The Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. extract reduces mineralized matrix synthesis in osteogenically differentiated rat mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.

The Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. has been used to treat and prevent diseases in human and veterinary medicine. On the other hand, plant poisoning causes several bone diseases, among them osteoporosis, which is characterized by osteoblastic hypoplasia. Because the osteoblast is a cell derived from the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, the hypothesis is that the plant reduces the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of S. glaucophyllum Desf. extract on MSCs cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium. We determined by liquid chromatography that 1 ml of plant extract contained 3.8 µl of 1,25(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol). Four groups of MSCs cultivated in osteogenic medium were evaluated as follows: (a) treated with 100 µl of extract/L containing 0.4 µg/L of calcitriol; (b) treated with 1 ml of extract/L containing 4 µg/L of calcitriol; (c) treated with 5 ml of extract/L containing 20 µg/L of calcitriol; and (d) a control group without extract. We performed alkaline phosphatase activity assay, analysis of MTT conversion to formazan, and evaluated the percentage of cells, and number and diameter of mineralization nodules. The expression of gene transcripts for osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and BMP-2 was analysed by RT-qPCR. After 21 days, there was a significant reduction in MTT conversion to formazan in treated groups, of the cellularity in the group with 5 ml of extract/L, and in the number and size of mineralization nodules in the groups treated with 1 and 5 ml of extract/L. The 5 ml extract/L concentration also reduced transcript expression of osteopontin. It is concluded that S. glaucophyllum Desf. at concentrations of 1 and 5 ml extract/L reduced mineralized matrix synthesis in MSCs cultivated in osteogenic differentiation medium, which suggests that this is one of the mechanisms by which osteoporosis occurs in intoxicated animals.

Variation in the saccharide lectin binding pattern from different isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus.

Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is the causal agent of bovine tritrichomonosis (BT), a venereal disease that causes significant economic losses in the bovine livestock industry. The structural organization of T. foetus presents a cell membrane, an undulating membrane which extends along the parasite, three anterior flagella and a recurrent posterior flagellum. The interaction between the superficial glycoconjugates of the parasite and the host cell is one of the most relevant pathogenic mechanisms. In the present study, we analyzed the saccharide pattern through lectincytochemistry of the cell membrane, undulating membrane, cytoplasm and flagella of 28 isolates of T. foetus. Lectins that labeled most of the isolates were WGA, Con-A, RCA-I, LCA, GS-II and PHA-E showing the presence of D-mannose, D-glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. On the other hand, no labeling was observed in any of the structures with VVA, STA, LEA, Jacalin, GS-I, SJA, PHA-L, DSA, and weak labeling was observed with DBA, PNA, SBA and UEA I, showing therefore a low expression of N-acetylgalactosamine, L-fucose and galactose. In addition, GS II labeled in a granular pattern when lectincytochemistry was positive, whereas LCA strongly labeled the membranes and weakly the cytoplasms. The labeling variations observed among the isolates analyzed in the present work, could be related to differences in the pathogenic behavior of the isolates.

Effect of the addition of different concentrations of Solanum glaucophyllum desf. extract on chondrocyte cultures from the growth cartilage of newborn rats.

Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. is a calcinogenic plant responsible for enzootic calcinosis that affects ruminants and causes alterations in bone and cartilaginous tissues, among others. It is believed that changes in cartilage tissue, with reduced bone growth, are due to hypercalcitoninism, caused by excess vitamin D. However, we hypothesized that S. glaucophyllum Desf. can act directly on chondrocytes and therefore, chondrocyte cultures from the epiphysis of the long bones of newborn rats were used as a model to elucidate the direct effects of S. glaucophyllum Desf. on bone growth. Plant samples were collected from Cañuelas, Argentina. An aliquot of the plant extract was used to quantify vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3). The effects of the three concentrations of the plant extract were tested in cultures of chondrocytes extracted from the epiphyses of the long bones of 32 three-day-old Wistar rats. A control group (without extract), and three groups treated with different concentrations of plant extract were formed: group 1 (100 µL/L); group 2 (1 mL/L), and group 3 (5 mL/L), containing respectively 1 × 10-9 M, 1 × 10-8 M, and 5 × 10-8 M of 1,25(OH)2D3. After 7, 14, and 21 days of culture, MTT assay for cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and quantification of the percentage of areas with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were performed. On day 7, all chondrocytes in group 3, that is, those with the highest concentration of plant extract, died. On days 14 and 21, groups 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in chondrocyte viability compared to the control. At 7, 14, and 21 days, groups 1 and 2 showed significantly lower alkaline phosphatase activity than the control. On day 21, group 2 showed a significant reduction in areas with PAS + GAGs. There were no significant differences between the groups in the expression of gene transcripts for Sox9, Col2, ColX, and aggrecan. The S. glaucophyllum Desf. extract directly affected growing rat chondrocytes by reducing viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and GAG synthesis without altering the expression of gene transcripts for Sox9, Col2, ColX, and aggrecan, which may be one of the mechanisms by which there is a reduction in bone growth in animals intoxicated by the plant.

Experimental poisoning by Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook. f. (Rubiaceae) in goats. Clinical, biochemical and toxicological aspects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, biochemical and toxicological findings of the experimentally poisoning induced by Heterophyllaea pustulata in goats. Ten healthy adult female Saanen breed goats were used in the experiment. The goats were randomly assigned to two groups of five individuals: control and experimental group (CG and EG). Both groups were kept in the same enclosure devoid of shade for 8 h daily. The EG received only H. pustulata samples (leaves and thin steam) and water ad libitum. The CG received lucerne hay. Blood samples were taken at different times after oral administration of vegetal samples, and level of hepatic enzymes, total bilirubin, conjugated and non-conjugated bilirubin was measured, together with the detection of anthraquinones (AQs) and phylloerythrin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detector and Mass Spectrometry with Electron Spray Ionization and Quadrupole Time Of Fly analysis. At the same time, skin biopsy samples were collected for AQs determinations. For histopathological examination, hepatic biopsy samples were collected on day 8. Clinically, all goats of the EG revealed photophobia, dermatitis and photosensitization. None of these goats developed jaundice or died during the experiment (15 days). In addition, affected goats exhibited a significant elevation in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin. Microscopic examination of the liver samples revealed slight degenerative lesions. Although phylloerythrin was not detected in sera, a high level of two predominant AQs in H. pustulata (rubiadin/soranjidiol) were noted between 24 and 72 h after plant consumption, which coincided with the period in which the clinical signs were more obvious. Since those AQs were not identified in skin samples, the clinical findings were supported by the presence of AQs in sera. Finally, toxicological studies of the AQs are important, since many current works suggest their potential use in the photodynamic therapy.

Rat mesenchymal stem cell cultures as a model to elucidate the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of bone metaplasia induced by Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication.

The hypothesis of this experiment is that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in the genesis of the bone metaplasia caused by Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication. We determined using liquid chromatography that 1 mL of plant extract contained 3.8 µl of 1,25(OH)2D3. The ability of 100 µL, 1 mL and 5 mL of extract/L, containing 1 nM (0.4 µg/L), 10 nM (4 µg/L) and 50 nM (20 µg/L) of 1,25(OH)2D3, respectively, in inducing the osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow MSCs from rats was tested. At the concentrations of 1 and 5 mL of extract/L of culture medium without osteogenesis-inducing factors, the plant extract induced the osteogenic differentiation of the MSCs, as was evidenced by the greater synthesis of mineralized matrix. At the higher concentration (5 mL of extract/L), an increase in the relative expression of BMP-2 gene was observed. It was concluded that rat bone marrow MSC culture is a good model for studying the effects of the S. glaucophyllum extract on the osteogenic differentiation of undifferentiated cells. Also, S. glaucophyllum extracts containing 10 nM (4 µg/L) and 50 nM (20 µg/L) of 1,25(OH)2D3 induce the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms by which S. glaucophyllum causes bone metaplasia.

Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by the ingestion of Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in North-western Argentina.

There are numerous poisonous plants that can induce intralysosomal accumulation of glycoproteins and neurologic syndromes. Here we describe for the first time, a disease caused by ingesting Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in goats in North-western Argentina. The animals showed weight loss, indifference to the environment, unsteady gait and ataxia. Histopathologic studies showed vacuolization in cells of various organs, mainly in the CNS. The material deposited in the cells was positive for LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin), WGA (Triticum vulgaris agglutinin), sWGA (succinyl-Triticum vulgaris agglutinin) and Con-A (Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin) lectins. Finally, toxic levels of swansonine were identified in the plant. The present investigation allowed to recognize S. rodrigoi Monteiro poisoning as a plant induced α-mannosidosis.

Bovine enzootic haematuria from consumption of Pteris deflexa and Pteris plumula in northwestern Argentina.

Bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) is caused by prolonged ingestion of toxic principles of bracken fern, essentially by Pteridium spp. In northwestern Argentina, this disease has a great economic impact ant it is attributed a chronic consumption to Pteridium arachnoideum. This paper describes two endemic areas for enzootic hematuria due to the consumption of Pteris deflexa and Pteris plumula. Two areas where P. deflexa and P. plumula are endemic, but free of Pteridium species, were devised and seven farms were visited. The disease was confirmed based on the presence of clinically affected animals. In four necropsies bleeding neoplastic lesions were observed in the mucosa of the urinary bladder. At phytochemical analysis, both ptaquiloside and pterosin B were found in P. deflexa and P. plumula. Thus, the consumption of P. deflexa and P. plumula can also cause BEH.

A novel pathogenic mechanism for cerebellar lesions produced by Solanum bonariense in cattle.

Intoxication with Solanum bonariense in cattle causes cerebellar cortical degeneration with perikaryal vacuolation, axonal swelling, and death primarily of Purkinje cells, with accumulation of electron-dense residual storage bodies in membrane-bound vesicles. The pathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. Previously, we proposed that inhibition of protein synthesis in Purkinje cells among other altered metabolic pathways could lead to cytoskeletal alterations, subsequently altering cell-specific axonal transport. In the present study, immunohistochemical and histochemical methods were used to identify neuronal cytoskeletal alterations and axonal loss, demyelination, and astrogliosis in the cerebellum of intoxicated bovines. Samples of cerebellum from 3 natural and 4 experimental cases and 2 control bovines were studied. Immunoreactivity against neurofilament (NF)-200KDa confirmed marked loss of Purkinje neurons, and phospho-NF protein, ß-tubulin, and affinity reaction against phalloidin revealed an altered perikaryal distribution of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins in the remaining Purkinje cells in intoxicated cattle. Reactive astrogliosis in every layer of the cerebellar cortex was also observed with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. In affected cattle, demyelination and axonal loss in the cerebellar white matter, as well as basket cell loss were demonstrated with Klüver-Barrera and Bielschowsky stains, respectively. Based on these results, we propose that neuronal cytoskeletal alterations with subsequent interference of the axonal transport in Purkinje cells may play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disorder, and also that demyelination and axonal loss in the cerebellar white matter, as well as astrogliosis in the gray matter, likely occur secondarily to Purkinje cell degeneration and death.

Morphometry of cervical segments grey matter in the male rat spinal cord.

The cervical portion of the spinal cord is an area frequently affected by alterations of medical and veterinary importance. Since there is scarce quantitative anatomical data on this region, we undertook a morphometric study of the grey matter of all segments of the rat cervical spinal cord of male rats in order to generate reference patterns to be used in future experimental studies. Using image analysis software, the total spinal cord length and grey and white matter area of each segment was recorded. The morphometric characteristics of the neurones populating the laminae of the grey matter of the cervical segments was also recorded. Neurones were classified into small, medium and large sizes for each lamina and statistically compared. The present data fill an anatomical information gap by providing quantitative data about the normal anatomical features of the rat cervical cord. The anatomical data found could be used to better understand the physiological relevance of that region in the rat.

Impact of very old age on the expression of cervical spinal cord cell markers in rats.

Aging is a process associated with both anatomical changes and loss of expression of some cell markers. Intermediate filaments are known to impart mechanical stability to cells and tissues. Some of them are present in different cell populations of the central nervous system. In order to explore the impact of extreme age we immunohistochemically characterized the changes in intermediate filaments and other cellular markers present in cells populating the gray matter cervical spinal cord of very old rats (28 months) taking young (5 months) counterparts as a reference. The spinal cord weight of the senile animals (12.6+/-1.1 g) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of the young animals (8.4+/-1.1 g). Spinal cord length also increased significantly (P<0.05) with age (7.9+/-0.3 cm vs. 8.28+/-0.1 cm for young and senile, respectively). An increase in both neurofilament staining area and density was observed in senile rats in comparison to young animals. A significant (P<0.05) age-related increment in the mean area of the cervical segments was observed. Vimentin expression in the ependymal zone decreased in area and intensity during aging. Our data show that there are some significant changes in the morphological and histochemical patterns of the cervical spinal cord in senile rats. However, they do not necessarily represent a pathologic situation and may rather reflect plastic reorganization.

Presence of binucleate neurons in the spinal cord of young and senile rats.

The presence of binucleate cells constitutes a normal feature of some animal tissues but is rare in the normal brain and has not been documented in the spinal cord. We assessed different segments of the rat spinal cord in order to determine the frequency and distribution of binucleate neurons in this structure as well as the impact of aging on this neuronal population. Young (4-5 months) and senile (32 months) female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Sections from cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments were histochemically and immunohistochemically (NeuN) stained and the frequency and distribution of binucleate neurons was determined by manual counting. The frequency of binucleate neurons in all of the analysed segments was comparable between young and senile animals. Binucleate neurons were particularly frequent in the C5 and C6 segments. The overall distribution of binucleate neurons in the different laminae assessed was, Lm-III = 19%; Lm-VI = 17%; Lm-VII = 39%; LmVIII = 8%; Lm-IX = 11%; Lm-X = 6%, and was comparable between young and senile rats. We conclude that binucleate neurons occur as a normal feature of the rat spinal cord and that their frequency and distribution does not change with aging.

Loss of NeuN immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord neurons during aging.

A morphologic study of the impact of aging on neuron marker expression was performed in different segments of the rat spinal cord. Spinal cord specimens from young (5 months), middle-aged (12 months) and senile (32 months) female rats were assessed. We found a complete loss of neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) immunoreactivity in cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments of the senile animals whereas neuron-specific enolase (NSE) immunoreactivity was comparable in young and senile rats. These findings in otherwise morphologically well preserved spinal cord neurons are of interest and reveal that NeuN may not be a reliable marker to identify neurons in the spinal cord of aging rats.

Lechiguana em bovinos: aspectos patogênicos / Lechiguana in cattle: pathogenic aspects

Dois bovinos foram infectados com larvas de Dermatobia hominis na região escapular esquerda, e o local de infecção de um dos bovinos foi inoculado com Mannheimia granulomatis. Aos sete, 14, 21 e 28 dias, foram feitas biópsias cirúrgicas dos locais de inoculação das larvas para posterior estudo histológico, imuno-histoquímico e avaliação por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. No bovino infectado somente com as larvas, as lesões histológicas se caracterizaram por dermatite eosinofílica, infiltrado de células mononucleares e proliferação de tecido conjuntivo. A inoculação simultânea de Dermatobia hominis e Mannheimia granulomatis provocou adicionalmente linfangite e microabscessos eosinofílicos, similares aos observados em casos espontâneos da enfermidade. Na amostra coletada aos 28 dias após a infecção bacteriana, foi observada, tanto na imuno-histoquímica, como por meio da microscopia eletrônica, a presença de corpos bacterianos aparentemente intactos no interior de fagossomas macrofágicos, sugerindo que a bactéria permanece dentro dos macrófagos até que algum fator desconhecido desencadeie o desenvolvimento da enfermidade. A Mannheimia granulomatis foi isolada de larvas coletadas aos 42 dias após a inoculação, demonstrando que a bactéria pode sobreviver por algum tempo na larva de Dermatobia hominis. Os dados do trabalho indicam que as larvas de Dermatobia hominis podem atuar como um fator contribuinte para o desenvolvimento da paniculite fibrogranulomatosa proliferativa.

Two cattle were infected at the left scapula with larvae of the Dermatobia hominis, while one of them was infected with the Mannheimia granulomatis. Biopsies of the lesions were taken at the 7, 14, 21 and 28 days p.i. for subsequent histopatological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopical studies. In the only animal infected with larvae, eosinophilic dermatitis, infiltration of mononuclear cells and proliferation of connective tissue characterized the histological lesions. The simultaneous inoculation of Dermatobia hominis and Mannheimia granulomatis caused, besides the characteristic lesions of the parasitosis, linfangitis and eosinophilic microabscesses, similar changes to those observed in spontaneous cases of the disease. In the samples taken after 28 days of the bacterial infection it was observed, in both immunohistochemestry and by electronic microscopy the presence of apparently intact bacterial bodies inside macrophages fagosomes, suggesting that the bacteria is inside the macrophages until some unknown factors trigger the development of the illness. Mannheimia granulomatis was isolated from larvae gathered 42 days after inoculation demonstrating that the bacteria can survive inside the larva Dermatobia hominis. Data from the study indicate that the larvae of Dermatobia hominis may act as a contributing factor to the development of proliferative fibrogranulomatous panniculitis.

Intoxication of cattle by the fruits of Melia azedarach.

Melia azedarach fruits were administered at single doses ranging from 5 to 30 g/kg bw to 10 calves. The animals dosed with 25 g/kg bw and 30 g/ kg bw died, as well as 1/2 cattle that received 15 g/kg bw. Clinical signs were depression, ruminal stasis, anorexia, diarrhea, incoordination, muscle tremors, difficulty to stand, sternal recumbence, hypothermia and dyspnea. Serum AST and CPK were increased. Signs appeared 4 to 24 h after dosing and the clinical manifestations continued for 20 to 72 h. Macroscopic findings included congestion of the intestine, focal or diffuseyellow discoloration of the liver, and brain congestion. LiQuid content was in rumen, reticulum and intestines. The liver had swollen and vacuolated hepatocytes, and necrotic hepatocytes were scattered throughout the parenchyma or concentrated in the periacinar zone. Degenerative and necrotic changes were in the epithelium of the forestomachs. There was also necrosis of lymphoid tissue. Skeletal muscles had hyaline degeneration and fiber necrosis.

Intoxicação experimental com frutos de Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) em suínos / Experimental poisoning by fruits of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) in pigs

Frutos maduros, triturados, de Melia azedarach foram administrados misturados à ração a 8 suínos em doses únicas de 5-20g/kg. Diarréia passageira foi o único sinal nos 2 suínos que consumiram 5g/kg. Os sinais clínicos observados nos animais que ingeriram doses únicas de 10, 15 e 20g/kg caracterizaram-se por incoordenação, tremores musculares, dificuldade para manter-se de pé, relutância para levantar-se, decúbito esternal e hipotermia. Os 2 suínos que ingeriram 20g/kg morreram. Macroscopicamente observou-se congestão do intestino delgado e da mucosa do estômago. As alterações histológicas caracterizaram-se por discreta a moderada necrose do tecido linfático, necrose dos músculos esqueléticos, congestão e necrose da mucosa gástrica e do intestino delgado e alterações degenerativas moderadas no fígado e rim. Os níveis séricos de AST e CPK aumentaram após a ingestão do tóxico. Observaram-se valores altos de CPK nos animais que morreram, evidenciando a mionecrose. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, para suínos, a ingestão de altas doses de frutos de Melia azedarach induz ao aparecimento de sinais clínicos da intoxicação e causa lesões em diversos órgãos, inclusive a morte.

Bone changes caused by experimental Solanum malacoxylon poisoning in rabbits

The aim of this study was to describe the bone changes observed after a daily oral administration of the calcinogenic plant Solanum malacoxylon (syn. S. glaucophyllum) (Sm) during 9 days. The Sm-poisoned rabbits had an increase of bone resorption in the endosteal surface of the cortical zone and also in the surface covered by osteoblasts of the primary and secondary spongiosa of the trabecular bone compartment. Moreover, the epiphyseal growth plates in long bones appeared narrower than in the control rabbits, with reduction of the proliferative and hyperthrophic chondrocyte zones. The electron microscopic study revealed a significant decrease of proteoglycans in the hyperthrophic chondrocyte zone evidenced by a significant reduction of rutenium red positive granules in the poisoned rabbit. Altogether, these data suggest that cell differentiation may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Sm-induced bone lesions.

Detection of illegal estrogen administration through immunohistochemical markers in the bovine prostate

A imunodeteccäo de marcadores celulares foi avaliada em amostras prostáticas de bovinos com hiperplasia ou hiperplasia-metaplasia epiteliais, induzidas por estrógenos administrados ilegalmente e em próstatas de bovinos inoculados com dietilstilbestrol (DES). A técnica de recuperacäo antigênica permitiu o uso de tecidos fixados em formalina, por longos períodos. Foram utilizados os anticorpos monoclonais K8.12, anti-vimentina e anti-desmina para determinaçäo de células basais coradas/epitélio hiperplásico-metaplásico, células do estroma e células musculares, respectivamente. As alterações tissulares observadas nos casos de campo e nos experimentais foram semelhantes, através do que se concluiu que houve administraçäo ilegal de estrógenos. O teste imuno-histoquímico com esses marcadores específicos foi útil ao exame histológico da próstata, uma vez que a análise das imagens permite maior e melhor quantificaçäo das alterações observadas. Os testes bioquímicos, entretanto, säo necessários para uma avaliaçäo mais precisa

Immunohistochemical detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in experimentally infected mice

A necessidade de aumentar o conhecimento da patogenia da tricomoníase genital bovina (BGT) conduziu ao uso de modelos experimentais alternativos como o camundongo. Näo obstante, é necessário elucidar a dinâmica da infecçäo nesta espécie e avaliar as diferentes fases da colonizaçäo e evoluçäo das alterações patológicas. A imunohistoquímica (IHQ) oferece vantagens sobre as técnicas histoquímicas de rotina para a observaçäo do protozoário em tecidos, detritos celulares e dentro de macrófagos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi demonstrar pelo uso de uma técnica de IHQ a presença de Tritrichomonas foetus no sistema reprodutivo de camundongos infectados. Camundongos BALB/c fêmeas foram infectados pela via intravaginal, com uma suspensäo de T. foetus, na fase de estro, detectado com citologia exfoliativa vaginal. Depois de 10 semanas, os animais foram sacrificados; útero e vagina forma fixados e processados para histologia. Alguns cortes foram corados com HE. O restante dos cortes foi processado para IHQ. Foi usado um soro policlonal imunoadsorvido anti-T. foetus. A técnica de avidina-biotina (HistoMouse, ZymedÖ) foi empregada. Os estudos histopatológicos mostraram uma dilataçäo das glândulas uterinas, presença de macrófagos no lúmen do órgäo e parte interna das glândulas endometriais. T. foetus näo foi identificado por esse método. A IHQ permitiu identificar as mesmas lesões observadas e a presença do protozoário no endométrio, nas glândulas endometriais, no lúmen uterino e dentro de neutrófilos e macrófagos. O estudo citológico em lâminas coradas por IHQ, mostrou T. foetus aderido a células epiteliais, ou dentro de macrófagos. Esta técnica demonstra ser uma ferramenta útil para o estudo da patogenia da tricomoníase genital bovina (BGT) utilizando-se o camundongo como modelo experimental.

Topography and morphology of the llama (Lama glama) stomach

El estómago de los camelidos sudamericanos presenta una estructura morfológica diferente al de rumiantes verdaderos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las caracteristicas anatómicas e histológicas del estómago de la llama y sus relaciones con las estructuras adyacentes. Se utilizaron cuatro llamas machos. Las muestras para estudios anatómicos fueron fijadas por perfusión con formol al 10 por ciento. Para histologia, las muestras fueron fijadas en Bouin y procesadas rutinariamente. Los estudios anatómicos mostraron que el compartimiento proximal esta localizado totalmente en la pared abdominal izquierda. Un labio derecho simple, el pliegue ventricular, resulta notorio. El compartimiento intermedio presenta forma arri¤onada con paredes gruesas. El compartimiento distal es elongado y tubular hacia la zona ventral derecha de la cavidad abdominal. Histológicamente, los compartimientos proximal e intermedio presentan areas con y sin glandulas. La región no glandular esta cubierta por epitelio plano estratificado con pliegues y sin papilas. El area glandular presenta pliegues cuyos recesos originan profundos sacos, ocupados por glandulas tubulares simples, tapizadas por epitelio cilindrico simple. El compartimiento distal es completamente glandular.