Geospatial analysis and impact of targeted development of breast cancer care in The Gambia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The Gambia has one of the lowest survival rates for breast cancer in Africa. Contributing factors are late presentation, delays within the healthcare system, and decreased availability of resources. We aimed to characterize the capacity and geographic location of healthcare facilities in the country and calculate the proportion of the population with access to breast cancer care. METHODS: A facility-based assessment tool was administered to secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities and private medical centers and clinics in The Gambia. GPS coordinates were obtained, and proximity of service availability and population analysis were performed. Distance thresholds of 10, 20, and 45 km were chosen to determine access to screening, pathologic diagnosis, and surgical management. An additional population analysis was performed to observe the potential impact of targeted development of resources for breast cancer care. RESULTS: All 102 secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities and private medical centers and clinics in The Gambia were included. Breast cancer screening is mainly performed through clinical breast examination and is available in 52 facilities. Seven facilities provide pathologic diagnosis and surgical management of breast cancer. The proportion of the Gambian population with access to screening, pathologic diagnosis, and surgical management is 72, 53, and 62%, respectively. A hypothetical targeted expansion of resources would increase the covered population to 95, 62, and 84%. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the Gambian population does not have access to pathologic diagnosis and surgical management of breast cancer within the distance threshold utilized in the study. Mapping and population analysis can identify areas for targeted development of resources to increase access to breast cancer care.

Supported at-home abortion: An exploratory study of methods, outcomes, and motivations of community-led abortion care in the United States and Canada.

OBJECTIVES: This an exploratory study aimed to describe methods and outcomes of comprehensive community-led abortion care in the United States and Canada. STUDY DESIGN: This community-based participatory research study recruited community abortion providers from the United States and Canada through existing confidential networks. They participated through in-person and online collaboration to design and implement a data collection tool for abortion methods, outcomes, and motivations from clients. We implemented significant security measures to protect participant confidentiality. RESULTS: Thirty community providers were recruited, five withdrew, and 12 provided data for 167 at-home abortions. Most abortions occurred between 6 and 10 weeks (104 [62%]). Abortions between 13 and 21 weeks represent 39 cases (23%). Misoprostol only was the most common method (n = 125 [75%]), followed by herbs alone (n = 12 [7%]) and aspiration (n = 12 [7%]). Complications were rare (n = 3 [1.8%]), with 163 complete abortions (98%). The primary motivation for seeking community-led abortion care was avoiding a clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Community providers employed various abortion methods with safety and effectiveness profiles comparable to those reported for clinical and community-based abortion care. Clients wanting a different model of abortion care seek out community-led abortions, regardless of whether clinics are legal and accessible. IMPLICATIONS: Community-led abortion is a viable choice for patients. Community providers should be recognized for their contributions to abortion access and high-quality, person-centered care. This study demonstrates a broader range of abortion providers and diverse options meeting the need for individualized abortion care.

More than tears: associations between exposure to chemical agents used by law enforcement and adverse reproductive health outcomes.

Despite routine law enforcement use of chemical agents for crowd control, the reproductive health safety profiles of these products are unknown. Moreover, limited evidence has documented a link between such exposures and adverse reproductive health outcomes including abnormal uterine bleeding and potential pregnancy disruption. This cross-sectional study examined reproductive outcomes in adults with uteri exposed to chemical agents used by law enforcement, more commonly known as "tear gas". Participants were recruited through social media in the wake of police violence protests. Of the 1,276 participants included in analysis, 83% reported experiencing at least one of the outcomes of interest, included uterine cramping (69%), early menstrual bleeding (55%), breast tenderness (30%), and delayed menstrual bleeding (19%). Chemical agent exposure was significantly associated with higher odds of an adverse reproductive health outcome, those with 5 days or more of exposure have 2.6 times the odds (CI: 1.61, 4.22) of adverse outcomes and having a perception that one's menstruation may fluctuate according to psychosocial stressors was associated (OR = 1.94, CI: 1.36, 2.79) with a higher odds of an adverse reproductive health experience. These findings suggest a potential relationship between exposure to chemical agents and adverse reproductive health outcomes. Given the pervasive use of these chemical agents and their potential for reproductive health harm, further investigation into the safety of these products and their impacts on individual and community health is warranted urgently.

"Going through it together": Being accompanied by loved ones during birth and abortion.

We sought to understand the meaning people who have given birth and have had an abortion ascribe to being accompanied by partners, family members and friends during these reproductive experiences. Incorporating this knowledge into clinical practice may contribute to improving the quality of these services, especially in abortion care, in which loved ones are often excluded. The study took place in Northern California in 2014. We conducted semi-structured, intensive interviews with twenty cis-women about their birth and abortion experiences and analyzed their narratives with respect to accompaniment using grounded theory. The roles of loved ones were complementary yet distinct to those of medical personnel. They were also multifaceted. Participants needed familiar individuals to bear witness, share the emotional experience and provide protection from perceived or possible harm associated with medical care. In some cases, more often in the context of abortion than childbirth, participants shielded their loved ones from emotional burdens of the reproductive process. Some pregnant people of color faced gendered racism, which also influenced their accompaniment needs. Male partners played a distinct role of upholding dominant social ideals related to pregnancy. As is commonplace in birth-related care, abortion services could be formally structured to include partners, family members and friends when desired by pregnant people to improve their experiences. Such integration should be balanced with considerations for privacy, safety and institutional resources. Working toward this goal may reduce structural abortion stigma and help alleviate pregnant people's burdens associated with reproduction.

Surveying and mapping breast cancer services in Ghana: a cross-sectional pilot study in the Eastern Region.

OBJECTIVES: Define the services available for the care of breast cancer at hospitals in the Eastern Region of Ghana, identify areas of the region with limited access to care through geospatial mapping, and test a novel survey instrument in anticipation of a nationwide scale up of the study. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, facility-based survey study. SETTING: This study was conducted at 33 of the 34 hospitals in the Eastern Region of Ghana from March 2020 to May 2020. PARTICIPANTS: The 33 hospitals surveyed represented 97% of all hospitals in the region. This included private, government, quasi-government and faith-based organisation owned hospitals. RESULTS: Sixteen hospitals (82%) surveyed provided basic screening services, 11 (33%) provided pathological diagnosis and 3 (9%) provided those services in addition to basic surgical care.53%, 64% and 78% of the population lived within 10 km, 25 km and 45 km of screening, diagnostic and treatment services respectively. Limited chemotherapy was available at two hospitals (6%), endocrine therapy at one hospital (3%) and radiotherapy was not available. Twenty-nine hospitals (88%) employed a general practitioner and 13 (39%) employed a surgeon. Oncology specialists, pathology personnel and a plastic surgeon were only available in one hospital (3%) in the Eastern Region. CONCLUSIONS: Although 16 hospitals (82%) provided screening, only half the population lived within reasonable distance of these services. Few hospitals offered diagnosis and surgical services, but 64% and 78% of the population lived within a reasonable distance of these hospitals. Geospatial analysis suggested two priorities to cost-effectively expand breast cancer services: (1) increase the number of health facilities providing screening services and (2) centralise basic imaging, pathological and surgical services at targeted hospitals.

The first 6 months: developing a user-informed anticipatory counselling video about the levonorgestrel intrauterine system.

BACKGROUND: The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a contraceptive method that can cause irregular bleeding and cramping during the first 6 months of use. Expected side effects are common reasons given for LNG-IUS device discontinuation within 12 months of use. Anticipatory counselling regarding expected LNG-IUS side effects may reduce method discontinuation and improve patient satisfaction. Educational videos could improve anticipatory counselling for LNG-IUS users; however, none have been developed. This article describes the process of developing an anticipatory counselling video with input from women in the first 6 months of LNG-IUS use and from family planning (FP) experts. METHODS: We used a participatory, iterative process to develop an anticipatory counselling video about the first 6 months of LNG-IUS use. We developed a preliminary draft using evidence from the published literature. We sought feedback from 11 FP experts and 49 LNG-IUS users to revise the script before creating the final video. RESULTS: FP experts suggested balancing negative with positive information and using colloquial language. LNG-IUS users requested more detailed information on the LNG-IUS mechanism of action and expected side effects in the form of statistics, infographic animations, testimonials from LNG-IUS users, and technical as opposed to colloquial language. The final video is 6 min in length and features seven LNG-IUS users, three physicians, and infographic animations. CONCLUSION: Including input from FP experts and LNG-IUS users in the development process resulted in a 6-min anticipatory counselling video that will be piloted among patients on the day of their LNG-IUS insertion.

Effects of Bone-Marrow-Derived MSC Transplantation on Functional Recovery in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury: Comparisons of Transplant Locations and Cell Concentrations.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a widely disabling condition, constraining those affected by it to wheelchairs and requiring intense daily care and assistance. Cell replacement therapies, targeting regeneration of cells in the injured cord, are currently gaining momentum in the field of SCI research. Previous studies indicate that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can reduce functional deficits through immunomodulation and production of trophic factors in a variety of neurological disorders. The present study assessed the efficacy of transplanted bone marrow-derived MSCs at different concentrations and locations for promoting functional recovery following SCI. Although effects were modest, MSCs facilitated an increase in the base of support, as measured by increased distance between the plantar surface of the hind paws, following incomplete contusive SCI, and reduced the density of astroglial scarring. Varying the concentrations or locations of transplanted cells did not provide additional benefits on these measures. These findings indicate that MSC transplants are safe at relatively high concentrations and confer therapeutic benefits that, when used as an adjunctive treatment, could significantly enhance functional recovery following SCI.

A good abortion experience: A qualitative exploration of women's needs and preferences in clinical care.

What do women ending their pregnancies want and need to have a good clinical abortion experience? Since birth experiences are better studied, birth stories are more readily shared and many women who have had an abortion have also given birth, we sought to compare women's needs and preferences in abortion to those in birth. We conducted semi-structured intensive interviews with women who had both experiences in the United States and analyzed their intrapartum and abortion care narratives using grounded theory, identifying needs and preferences in abortion that were distinct from birth. Based on interviews with twenty women, three themes emerged: to be affirmed as moral decision-makers, to be able to determine their degree of awareness during the abortion, and to have care provided in a discreet manner to avoid being judged by others for having an abortion. These findings suggest that some women have distinctive emotional needs and preferences during abortion care, likely due to different circumstances and sociopolitical context of abortion. Tailoring services and responding to individual needs may contribute to a good abortion experience.

SDF-1 overexpression by mesenchymal stem cells enhances GAP-43-positive axonal growth following spinal cord injury.

PURPOSE: Utilizing genetic overexpression of trophic molecules in cell populations has been a promising strategy to develop cell replacement therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI). Over-expressing the chemokine, stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1α), which has chemotactic effects on many cells of the nervous system, offers a promising strategy to promote axonal regrowth following SCI. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of human SDF-1α, when overexpressed by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on axonal growth and motor behavior in a contusive rat model of SCI. METHODS: Using a transwell migration assay, the paracrine effects of MSCs, which were engineered to secrete human SDF-1α (SDF-1-MSCs), were assessed on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). For in vivo analyses, the SDF-1-MSCs, unaltered MSCs, or Hanks Buffered Saline Solution (vehicle) were injected into the lesion epicenter of rats at 9-days post-SCI. Behavior was analyzed for 7-weeks post-injury, using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale of locomotor functions. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate major histopathological outcomes, including gliosis, inflammation, white matter sparing, and cavitation. New axonal outgrowth was characterized using immunohistochemistry against the neuron specific growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43). RESULTS: The results of these experiments demonstrate that the overexpression of SDF-1α by MSCs can enhance the migration of NSCs in vitro. Although only modest functional improvements were observed following transplantation of SDF-1-MSCs, a significant reduction in cavitation surrounding the lesion, and an increased density of GAP-43-positive axons inside the SCI lesion/graft site were found. CONCLUSION: The results from these experiments support the potential role for utilizing SDF-1α as a treatment for enhancing growth and regeneration of axons after traumatic SCI.