder wall edema, and hemoperitoneum. All dogs (n=11) were managed medically without surgical intervention. 91% (n=10) of dogs survived to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoperitoneum development can be seen with anaphylactic reactions, though the exact mechanism remains to be fully understood. Medical therapy is warranted and can be successful in these patients; surgery is not indicated to address hemoperitoneum.

Lyophilized platelets versus cryopreserved platelets for management of bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs: A multicenter randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Thrombocytopenia in dogs is common in critical care medicine, but availability of fresh platelet concentrates in veterinary medicine can be limiting. Lyophilized platelets have long shelf-lives and can be easily transported, stored, and administered in various settings. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel trehalose-stabilized canine lyophilized platelet product in thrombocytopenic dogs with clinically-evident bleeding. ANIMALS: Eighty-eight dogs with platelet counts <50 × 103 /µL and a standardized bleeding assessment tool (DOGiBAT) score ≥2. METHODS: Multicenter, randomized, non-blinded, non-inferiority clinical trial comparing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-stabilized cryopreserved platelet concentrates (CPP) with trehalose-stabilized lyophilized platelets (LP) for control of bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs. Dogs were randomized to receive 3 × 109 platelets/kg of LP or CPP. Primary outcome measures were change in DOGiBAT score, platelet count, need for additional red cell transfusion and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Fifty dogs received LP and 38 received CPP. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of both groups were comparable. At 1-hour post-transfusion, LP were superior for change in DOGiBAT score, and non-inferior at 24-hours post-transfusion. The LP were non-inferior to CPP for change in platelet count, need for additional red blood cell units, and survival to discharge. The LP were superior for change in hematocrit at 1-hour post-transfusion, and non-inferior at 24-hours. No adverse effects were noted in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: A novel trehalose-stabilized canine LP product appears to be logistically superior and is clinically non-inferior to DMSO-stabilized canine CPP for management of bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs.

Best practice recommendations for prehospital veterinary care of dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE: To examine available evidence on prehospital care in human and veterinary trauma and emergency medicine and develop best practice guidelines for use by both paramedical and nonparamedical personnel in the approach to the prehospital care of dogs and cats. DESIGN: Systematic evaluation of the literature gathered via medical databases searches of Medline, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar. SYNTHESIS: From a review and systematic evaluation of the available evidence, consensus guidelines on the approach to prehospital care of dogs and cats in 18 scenarios were developed. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the lack of current evidence in the veterinary prehospital arena, best practice guidelines were developed as an initial platform. Recommendations were based on a review of pertinent human and available veterinary literature as well as a consensus of the authors' professional opinions. It is anticipated that evidence-based additions will be made in the future.

Lung lobe torsion.

Lung lobe torsion is a rare pulmonary disorder in small animals and in humans. Torsion occurs when the lung lobe rotates around the bronchus and vascular supply and remains in that position. Lung lobe torsion is a life-threatening condition. The patient may present in an acute, fulminant respiratory crisis; however, more subtle clinical signs have also been reported. Lung lobe torsion may be secondary to an underlying pathology or spontaneous and idiopathic. Surgical resection of the affected lung lobe is the treatment of choice. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause. This article reviews the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic approach, and treatment of lung lobe torsion in dogs and cats.