The effect of normothermic anoxic arrest and ventricular fibrillation on the coronary blood flow distribution of the pig.

Normothermic anoxic arrest of 15 and 30 minutes, repeated for up to a total of 90 minutes of anoxia was employed in 24 pigs. The purpose was to determine the effect of varying the duration of anoxia on coronary blood flow, coronary vascular resistance, and the distribution of coronary flow to the free wall of the ventricle. Five minutes of reperfusion at pressures of 50 and 100 mm. Hg with the ventricle fibrillating, was employed between each anoxic interval. Results were compared to control studies performed during ventricular fibrillation without anoxic arrest in 12 pigs. Prolonging the anoxic interval to 30 minutes served to create a maldistribution of coronary flow away from the left ventricular endocardium and to reduce the reactive hypermic response to anoxia. Increasing the perfusion pressure to 100mm. Hg accentuated these changes. Both light and electron microscopy of sections demonstrated edema and early myocardial necrosis in the subendocardial layer of the left ventricle subjected to repeated 30 minute intervals of anoxia at a high perfusion pressure. We postulate that repeated anoxic insults with inadequate repayment of oxygen debt results in subendocardial edema, a decrease in perfusion, increasing necrosis, and further edema. A myocardial infarction must result if this vicious cycle cannot be interrupted.

Decreasing length of stay after pancreatoduodenectomy.

HYPOTHESIS: Decreased length of stay (LOS) after pancreatoduodenectomy is due to multiple factors, including a lower complication rate and more efficient perioperative care for all patients, with and without complications. DESIGN: A retrospective review, validation cohort. SETTING: A single university hospital referral center. PATIENTS: A consecutive sample of patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy from January 9, 1986, to December 21, 1992 (group 1 [n = 104]) and from February 16, 1993, to November 9, 1998 (group 2 [n = 111]). INTERVENTION: Mann-Whitney test and linear [correction of logistic] regression analysis applied to clinical variables and LOS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Difference in median LOS between early and late groups and identification of factors predictive of decreased LOS. RESULTS: Total LOS decreased between the 2 groups (26 days [range, 13-117 days] vs 15 days [range, 5-61 days]; P<.001), with a decrease in preoperative (4 days [range, 0-28 days] vs 2 days [range, 0-36 days]; P<.001) and postoperative (19 days [range, 11-95 days] vs 12 days [range, 4-58 days]; P<.001) LOS (data given for group 1 vs group 2). Major complications decreased from 49% in group 1 to 25% in group 2 (P<.001). Postoperative LOS decreased for patients with (25 days [range, 15-95 days] vs 20 days [range, 8-58 days]; P = .05) and without (15 days [range, 11-47 days] vs 11 days [range, 4-55 days]; P<.001) major complications (data given for group 1 vs group 2). Multivariate analysis identified age (P = .01), pancreatic fistula (P<.001), delayed gastric emptying (P<.001), biliary complications (P<.001), operative time (P<.005), extra-abdominal infection (P<.005), use of a percutaneous stent (P = .04), and year of operation (P<.001) as independent predictors of total LOS. CONCLUSION: A reduction in complications in combination with factors leading to a streamlining of perioperative care has contributed to the decreased LOS after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Blast injury to the thoracic esophagus.

Blast injury causing pneumatic disruption of the esophagus is a rare and potentially lethal injury. The mortality and morbidity rate are high unless the injury is promptly recognized and treated. Our experience with a midesophageal perforation resulting from a blast injury emphasizes the importance of awareness of this condition and of the chest radiograph in making an early diagnosis.

Esophageal transection and paraesophagogastric devascularization for bleeding esophageal varices.

The Sugiura procedure is feasible in an unselected, high risk population of alcoholic patients with cirrhosis who have bleeding esophageal varices and poor hepatic reserve. The Sugiura procedure controlled variceal bleeding in every patient with active bleeding and prevented early rebleeding, however, the operation is tedious, time-consuming, and has a high complication rate related to the thoracic approach. The rate of anastomotic leakage of 8.6 percent (4.8 percent in elective cases) is not as high as might be anticipated, but led to death in every case. The long-term outlook for these patients is poor, and the rebleeding rate of 37 percent in our lowest risk patients is disappointingly high. Similar results can be achieved with simpler procedures.

Parenteral and oral antibiotics in elective colon and rectal surgery. A prospective, randomized trial.

Our evaluation consisted of a prospective, randomized clinical trial in a homogenous group of 241 patients undergoing elective colon and rectal resections. A significant decrease in wound infection was found in the patients who received intravenous cefoxitin in conjunction with standard bowel preparation. The infection rate correlated with the type of resection; rectal resections had the highest rate in each study group, but parenteral prophylaxis produced a significantly lower wound infection rate. E. coli and Staph. aureus were the most common bacterial isolates in both groups. B. fragilis was recovered in only two Group A patients, which most likely reflects the exceedingly low recovery rate of anaerobic bacteria in our laboratory. Urinary cultures were positive in a large number of patients and reflect the standard use of Foley catheterization in all patients who undergo resection of the colon or rectum. These data indicate that perioperative prophylactic administration of cefoxitin reduces the wound sepsis rate when combined with oral antibiotics and mechanical bowel preparation in patients undergoing resection of the colon or rectum.

Management of diverticulitis of the ascending colon. 10 years' experience.

Diverticulitis of the ascending colon is an uncommon disease which mimics appendicitis. The correct diagnosis is rarely made, but can be suggested by the patterns of signs and symptoms and confirmed by barium contrast study. Diverticulitis of the ascending colon should be treated by the same plan as diverticulitis of the left colon. If the diagnosis is established, nonoperative management is indicated initially. Operation is indicated when the diagnosis is in doubt, when perforation has occurred, or when the patient does not respond to nonoperative treatment. At operation, ascending colon diverticulitis can be recognized as an inflammatory mass involving the wall and mesentery of the colon. The inflammatory mass is best treated by resection with primary anastomosis of the ileum to the ascending or transverse colon in an area removed from the site of infection.

Perforated diverticula of the jejunum and lleum.

Over a ten year period, four patients with inflammation or perforation of non-Meckelian, small intestinal diverticula were treated on the surgical services of Bellevue Hospital. This entity remains uncommon but may be increasing in incidence. The patients presented with a short history of severe abdominal pain, usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Each patient also gave a longer preceding history of less well defined abdominal symptoms. The pathogenesis of the small intestinal diverticula is uncertain but may be related to disturbed muscular peristalsis in the small bowel analogous to the changes implicated in esophageal and colonic diverticular disease. The diverticulum may be difficult to demonstrate at operation, and careful exploration for this possibility should be carried out at the time of operation for peritonitis of obscure origin. Segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis is the treatment of choice.

Air embolism: a lethal but preventable complication of subclavian vein catheterization.

Air embolism (AE) is a rare but lethal complication of subclavian vein catheterization (SVC). Although treatable, if recognized promptly, attention should be directed towards prevention. SVC has been used at New York University Medical Center since 1969 for parenteral nutrition; its safety and complications have been recognized and reported. Since 1976, 14 patients with AE from SVC have been observed. Thirteen occurred as a sudden catastrophic event associated with disconnection of the catheter; all had significant morbidity; 4 (29%) died; 9 (65%) had associated profound neurologic deficit from which 5 recovered completely. Five others had cardiorespiratory morbidity but also recovered. In 1 surviving patient air was aspirated from the right atrium with immediate improvement. Survivors had evidence of pulmonary AE characterized by hypoxia. AE is a syndrome of respiratory distress, hypotension, and neurologic deficit of sudden onset. Immediate treatment is aspiration through the catheter in the left lateral steep Trendelenburg position. Review of our experience with AE suggests that lack of integrity of the connection between the catheter and the intravenous tubing was the responsible mechanism in the majority of case (93%). Secure fixation of these connections is vital for the prevention of AE.

A combined laparoscopic and endoscopic approach to acute primary gastric volvulus.

We describe the combined use of laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques in a case of acute primary gastric volvulus. Once the diagnosis is confirmed with a water-soluble upper gastrointestinal series, prompt intervention is required. With an atraumatic bowel grasper the stomach is re-oriented with the greater curvature in its normal anatomic position. Two transabdominal wall sutures are placed along the greater curvature to fix it to anterior abdominal wall. Upper endoscopy is then performed. Once confident that the gastric mucosa is viable, a 20F "pull-type" gastrostomy tube is placed endoscopically, guided by the external illumination and probing by the laparoscope. The gastrostomy tube now acts as an anterior anchor for the stomach allowing repositioning of the gastropexy sutures if necessary. Endoscopy confirms the placement of a broad, properly aligned gastropexy. Classically, gastric volvulus has been treated by laparotomy. Both endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques have been individually reported in the treatment of acute and chronic gastric volvulus, however, each has as its limitations. By combining the procedures we were able to better assess both the intra-abdominal and the intraluminal status of the stomach and its position before, during, and after fixation to the anterior abdominal wall. The postoperative stay seen with the combined technique was less than has been reported in patients treated by open surgery or by either the endoscopic or laparoscopic methods alone. The combined laparoscopic and endoscopic approach to acute gastric volvulus provides the benefit of a minimally invasive approach, to a better anterior gastropexy. This procedure should be considered when confronted with patients with acute primary, gastric volvulus.

The radiation-injured bowel.

Radiation disease of the intestine is usually iatrogenic and frequently unavoidable. The disease, its treatment, and the disability produced are formidable. There is hope that means may be found to increase the resistance of the intestine to radiation damage. Radiation enteropathy is an insidious, progressive disease that is seen with increasing frequency. Serious disabilities may develop after years of gestation. Those patients who require surgery are treated by control of sepsis, correction of metabolic abnormalities, and reversal of protein/calorie malnutrition prior to definitive surgery. The treatment of choice is resection with anastomosis, but recurrences may occur many years later in intestine grossly normal at the time of surgery.

Experience with the Grillo pleural wrap procedure in 18 patients with perforation of the thoracic esophagus.

Perforation of the thoracic esophagus may be fatal unless diagnosed promptly and treated with an effective operation. The wide mortality range in different reports reflects the importance of these two factors. This range spans from as low as 11%, if operation is within 24 hours, to greater than 50% after two to three days. The high mortality with delayed treatment is principally due to inability to surgically close the perforation. Eighteen patients (aged from 31 to 78 years) were treated four hours to 14 days after thoracic esophageal perforation (less than 24 hours: 7 patients; 24 to 72 hours: 7 patients; greater than 72 hours: 4 patients). In 14 patients the perforation was sutured, after which the suture line was buttressed with a circumferential wrap of parietal pleura, originally described by Grillo. Underlying esophageal pathology was corrected and wide mediastinal drainage was instituted. All 14 patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital after a median stay of 20 days. Two patients had minor leaks at the suture line that soon closed. Four patients had perforations too extensive to close. Of these, one was resected, the Urschel procedure was used in two, and the Abbott T-tube drainage was used in one. Three of the four patients died. It was quite significant that the pleural wrap was equally effective with both early (6 patients) and delayed perforations (8 patients). These data indicate that the pleural wrap should be used routinely. Extensive perforations that cannot be closed should probably be treated by resection and drainage, followed by esophageal reconstruction at a later time.

Multifocal granular cell tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

Granular cell tumors infrequently appear in the gastrointestinal tract. Lesions have been reported in all segments from the esophagus to the rectum, but no previous reports have identified simultaneous lesions in various segments. We describe a patient with granular cell tumors of the esophagus, stomach, appendix, and cecum. Our case emphasizes the need to evaluate the entire gastrointestinal tract when a single lesion is identified. The radiographic approach and pathological characteristics are discussed. Therapeutic alternatives are presented.

Hepatic resection for metastatic colon and rectal cancer. An evaluation of preoperative and postoperative factors.

Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer has been reported in over 700 patients. However, approximately 5000 patients each year are candidates for surgical excision. Since 1972, 25 patients have undergone hepatic resection for colorectal metastases at New York University. Potentially curable synchronous lesions were detected by preoperative liver chemistries and operative palpation. Patients were screened for metachronous lesions by serial liver chemistries and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinations; when clinical findings or laboratory findings were either positive or equivocal, then scanning techniques were used. Most patients had solitary lesions (20). Thirteen of 25 lesions were synchronous; 12 were metachronous. Anatomic lobectomy was performed in 13 patients (6 extended resections); and wedge resection was performed in 12. The operative mortality rate was four per cent; the 2-year survival rate, 65%; the 5-year survival rate, 25%. Hypertonic dextrose solutions were administered during and after operation. Post-operative albumin requirements ranged from 200 to 300 grams/day. Coagulation factors II, V, VII, and fibrinogen decreased after surgery to 30 to 50% of their preoperative levels. Subsequent elevation of these factors correlated with increased bile production and improvement in liver chemistries 10 to 14 days after operation. At present, hepatic resection for colorectal metastases provides the only potential method of salvage, offering a 20 to 25% long-term survival rate.

Villous tumors of the duodenum.

Villous tumors of the duodenum are rare, but treatment may be problematic because of their association with invasive adenocarcinoma. Two cases of villous tumor of the duodenum are described and 39 other reported cases are reviewed. Presenting symptoms were bleeding 27%; obstruction 24%; jaundice 22% and vague dyspepsia 20%. Diagnosis may be made by radiographic barium contrast evaluation of the duodenum, especially with the addition of air contrast hypotonic studies and by fibro-optic endoscopy. Twenty-seven per cent of villous tumors of the duodenum are associated with adenocarcinoma. Invasive tumor is more common in patients over 50 years old (35%), in tumors of the third and fourth portions of the duodenum (44%) and in tumors over 4 cm in diameter (30%). Local excision is the treatment of choice for benign lesions. Pancreatico-duodenectomy is recommended for tumors which include invasive carcinoma in patients without distal metastases.

Angiosarcoma at the site of a Dacron vascular prosthesis: a case report and literature review.

Four of 32 reported sarcomas related to the aorta have arisen around previously placed aortic vascular prostheses suggesting that the graft may have been an etiologic factor. Our recent experience with such an angiosarcoma arising around a Dacron aortic graft prompted a review of the lesion to identify risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. The diagnosis of these sarcomas is seldom made before operation. Animal studies have implicated plastic polymers including Dacron as carcinogenic materials capable of inducing sarcoma in 7% to 50% of exposures. Because of the rarity of these tumors and the thousands of vascular implants used over the past 30 years, it is unlikely that this degree of risk can be extrapolated to humans. However, a tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of any mass or thromboembolic event associated with a vascular prosthesis.

Fundoplication and gastrostomy in familial dysautonomia.

Fundoplication with gastrostomy has become a frequent treatment for patients with familial dysautonomia, so we evaluated the use of both procedures in 65 patients. Although patients differed widely in presenting signs and age, from 5 weeks to 40 years, gastroesophageal reflux was documented in 95% of patients by cineradiography or pH monitoring. Panendoscopy was a useful adjunct. Preoperative symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux included vomiting, respiratory infections, and exaggerated autonomic dysfunction. Severe oropharyngeal incoordination frequently coexisted and resulted in misdirected swallows with aspiration, dependence on gavage feedings, or poor weight gain and dehydration. Follow-up after surgical correction ranged from 3 months to 11 years; 55 patients (85%) were available for a 1-year postoperative assessment. We had no instances of surgical death. The long-term mortality rate was 14%, primarily related to severe preexisting respiratory disease. Beyond the first postoperative year, 30 patients had pneumonia attributed to continued aspiration, exacerbation of preexisting lung disease, or recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux. Of 11 patients who vomited postoperatively, six had recurrence of reflux. Recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux was documented in eight patients (12%), and we revised the fundoplication in three patients. The number of patients with cyclic crises was reduced from 18 to 7; retching replaced overt vomiting in all but two of these seven patients, neither of whom had recurrence of reflux. Because oropharyngeal incoordination was prominent, concomitant use of gastrostomy and an antireflux procedure was especially effective in the treatment of younger patients with familial dysautonomia, before the development of severe respiratory disease. Despite the development of severe morning nausea in 15 patients, the combination procedure resulted in significantly improved nutritional status, decreased vomiting, and decreased respiratory problems. Appropriate use of gastrostomy feedings also contributed to success of the operation. The generally good outcome of fundoplication with gastrostomy confirms the benefit of this procedure in familial dysautonomia.

Abdominosacral resection for carcinoma of the midrectum: ten years experience.

Abdominosacral resection allows curative resection of midrectal cancer with excellent preservation of sphincter function. In the last ten years 427 patients underwent resection for rectal carcinoma at University Hospital by one surgeon. (SAL) The operation, selected by preoperative sigmoidoscopic measurement, was anterior resection (AR) in 239, abdominosacral resection (ASR) in 100, and abdominoperineal resection (APR) in 88. Operative mortality was 1.7% for AR, 2% for ASR and 2.3% for APR. All patients were completely continent of stool and flatus after AR and ASR. Follow-up is complete in 194 of 195 patients treated five to ten years ago. Five year survival for curative resection (no distant metastases) was 67.3% after AR (66/98), 58.3% after ASR (21/36), and 50% after APR (15/30). For patients without tumor in lymph nodes, survival rates were 78.3% for AR, 64.3% for ASR and 63.2% for APR. With involvement of regional nodes, survival fell to 41.4% for AR, 37.5% for ASR and 27.3% for APR. For lesions at 5-8.5 cm, five year survival was 61.1% for ASR and 58.3% for APR. No statistical difference in survival time was noted when patients were matched for age, sex, level of lesion and extent of spread. Pelvic recurrences were detected in 16.7% after ASR, 15.3% after AR and 33.3% after APR. All of the pelvic recurrences after ASR and the majority of those after AR and APR occurred in patients with tumor invasion of perirectal fat. These data strongly support the applicability of ASR as an important advance in the treatment of midrectal cancer. Although technically demanding, ASR has permitted preservation of anal continence without sacrifice of long-term cure in approximately 50% of patients who would otherwise have required APR.

Endoscopic biliary drainage before pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary malignancies.

Despite decreased operative mortality, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains a formidable operation with substantial morbidity. We have evaluated the influence of preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) on morbidity after PD for malignant biliary obstruction by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of 182 patients undergoing PD between April 1985 and August 1996. Of 52 study patients with malignant obstructive jaundice, 22 underwent preoperative EBD, and 30 were not drained. Eighty-three patients were excluded for bilirubin levels less than 5 mg/dl, 43 had other biliary drainage, and 4 had jaundice with benign pathology. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were compared. The two groups were well matched for clinical presentation and operative characteristics except for lower preoperative values of liver chemistries in patients undergoing EBD. Length of postoperative hospitalization for patients undergoing EBD was 13.5 days, compared with 19 days for patients who were not drained (p = 0.02). Patients who were not drained tended to have more overall complications (p = 0.054). Multivariate analysis revealed time to regular diet (p < 0.0001) and no preoperative drainage (p = 0.04) to be independent factors significantly increasing the length of hospitalization. Endoscopic biliary drainage before PD significantly reduced the length of postoperative hospitalization and was associated with less postoperative morbidity. Further studies, including cost analysis, are warranted.