Easing Suffering for ICU Patients and Their Families: Evidence and Opportunities for Primary and Specialty Palliative Care in the ICU.

Intensive care unit (ICU) admissions are often accompanied by many physical and existential pressure points that can be extraordinarily wearing on patients and their families and surrogate decision makers (SDMs). Multidisciplinary palliative support, including physicians, advanced practice nurses, nutritionists, chaplains and other team members, may alleviate many of these sources of potential suffering. However, the palliative needs of ICU patients undoubtedly exceed the bandwidth of current consultative specialty palliative medicine teams. Informed by standard-of-care palliative medicine domains, we review common ICU symptoms (pain, dyspnea and thirst) and their prevalence, sources and their treatment. We then identify palliative needs and impacts in the domains of communication, SDM support and transitions of care for patients and their families through their journey in the ICU, from discharge and recovery at home to chronic critical illness, post-ICU disability or death. Finally, we examine the evidence for strategies to incorporate specialty palliative medicine and palliative principles into ICU care for the improvement of patient- and family-centered care. While randomized controlled studies have failed to demonstrate measurable improvement in pre-determined outcomes for patient- and family-relevant outcomes, embracing the principles of palliative medicine and assuring their delivery in the ICU is likely to translate to overall improvement in humanistic, person-centered care that supports patients and their SDMs during and following critical illness.

Hospitalisations for heart failure: increased palliative care referrals - a veterans affairs hospital initiative.

OBJECTIVES: Heart failure (HF) portends significant morbidity and mortality. Integrating palliative care (PC) with HF management improves quality of life and preparedness planning. At a Veterans Affairs hospital, PC was used in 6.5% of patients admitted for HF from October 2019 to September 2020. We sought to increase the percentage of referrals to PC to 20%. METHODS: PC referral guidelines were developed and used to screen all HF admissions between October 2020 and May 2021. Point-of-care education on the benefits of PC was delivered to teams caring for patients who met PC referral criteria. Changes were tested using Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles. Results were analysed using run charts. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 109 HF admissions in patients who were not already followed by PC. Thirty-one (28%) received a new PC consult. The mean age was 81±9.5 years, median B-type natriuretic peptide was 1202 pg/mL, and mean length of stay was 8±5 days. After our intervention, there was an upward shift in the percentage of new referrals to PC with 6 values above the baseline median, which represents a significant change. CONCLUSIONS: Through multiple PDSA cycles, referrals to PC for patients admitted with HF increased from 6.5% to 28%. Point-of-care education was an effective tool to teach medical teams about the benefits of PC. Inpatient teams more consistently and independently considered PC for patients with HF, representing a cultural shift. This quality improvement model may serve as a paradigm to improve the care of HF patients.

Feasibility of Safe Opioid Prescribing in Outpatient Palliative Care: A Quality Improvement Project.

BACKGROUND: No guidelines for safe opioid prescribing in palliative care exist, which contributes to limited monitoring of opioid misuse in palliative care. MEASURES: Feasibility of a safe opioid prescribing standard operating protocol (SOP) was determined by assessing the percentage of patients in an outpatient cancer center who completed each component of a five-component SOP. INTERVENTION: A five-component SOP included: risk stratification for misuse, consent form, prescription drug monitoring program review, urine drug testing, and Naloxone for high-risk individuals. OUTCOMES: After one year, compliance rates on four of the of the five-component SOP were greater or equal to 93%. Naloxone co-prescription for high-risk patients never reached over 78%, largely due to clinical decision not to co-prescribe if transition to hospice was imminent. CONCLUSIONS/LESSONS LEARNED: Safe opioid prescribing measures are feasible in outpatient palliative care and can facilitate identification of individuals at risk for opioid misuse and prompt early interventions for misuse.

Specialized Palliative and Hospice Care and the Importance of Mourning Our Nation's Veterans.

One aspect of palliative medicine that has been underexplored is the perspective of veterans either facing critical life-limiting illness or at the end of life. The needs of veterans differ not only because military culture affects how veterans cope with their illness but also because exposure-related factors (combat and environmental) differ between military branches. In this paper, we describe two cases involving end-of-life care for veterans with combat trauma and describe individualized approaches to their care.