Increased chemerin serum levels in hyperandrogenic and normoandrogenic women from Argentina with polycystic ovary syndrome.

AIM: To assess serum chemerin levels and investigate the association of chemerin with the hyperandrogenic and normoandrogenic phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and with the metabolic status of the analyzed population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 106 women with PCOS and 60 healthy controls from Argentina. Patients were classified as showing a hyperandrogenic or normoandrogenic phenotype. Participants underwent anthropometric and clinical evaluation and markers of cardiovascular risk, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome (MS), and serum chemerin levels were assessed. RESULTS: PCOS patients showed increased levels of chemerin. In adjusted models for age and body mass index (BMI), chemerin was associated with markers of metabolic status. The analysis of chemerin levels considering the cutoff values of BMI, homeostatic model of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR) and TG/HDL marker showed that PCOS patients always presented higher levels of chemerin than controls. PCOS group showed increased chemerin levels independently of the presence of MS. CONCLUSION: PCOS patients always showed increased levels of chemerin independently of their phenotype and presence of overweight, as well as higher levels of chemerin than controls when considering the cutoff values of HOMA-IR and TG/HDL. Therefore, argentine women with PCOS display increased chemerin levels independently of their metabolic or androgenic status.

Efficacy of anthropometric measures for identifying cardiovascular disease risk in adolescents: review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the ability of Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk levels in adolescents. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed after a database search for relevant literature (Cochrane, Centre for Review and Dissemination, PubMed, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, BIOSIS citation index, ChildData, metaRegister). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The study included 117 records representing 96 studies with 994,595 participants were included in the systematic review, 14 of which (13 studies, N.=14,610) were eligible for the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that BMI was a strong indicator of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin; but not total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein or glucose. Few studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis considering WC or WHtR (N.≤2). The narrative synthesis found measures of central adiposity to be consistently valid indicators of the same risk factors as BMI. CONCLUSIONS: BMI was an indicator of CVD risk. WC and WHtR were efficacious for indicating the same risk factors BMI performed strongly for, though there was insufficient evidence to judge the relative strength of each measure possibly due to heterogeneity in the methods for measuring and classifying WC.

Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) as Markers of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Associated Disturbances in Young Argentine Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder. PCOS women are at high risk of developing insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular disorders since young age. We aimed to study the reliability of lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) as markers of metabolic disturbances (MD) associated with IR in young reproductive aged PCOS patients. We also evaluated the association between LAP and VAI and the presence of hyperandrogenism. In a cross-sectional study, 110 PCOS patients and 88 control women (18-35 years old) were recruited. PCOS patients were divided into 2 groups, as hyperandrogenic and non-hyperandrogenic considering the signs of hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical). Anthropometric measurements were taken and blood samples collected. Metabolic and anthropometric characteristics and their association with IR and associated MD were evaluated and LAP and VAI were calculated. LAP and VAI were compared with TC/HDL-c and TG/HDL-c to define the best markers of MD in this population. Independently of the phenotype, young PCOS patients showed high IR and dyslipidemia. Both LAP and VAI showed to be more effective markers to assess MD and IR in these young women than TG/HDL-c or TC/HDL-c [cut-off values: LAP: 18.24 (sensitivity: 81.43% specificity: 73.49%), positive predictive value (PPV): 75.0%, negative predictive value (NPV): 77.27%, VAI: 2.19 (sensitivity: 81.16% specificity: 72.15% PPV: 74.65% NPV: 72.22%)]. LAP and VAI are representative markers to assess MD associated with IR in young PCOS patients. All PCOS patients, independently of their androgenic condition, showed high metabolic risk.

Association between ß2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) haplotypes and insulin resistance in PCOS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore ß2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) haplotype associations with phenotypes and quantitative traits related to insulin resistance (IR) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) in a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) population. A secondary purpose was to assess the association between ADRB2 haplotype and PCOS. DESIGN: Genetic polymorphism analysis. Cross-sectional case-control association study. SETTING: Medical University Hospital and research laboratory. PATIENTS: One hundred and sixty-five unrelated women with PCOS and 116 unrelated women without PCOS (control sample). MEASUREMENTS: Clinical and biochemical measurements, and ADRB2 genotyping in PCOS patients and control subjects. METHODS: ADRB2 haplotypes (comprising rs1042711, rs1801704, rs1042713 and rs1042714 in that order), genotyping and statistical analysis to evaluate associations with continuous variables and traits related to IR and MS in a PCOS population. Associations between ADRB2 haplotypes and PCOS were also assessed. RESULTS: We observed an age-adjusted association between ADRB2 haplotype CCGG and lower insulin (P = 0·018) and HOMA (P = 0·008) in the PCOS sample. Interestingly, the expected differences in surrogate measures of IR between cases and controls were not significant in CCGG/CCGG carriers. In the case-control study, genotype CCGG/CCGG was associated with a 14% decrease in PCOS risk (P = 0·043), taking into account confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: Haplotype I (CCGG) has a protective role for IR and MS in PCOS.

[Triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio: in adolescents without cardiovascular risk factors]. / Indice triglicéridos/HDL-colesterol: en una población de adolescentes sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL) is an easy resource determination and it has good correlation with the HOMA index in adults. Due to physiological insulin resistance (IR) in adolescence it is necessary to find markers of IR independent of age, sex and pubertal stage. The objective was to identify reference values of TG/HDL ratio in a population of adolescents without cardiovascular risk factors. We evaluated 943 adolescents, 429 females and 514 males between 11 and 14. Anthropometric measures were determined and body mass index was calculated (BMI). Blood was extracted after 12 hours of fasting to determine glucose, triglycerides, HDL. The metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed according to criteria of NCEP/ATP III modified by Cook. We excluded adolescents with MS or any component of it. We evaluated 562 adolescents (289 women and 273 men) with a weight of 48.91 +/- 6.51kg, BMI: 18.95 +/- 1.78, systolic blood pressure of 108.12 +/- 13.60 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure: 63.82 +/- 9.43 and waist circumference: 65.09 +/- 4.54 cm. TG/HDL ratio was 1.25 +/- 0.43, with a 95 percentile of 2.05. In adults, TG/HDL ratio greater than 3 is a marker of insulin resistance. We believe that a higher value to 2.05 might be a good index of insulin resistance in adolescence. TG/HDL ratio has the advantage of being methodologically simpler, more economical and independent of pubertal stage.

Cardiometabolic risk factors as apolipoprotein B, triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio and C-reactive protein, in adolescents with and without obesity: cross-sectional study in middle class suburban children.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity (OB), overweight (OW), and metabolic syndrome (MS) has increased worldwide. That imposes a substantial risk for type 2 diabetes and premature cardiovascular disease. However, to date no unified criteria exist to asses risk or outcomes in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: To establish the presence of OB/OW and MS and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Male (n = 514) and female (n = 429) adolescents from high school were studied (11-14 yr). Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure were determined in all subjects. Glucose, lipoprotein profile, apolipoprotein B (apoB), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured. Triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TG/HDL-cholesterol) ratio was calculated. RESULTS: The frequency of OB/OW and MS were 22.2 and 3.7%, respectively. In comparison to healthy adolescents, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio was increased in OB/OW (2.9 ± 2.5 vs. 1.6 ± 1.0) and MS groups (4.0 ± 2.5 vs. 1.6 ± 0.9), p < 0.001. OB/OW adolescents presented higher values of hs-CRP in comparison to non-obese, median (range): 1.9 (0.1-9.4) vs. 1.4 (0.1-9.9), mg/L, p < 0.001. ApoB (mean ± SD) was 71 ± 21 mg/dL in MS group and 59 ± 17 mg/dL in those without MS (p < 0.001). TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), WC (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and apoB (r = 0.24, p < 0.001); hs-CRP correlated with WC (r = 0.14, p < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.17, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Even when the frequency of OB, OW, and MS in adolescents was low, those subjects presented an atherogenic lipoprotein. These findings emphasize the importance to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents to assess strategies to prevent future disease.

[Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1: a new biochemical marker of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?]. / La proteína transportadora del factor de crecimiento insulínico tipo 1: un nuevo marcador para la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica?

AIM: to assess the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with risk factors for this pathology (obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and diabetes type 2) and to determine the role of insulin, HOMA index, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, sex hormone-binding globulin and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, as biochemical markers. METHODS: Ninety-one patients with risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were evaluated. Serum transaminases, insulin, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 were measured. The diagnosis of fatty liver was performed by ultrasonography and liver biopsies were performed to 31 subjects who had steatosis by ultrasonography and high alanine aminotransferase. RESULTS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was present in 65 out of 91 patients (71,4%). Liver biopsy performed to 31 subjects confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Twenty-five patients had different degrees of fibrosis. Those individuals with fatty liver had higher waist circumference, serum levels of triglycerides, insulin and HOMA index, and lower serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 concentration. The degree ofhepatic steatosis by ultrasonography was positively correlated to waist circumference, triglycerides, insulin and HOMA index (p<0,003; p<0,003; p<0,002 and p<0,001, respectively), and was negatively correlated to HDL-cholesterol and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (p<0,025 and p<0,018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of NAFLD in patients with risk factors, most of them overweight or obese. Although SHBG and PAI-1 have a closely relationship to insulin resistance, they did not show to be markers of NAFLD. Regardless of low IGFBP-1 levels associated with NAFLD, serum IGFBP-1 measure is less accessible than insulin and triglycerides levels, HOMA index and waist circumference. Moreover, it is not a better marker for NAFLD than the above mentioned.

Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels and nonalcoholic fatty liver in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome.

Fatty liver represents the liver component of metabolic syndrome and may be involved in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) synthesis. We studied plasma PAI-1 levels and relationships with risk factors for metabolic syndrome, including fatty liver, in 170 patients. Liver ultrasound scan was performed on all patients, and a liver biopsy was performed on those patients with chronically elevated transaminase levels. Plasma PAI-1 levels correlated significantly (P < .05) with body mass index, degree of steatosis, insulin resistance, insulin level, waist circumference, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol. However, only body mass index (beta = .455) and HDL-cholesterol (beta = .293) remained predictors of PAI-1 levels. Liver biopsy revealed a significant correlation (P < .05) between insulin resistance (r = 0.381) or insulin level (r = 0.519) and liver fibrosis. In patients presenting features of metabolic syndrome, plasma PAI-1 levels were mainly conditioned by the whole-body fat content.

Ten years cardiovascular risk estimation according to Framingham score and non HDL-cholesterol in blood donors.

UNLABELLED: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. AIMS: (1) Assess the 10 years risk for CVD in Argentinean blood donors, according to Framingham score (updated by ATP III), (2) evaluate the prevalence of the MS, (3) evaluate non HDL-cholesterol level in this population as other risk for CVD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, epidemiological, transversal study was performed to evaluate 585 volunteer blood donors for two years. Non HDL-C was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C and we evaluated the 10 years risk for CVD according to Framingham score (updated by ATP III). RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome prevalence was estimated according to ATP III and IDF criteria. Non HDL-C was (media±SD) 178.3±48.0 mg/dl in participants with MS and 143.7±39.3 mg/dl without MS (ATPIII) and 160.1±43.6 mg/dl in participants with MS and 139.8±43.1 mg/dl without MS (IDF). Participants with MS presented an OR of 3.1; IC 95% (2-5) of CVD according to de Framingham score. CONCLUSION: Individuals with MS and elevated non HDL-C are at a higher estimated risk for cardiovascular events in the next 10 years according to the Framingham risk score.

Effect of rosiglitazone on insulin resistance, growth factors, and reproductive disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of rosiglitazone on insulin resistance, growth factors, and reproductive disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Women with PCOS attending as outpatients of the Endocrine Division, Hospital Durand, Buenos Aires. PATIENT(S): Twenty-four insulin-resistant women with PCOS. INTERVENTION(S): Hormonal evaluations and a standardized oral glucose tolerance test before and after a 3-month trial of 4 mg of rosiglitazone daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum LH, FSH, T, IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, leptin, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, insulin, and glucose concentrations. The area under insulin curve (AUC-insulin), the HOMA index (insulin resistance), the QUICKI index (insulin sensitivity), and the beta-cell function were calculated. Body mass index (BMI) and the waist/hip ratio were evaluated. RESULT(S): A significant decrease was observed in serum fasting insulin, AUC insulin, HOMA index, beta-cell function, IGF-1, LH, and waist/hip ratio. The QUICKI index and IGFBP-1 increased significantly. Serum sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, leptin, IGFBP-3, and BMI remained unchanged. Twenty-two of 23 females had their menses restored, and three patients became pregnant. One patient was excluded because she became pregnant at the second month. CONCLUSION(S): Associated with the decrease in LH, rosiglitazone improved insulin-resistance parameters and normalized the menstrual cycle, which suggests that this drug could improve the endocrine-reproductive condition in insulin-resistant women with PCOS.

Resultados preliminares de un estudio de evaluación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de la Universidad de Buenos Aires / Preliminary results of an evaluation study of cardiovascular risk factors in students of Buenos Aires Univesity

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico (SM) aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Esta asociación varía según la edad, factores étnicos, económicos y ambientales. El SM no se evaluó en jóvenes de la población argentina. Objetivos: evaluar los componentes del SM en estudiantes de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Materiales y métodos: se evaluaron 1.550 estudiantes, de 18 a 40 años, en un estudio transversal epidemiológico durante un período de 12 meses. Criterios de exclusión: embarazo, consumo de alcohol o drogas. Se analizaron peso, talla, presión arterial y circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se midieron los niveles en sangre de glucosa, LDL-C, triglicéridos (TG) y HDL-C. Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal y TG/HDL-C. El SM se definió según los criterios del ATP III. Consideramos alto LDL-C si era >130 mg/dL y TG elevados cuando eran >150 mg/dL. Resultados: la media de edad fue de 25±4,8 años, el 60,2% fue mujer. Prevalencia de factores de riesgo: obesidad 6,6%, sobrepeso 21,9%, glucemia anormal 0,4%, alto LDL-C 12,8%, alto TG 9,2%, bajo HDL-C 9,2%, hipertensión 3,6%, alto TG/HDL 5%, aumento de CC 6,6%, SM 2,5%. Conclusiones: encontramos baja prevalencia de SM en jóvenes estudiantes universitarios

Introduction: metabolic syndrome (MS) increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This association varies by age, race, ethnic, economic and environmental factors. MS in young people has not been evaluated on argentinian population. Objectives: to evaluate the components of the metabolic syndrome in students of the University of Buenos Aires. Materials and methods: a sample of 1.550 students from 18 to 40 years were evaluated on an epidemiological cross-sectional study in a 12 months period. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy, alcohol intake or drugs that affect hepatic parameters. Weight, height, blood pressure and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Blood levels of glucose, LDL-C, triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C were measured. Body mass index and TG/HDL-C were calculated. MS was defined according to ATP III criteria. We considered high LDL-C >130 mg/dL and high TG >150mg/dl. Results: mean age was 25±4.8 years, 60.2% were females. Prevalence of risk factors: obesity 6.6%, overweight 21.9%, abnormal glucose 0.4%, high LDL-C 12.8%, high TG 9.2%, low HDL-C 9.2%, hypertension 3.6%, high TG/HDL 5%, increased WC 6.6%, MS 2.5%, Conclusions: we found low prevalence off MS on this young student population

Role of -675 4G/5G in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene and -308G/A tumor necrosis factor-α gene polymorphisms in obese Argentinean patients.

AIM: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are increased in the circulation of obese persons. Because a direct link between PAI-1 and TNF-α in obesity has been observed, they are candidate genes for the development of obesity. We sought to evaluate the relation between the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the -675 4G/5G PAI-1 and -308 G/A TNF-α polymorphisms and their association with the risk for obesity in an Argentinean population. METHODS: A group of 110 consecutive obese persons and a group of 111 lean controls were recruited. Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the frequency of PAI-1 and TNF-α polymorphisms; serum fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid levels were measured by standard methods. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by using homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS: The -308 TNF-α and -675 4G/5G PAI-1 genotype distribution did not significantly differ between the groups (p=0.544 and p=0.327, respectively). Homeostasis model assessment was the only positive independent determinant of body mass index (R(2)=0.493; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The -675 4G/5G PAI-1 and the -308 TNF-α polymorphism variants tested in this study, individually or combined, were not associated with obesity in an Argentinean population.

Alteraciones lipídicas en adolescentes de peso adecuado / Alterações lipídicas em adolescentes de peso adequado / Lipidic alterations in adolescents of adequate weight

Introducción. Las concentraciones de c-LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) y de c-HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) se utilizan generalmente para determinar el riesgo aterogénico. Los diferentes estudios, tanto en adultos como en niños, demuestran el valor pronóstico superior de la apolipoproteina B, colesterol no HDL e índices específicos de las lipoproteínas (triglicéridos/c-HDL, c-LDL/c-HDL, colesterol total/c-HDL). Objetivo. Determinar el perfil lipídico, las lipoproteínas y los perfiles de apolipoproteínas y su asociación con los indicadores antropométricos en la población joven. Materiales y métodos. Fueron evaluados 429 niñas y 514 varones, entre 11 y 14 años. Se determinaron las medidas antropométricas, la presión arterial, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación entre cintura y talla. Fueron analizados: glucemia, colesterol total, c-LDL, triglicéridos y apolipoproteína B. Se calcularon las relaciones entre triglicéridos y c-HDL y el colesterol no HDL. Resultados. Los varones tuvieron mayor peso, mayor IMC, mayor circunferencia de cintura, mayor presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, en comparación a las niñas. Observamos una correlación positiva entre la circunferencia de cintura y el IMC con el colesterol total y con distintos índices de lipoproteínas en varones; sin embargo, en las niñas únicamente la circunferencia de cintura se asoció con los índices de lipoproteínas. Solo el 70% de los adolescentes tuvieron un perfil lipídico dentro de los parámetros de normalidad, así como el c-LDL y los niveles de colesterol no HDL. El c-HDL se encontró disminuido en un 35% de los varones y en un 45% de las mujeres, anormalidad más frecuentemente hallada. Conclusiones. Demostramos que existe una alta prevalencia de niveles no deseables de lípidos y de lipoproteínas en adolescentes con peso adecuado. Este estudio enfatiza la necesidad de un reconocimiento y de una intervención precoz de la dislipemia en la población pediátrica para prevenir la enfermedad cardiovascular en la etapa adulta.

Lipidic alterations in adolescents of adequate weight Background. Serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) are usually used to determine atherogenic risk. Different studies in adults as well as in children have shown the superior prognostic value of apolipoprotein B, non HDL- cholesterol and specific ratios of lipoprotein variables, such as triglycerides/ HDL-c, LDL-c/ HDL-c and cholesterol/HDL-c. Aims. Determine lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles and its association with anthropometric indicators in a young population. Materials and methods. Four hundred twenty nine girls and 514 boys, between 11 and 14 years old were evaluated. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and waist/height ratio were determined. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B were analyzed. Triglycerides/HDL-c ratio and non HDL-c were calculated. Results. Males had higher weight, BMI, waist circumference and blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic than girls. We observed positive correlations between waist circumference and BMI with total cholesterol and different lipoprotein ratios in males, however in female only waist circumference was associated with lipoprotein ratios. Only seventy percent of the adolescents presented normal lipid profile as well as LDL and non HDL-c levels. HDL-c was decreased in 35% of males and 45% of females, being the most frequent abnormality found. Conclusions. We showed a high prevalence of undesirable lipid and lipoprotein levels in normal weight adolescents. This study emphasizes the need for early recognition and intervention for hyperlipidemia in pediatric populations to prevent cardiovascular disease in adults.

Alterações lipídicas em adolescentes de peso adequado Introdução. As concentrações séricas de colesterol de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL-c) e colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL-c) são geralmente utilizadas para determinar o risco aterogênico. Estudos diferentes tanto em adultos como em crianças mostraram o valor prognóstico superior da apolipoproteína B, colesterol não HDL e relações específicas de variáveis de lipoproteínas, tais como triglicerídeos/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c e colesterol/HDL-c. Objetivos. Determine os perfis lipídicos, lipoproteicos e apolipoproteicos e sua associação com indicadores antropométricos em uma população jovem. Materiais e métodos. Foram avaliados 429 meninas e 514 meninos, entre 11 e 14 anos de idade. Foram determinadas medidas antropométricas, pressão sanguínea, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e relação cintura/altura. Foram analisados: glicemia, colesterol total, LDL-c, triglicerídeos, apolipoproteína B. Foram calculadas taxas de triglicerídeos/HDL-c e colesterol não HDL. Resultados. Os meninos tiveram maior peso, maior IMC, maior circunferência da cintura, maior pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica em comparação com as meninas. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre a circunferência da cintura e o IMC com colesterol total e lipoproteínas com taxas diferentes em meninos; no entanto, só as meninas a circunferência da cintura foi associado com níveis de lipoproteínas. Apenas 70% dos adolescentes tiveram um perfil lipídico dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade e o LDL-c e os níveis de colesterol não HDL. O HDL-c diminuiu em 35% dos homens e 45% das mulheres, sendo a anormalidade mais freqüente encontrada. Conclusões. Mostramos uma alta prevalência de níveis indesejáveis de lipídios e lipoproteínas em adolescentes com peso normal. Este estudo enfatiza a necessidade de reconhecimento precoce e intervenção para hiperlipidemia em populações pediátricas para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares em adultos.

Diagnóstico de esteatosis hepática por métodos clínicos, bioquímicos y por imágenes / Diagnosis of hepatic steatosis using clinical, biochemical and imaging methods

La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica comprende un espectro de afecciones hepáticas que va desde la simple esteatosis a la esteatohepatitis, fibrosis y hasta cirrosis. Su prevalencia aumenta con la edad, la obesidad y está fuertemente asociada con la presencia de síndrome metabólico y aumento de la mortalidad cardiovascular y por enfermedades malignas. Se produce por una acumulación de triglicéridos en los hepatocitos relacionada con insulinorresistencia hepática y muscular. Su presencia se asocia con aumento de transaminasa glutámico-oxaloacética o glutamico-pirúvica, aunque esta última puede no estar elevada en la enfermedad avanzada. Existen 5 índices utilizados para el diagnóstico de esteatosis hepática: SteatoTest, fatty liver index, NAFLD liver fat score, lipid acumulation product y hepatic steatosis index, mientras que para esteatohepatitis contamos con el NASH test, NASH diagnostics, NASH score y HAIR (Hypertention, increased ALT and IR o Insulin resistence). En estadios de fibrosis el índice transaminasa glutamicooxáloacetica-glutamicopiruvica aumenta, así como la ferritina en sangre y el valor del NAFLD fibrosis score, siendo de alta especificidad para el diagnóstico. La ecografía abdominal tiene una gran disponibilidad, pero su sensibilidad diagnóstica es menor cuando existen grados leves de infiltración grasa hepática. La tomografía computada tiene una especificidad del 100% cuando el contenido graso es mayor al 30% pero la radiación emitida no permite un uso frecuente. La resonancia magnética con espectroscopia constituye el método de elección para la detección y cuantificación de contenido de grasa hepática. La biopsia hepática es un método invasivo que permite una clasificación pronóstica adecuada de la enfermedad, pero por sus complicaciones solo debe realizarse en pacientes seleccionados: aquellos con riesgo elevado de esteatohepatitis o riesgo de fibrosis por laboratorio o clínica, o con otras enfermedades hepáticas coexistentes. La identificación temprana de enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica permite la implementación de medidas tempranas para disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a esta condición.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Its prevalence increases with age and with obesity, and is strongly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular and malignant diseases. It is caused by an accumulation of triglycerides in liver hepatocytes and muscles, and related to insulin resistance. Its presence is associated with the increase of alanine aminotransferase (alt), although it may not be elevated in advanced disease. There are 5 indexes used for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis: SteatoTest, fatty liver index, NAFLD liver fat score, lipid accumulation product and hepatic steatosis index, whereas for esteatohepatitis the NASH test, NASH diagnostics, as well as the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) score and HAIR (hypertension, ALT, and insulin resistance). In stages of fibrosis AST-ALT index increases as well as ferritin in blood and the NAFLD fibrosis score, which has a high specificity for diagnosis. Abdominal ultrasound is widely available, but its diagnostic sensitivity is lower when there are mild degrees of hepatic fatty infiltration. Computed tomography has a specificity of 100% when fat content is greater than 30%, but the radiation emitted prevents frequent use. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the method of choice for the detection and quantification of liver fat content. Liver biopsy is an invasive method that enables appropriate prognostic classification of the disease, but has some complications, and should only be performed in selected individuals: high risk of steatohepatitis or fibrosis risk of laboratory or clinical or other co-existing liver disease. Early identification of NAFLD allows early measures to be implemented in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.

Síndrome de ovario poliquístico: fenotipos y enfermedad cardiovascular / Polycystic ovary syndrome: Phenotypes and cardiovascular disease

Introducción: El síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) es una endocrinopatía que afecta a mujeres en edad reproductiva, frecuentemente asociado a insulinorresistencia (IR) y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). El criterio de Rotterdam distingue 4 fenotipos: 3 presentan hiperandrogenismo clínico y/o bioquímico (HA) y uno es normo-androgénico (NHA). Por ser un síndrome heterogéneo, es necesario identificar a las pacientes con mayor RCV. Dos nuevos marcadores han sido propuestos para evaluarlo: el índice de adiposidad abdominal (VAI) y el producto de acumulación lipídica (LAP). Objetivo: Evaluar los marcadores LAP y VAI como predictores de IR y su correlación con los parámetros de RCV en relación con los fenotipos SOP. Metodología: Se estudió a 130 pacientes con SOP entre 18 y 36 años, clasificadas en 2 grupos: HA y NHA según la presencia de hiperandrogenismo clínico y/o bioquímico. Se evaluaron parámetros de RCV según ATP III: circunferencia de cintura (CC), glucemia, HDL, triglicéridos (TG) y presión arterial. Se calcularon: LAP = (CC [cm] - 58) * TG (mmol/l) y VAI = (CC [cm]/[36,58 + (1,89 * IMC [kg/m²]] * [TG [mg/dl]/0,81] * [1,52/HDL-c [mg/dl]]). Se realizaron curvas ROC/área bajo la curva para establecer valores de corte de LAP y VAI para la identificación de IR, análisis de correlación con parámetros de RCV y de las diferencias entre fenotipos, tomando como significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: Los valores de corte establecidos para definir IR fueron de 14,02 para LAP (especificidad: 93,22%; sensibilidad: 93,94%) y de 2,17 para VAI (especificidad: 91,38%; sensibilidad: 87,88). Dichos marcadores correlacionaron con marcadores de IR (HOMA-IR, QUICKI e índice glucosa/insulina) y presentaron una correlación positiva con TG, CC y negativa con HDL. El análisis entre fenotipos no reveló diferencias en la presencia de SM, IR o factores de RCV. Conclusión: LAP y VAI serían buenos predictores de IR y RCV asociado en pacientes jóvenes con SOP. El análisis de los parámetros entre fenotipos HA y NHA indica que ambos presentan similar riesgo metabólico y de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular.

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and high cardiovascular risk (CVR). According to the Rotterdam consensus, four PCOS phenotypes could be established: three with clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism (HA), and one non-hyperandrogenic (NHA). It is necessary to identify which of these patients are at risk of metabolic disturbances and CVR. Two indexes: lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) have been suggested as reliable markers of IR and CVR in PCOS. Objective: The present study aims to assess the reliability of LAP and VAI as IR markers in a young local population of PCOS patients. Their association with CVR parameters is also evaluated. Methodology: LAP and VAI were calculated in 130 PCOS patients. The PCOS patients were divided in two groups as HA and NHA, taking into account the signs of hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical). An evaluation was also made of the metabolic and anthropometric characteristics of the population and their association with CVR and IR. Results: Both LAP and VAI showed to be effective markers to asses CVR and IR in these PCOS women (cutoff values: LAP: 14.02 (sensitivity: 93.94% specificity: 93.22%) VAI: 2.17 (sensitivity: 87.88% specificity: 91.38%). There was a positive correlation of both markers with abdominal circumference and triglycerides (TG), and negative with HDL-cholesterol. The risk of IR and metabolic disturbances was similar in both phenotypes (NHA versus HA). Conclusion: Our data show that both LAP and VAI are representative markers for assessing IR and associated CVR in PCOS patients. These results also suggest that the NHA phenotype in the population studied shows the same risk of metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular disease when compared to HA phenotypes.

Pro-inflammatory and atherogenic circulating factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated to metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: It is not elucidated if liver fat deposits associated to metabolic syndrome (MS) aggravate the atherogenic state. We evaluated, in MS patients, if the presence of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis (HS) determines differences in inflammatory markers and VLDL characteristics. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with MS were divided into 2 groups depending on the presence or absence of HS, assessed by ultrasound. Lipid profile, free fatty acids (FFA), VLDL composition, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and soluble adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1) were measured. RESULTS: HS patients presented increased triglycerides levels, HOMA-IR and FFA. Patients with HS showed a reduction in adiponectin (p = 0.04) and increase in hs-CRP (p = 0.02), independently of insulin-resistance (IR). FFA correlated positively with TNF-α (p = 0.04) and inversely with adiponectin (p = 0.01). hs-CRP correlated with all inflammatory markers, independently of IR: TNF-α (r = 0.34, p = 0.02), sVCAM-1 (r = 0.29 p = 0.03), sICAM-1 (r = 0.56, p = 0.01), adiponectin (r = -0.34, p = 0.04). HS patients presented higher VLDL mass and number of particles. Adiponectin correlated with VLDL cholesterol content (r = -0.47, p = 0.04), independently of IR. VLDL, once secreted, would suffer from changes, becoming more atherogenic. CONCLUSIONS: Simple HS would play an important role increasing cardiovascular risk, independently of IR. hs-CRP may represent a useful biomarker of this condition.

Does non-alcoholic fatty liver impair alterations of plasma lipoproteins and associated factors in metabolic syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Hepatic steatosis (HS) is closely associated to metabolic syndrome (MS). Both, VLDL-triglyceride oversecretion and intrahepatic deposits, can take place. We evaluated VLDL characteristics, CETP, hepatic lipase (HL), IDL and small dense LDL (sdLDL), in patients with HS associated to MS. METHODS: We studied 3 groups matched by age and sex: 25 MS patients with HS (diagnosed by ultrasonography), 25 MS patients without HS and 25 healthy controls. Main measurements were: lipid profile, free fatty acids, VLDL composition, VLDL size by HPLC, CETP and HL activities, IDL-cholesterol and sdLDL-cholesterol. RESULTS: Patients with HS presented higher triglyceride levels, HOMA-IR and free fatty acids, VLDL mass and VLDL-apoB (p<0.05). No differences in VLDL composition were observed. MS groups presented higher proportion of large VLDL than controls (p<0.05). HS group showed higher CETP than controls (p=0.01) and almost higher than MS without HS (p=0.06). CETP correlated with VLDL-cholesterol content, r=0.48, p<0.005. The increase in sdLDL-cholesterol correlated with CETP (r=0.47) and HL (r=0.56), independent of insulin resistance (p<0.003). CONCLUSION: Despite intrahepatic fat, patients with HS secreted higher number of VLDL particles. CETP would have a remodeling action on VLDL in circulation, enriching it in cholesterol and also favoring, together with HL, the formation of sdLDL.

Índice triglicéridos/HDL-colesterol: en una población de adolescentes sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular

El índice Triglicéridos/HDL- colesterol (TG/HDL) es un recurso de fácil determinación y con buena correlación con el índice HOMA en adultos. Debido a la dificultad que representa la insulinorresistencia (IR) fisiológica de la adolescencia es necesario buscar marcadores de IR independientes de edad, sexo y estadio puberal. El objetivo fue determinar valores de referencia para el índice TG/HDL en una población de adolescentes sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular (CV) Se evaluaron 943 adolescentes, 429 mujeres y 514 varones, entre 11 y 14 años. Se determinaron medidas antropométricas y se calculó índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se realizó extracción de sangre luego de 12 horas de ayuno para determinar glucemia, triglicéridos, HDL. El síndrome metabólico (SM) fue diagnosticado según criterios de NCEP/ ATP III modificado por Cook. Se excluyeron los adolescentes con SM y aquellos con algún carácter del mismo. Ingresaron 562 adolescentes (289 mujeres y 273 hombres). Presentaban un peso de 48.91 ± 6.51kg; IMC de 18.95 ± 1.78, tensión arterial sistólica de 108.12 ± 13.60 mmHg, tensión arterial diastólica 63.82± 9.43 y perímetro de cintura 65.09± 4.54cm; Índice TG/HDL fue de 1.25± 0.43, con un percentilo 95 de 2.05. En el adulto el índice TG/HDL superior a 3 es un marcador de insulinorresistencia. Consideramos que un valor mayor a 2.05 podría ser un buen índice de insulinorresistencia en la adolescencia. El índice TG/HDL tiene la ventaja de ser metodológicamente más sencillo, más económico e independiente de la etapa puberal.

Triglicéridos/HDL- cholesterol ratio: in adolescents without cardiovascular risk factors. Triglicéridos/ HDL- cholesterol ratio (TG / HDL) is an easy resource determination and it has good correlation with the HOMA index in adults. Due to physiological insulin resistance (IR) in adolescence it is necessary to find markers of IR independent of age, sex and pubertal stage. The objective was to identify reference values of TG / HDL ratio in a population of adolescents without cardiovascular risk factors. We evaluated 943 adolescents, 429 females and 514 males between 11 and 14. Anthropometric measures were determined and body mass index was calculated (BMI). Blood was extracted after 12 hours of fasting to determine glucose, triglycerides, HDL. The metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed according to criteria of NCEP / ATP III modified by Cook. We excluded adolescents with MS or any component of it. We evaluated 562 adolescents (289 women and 273 men) with a weight of 48.91 ± 6.51kg, BMI :18.95 ± 1.78, systolic blood pressure of 108.12 ± 13.60 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure: 63.82 ± 9.43 and waist circumference: 65.09 ± 4.54cm. TG / HDL ratio was 1.25 ± 0.43, with a 95 percentile of 2.05. In adults, TG / HDL ratio greater than 3 is a marker of insulin resistance. We believe that a higher value to 2.05 might be a good index of insulin resistance in adolescence. TG / HDL ratio has the advantage of being methodologically simpler, more economical and independent of pubertal stage.