Is occlusion of the main pancreatic duct by thermal ablation really safe? A surgical innovation assessed according to IDEAL recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: Pre-clinical studies suggest that thermal ablation of the main pancreatic duct (TAMPD) is more recommendable than glue for reducing postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). Our aims were (1) to analyze the changes in the pancreas of patients after TAMPD and (2) to correlate the clinical findings with those obtained from a study on an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective early feasibility study of a marketed device for a novel clinical application was carried out on a small number of subjects (n = 8) in whom TAMPD was conducted to manage the pancreatic stump after a pancreatectoduodenectomy (PD). Morphological changes in the remaining pancreas were assessed by computed tomography for 365 days after TAMPD. RESULTS: All the patients showed either Grade A or B POPF, which generally resolved within the first 30 days. The duct's maximum diameter significantly increased after TAMPD from 1.5 ± 0.8 mm to 8.6 ± 2.9 mm after 7 days (p = .025) and was then reduced to 2.6 ± 0.8 mm after 365 days PO (p < .0001). The animal model suggests that TAMPD induces dilation of the duct lumen by enzymatic digestion of ablated tissue after a few days and complete exocrine atrophy after a few weeks. CONCLUSIONS: TAMPD leads to long-term exocrine pancreatic atrophy by completely occluding the duct. However, the ductal dilatation that occurred soon after TAMPD could even favor POPF, which suggests that TAMPD should be conducted several weeks before PD, ideally by digestive endoscopy.

Machine Learning Risk Prediction Model of 90-day Mortality After Gastrectomy for Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a risk prediction model of 90-day mortality (90DM) using machine learning in a large multicenter cohort of patients undergoing gastric cancer resection with curative intent. BACKGROUND: The 90DM rate after gastrectomy for cancer is a quality of care indicator in surgical oncology. There is a lack of well-validated instruments for personalized prognosis of gastric cancer. METHODS: Consecutive patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent potentially curative gastrectomy between 2014 and 2021 registered in the Spanish EURECCA Esophagogastric Cancer Registry database were included. The 90DM for all causes was the study outcome. Preoperative clinical characteristics were tested in four 90DM predictive models: Cross Validated Elastic regularized logistic regression method (cv-Enet), boosting linear regression (glmboost), random forest, and an ensemble model. Performance was evaluated using the area under the curve by 10-fold cross-validation. RESULTS: A total of 3182 and 260 patients from 39 institutions in 6 regions were included in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. The 90DM rate was 5.6% and 6.2%, respectively. The random forest model showed the best discrimination capacity with a validated area under the curve of 0.844 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.841-0.848] as compared with cv-Enet (0.796, 95% CI: 0.784-0.808), glmboost (0.797, 95% CI: 0.785-0.809), and ensemble model (0.847, 95% CI: 0.836-0.858) in the development cohort. Similar discriminative capacity was observed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: A robust clinical model for predicting the risk of 90DM after surgery of gastric cancer was developed. Its use may aid patients and surgeons in making informed decisions.

Clinical case report: endoluminal thermal ablation of main pancreatic duct for patients at high risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

PURPOSE: Multiple attempts have been made to manage the pancreatic stump and the pancreatic duct in order to reduce the rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), however radiofrequency-based technologies could help to achieve this goal. Previous encouraging clinical and experimental results support the use of endoluminal thermal ablation (ETHA) of the main pancreatic duct to reduce pancreatic exocrine secretion and hence POPF. We here describe our initial clinical experience with ETHA of the main pancreatic duct in two cases at high risk of POPF. METHODS: Two cases underwent PD for malignancy with a high risk of POPF (adenocarcinoma, obese patients, surgical difficulties with heavy intraoperative blood loss, soft pancreas or walled-off pancreatitis and a tight small pancreatic main duct). In both cases, ETHA of the main pancreatic duct was conducted intraoperatively just before Blumgart-type pancreatic-jejunal anastomosis using a ClosureFast catheter (Medtronic, Mansfield, MA, USA) normally used for varicose vein treatment (therefore an off-label use). RESULTS: Although a clear radiological POPF was detected in the second case, the clinical postoperative course in both cases was uneventful. Little pancreatic fluid collected in the abdominal drainage with low levels of amylase enzyme, confirming low exocrine pancreatic function. No other procedure-related complications were detected. CONCLUSION: Endoluminal thermal ablation of the main pancreatic duct may be a feasible and safe technique to reduce the adverse effects of POPF after PD.

Infected hepatic echinococcosis. Clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects. A systematic review.

Infected hepatic echinococcosis (IHE), defined as a cystic infection, and the development of a liver abscess may be a complication in the natural history of hepatic echinococcosis. The aim of this study was to review the evidence available related to clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects of IHE. We conducted a systematic review. Trip Database, BIREME-BVS, SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, PAHO-WHO; WoS, EMBASE, SCOPUS and PubMed were consulted. Studies related to IHE in humans, without language restriction, published between 1966 and 2020 were considered. Variables studied were publication year, geographical origin of the samples, number of patients, therapeutic and prognosis aspects, and methodological quality (MQ) for each article. Descriptive statistics was applied. Subsequently, weighted averages (WA) of the MQ of each article were calculated for each variable of interest. 960 related articles were identified; 47 fulfilled selection criteria, including 486 patients with a median age of 48 years, 51.6% being male. The largest proportion of articles were from Spain, India, and Greece (36.1%). Mean cyst diameter was 14.1 cm, and main location was right liver lobe (74.0%). WA for morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, and follow-up were 28.5%, 7.4%, 8.5 days and 14.8 months, respectively. The most common causative microorganisms of superinfection isolated were Enterobacteriaceae. An association with cholangitis was reported in 13.4% of cases. Mean MQ of the 47 articles included was 7.6 points. We can conclude that the information related to IHE is scarce and scattered throughout articles of small casuistry and poor quality, and consequently does not provide strong evidence.

miR-24-3p regulates CDX2 during intestinalization of cardiac-type epithelium in a human model of Barrett's esophagus.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac-type epithelium has been proposed as the precursor of intestinal metaplasia in the development of Barrett's esophagus. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their effects on CDX2 expression may contribute to intestinalization of cardiac-type epithelium. The aim of this study was to examine the possible effect of specific miRNAs on the regulation of CDX2 in a human model of Barrett's esophagus. METHODS: Microdissection of cardiac-type glands was performed in biopsy samples from patients who underwent esophagectomy and developed cardiac-type epithelium in the remnant esophagus. OpenArray™ analysis was used to compare the miRNAs profiling of cardiac-type glands with negative or fully positive CDX2 expression. CDX2 was validated as a miR-24 messenger RNA target by the study of CDX2 expression upon transfection of miRNA mimics and inhibitors in esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. The CDX2/miR-24 regulation was finally validated by in situ miRNA/CDX2/MUC2 co-expression analysis in cardiac-type mucosa samples of Barrett's esophagus. RESULTS: CDX2 positive glands were characterized by a unique miRNA profile with a significant downregulation of miR-24-3p, miR-30a-5p, miR-133a-3p, miR-520e-3p, miR-548a-1, miR-597-5p, miR-625-3p, miR-638, miR-1255b-1, and miR-1260a, as well as upregulation of miR-590-5p. miRNA-24-3p was identified as potential regulator of CDX2 gene expression in three databases and confirmed in esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, miR-24-3p expression showed a negative correlation with the expression of CDX2 in cardiac-type mucosa samples with different stages of mucosal intestinalization. CONCLUSION: These results showed that miRNA-24-3p regulates CDX2 expression, and the downregulation of miRNA-24-3p was associated with the acquisition of the intestinal phenotype in esophageal cardiac-type epithelium.

Feasibility, tolerability, and effects of exercise-based prehabilitation after neoadjuvant therapy in esophagogastric cancer patients undergoing surgery: an interventional pilot study.

Patients requiring surgery for locally advanced esophagogastric cancer often require neoadjuvant therapy (NAT), which may have a detrimental impact on cardiorespiratory reserve. The aims of this study were to investigate the feasibility and tolerability of a 5-week preoperative high-intensity interval training program after NAT, and to assess the potential effects of the training protocol on exercise capacity, muscle function, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). We prospectively studied consecutive patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal and gastric cancer in whom NAT was planned (chemo- or chemoradiotherapy). Feasibility was assessed with the TELOS (Technological, Economics, Legal, Operational, and Scheduling) components, and data on exercise tolerability (attendance and occurrence of adverse or unexpected events). Exercise capacity was assessed with peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in a cardiopulmonary exercise test at baseline, post-NAT, and following completion of a high-intensity interval exercise training (25 sessions). Changes in muscle strength and HRQL were also assessed. Of 33 recruited subjects (mean age 65 years), 17 received chemoradiotherapy and 16 chemotherapy. All the TELOS components were addressed before starting the intervention; from a total of 17 questions considered as relevant for a successful implementation, seven required specific actions to prevent potential concerns. Patients attended a mean of 19.4 (6.4) exercise sessions. The predefined level of attendance (≥15 sessions of scheduled sessions) was achieved in 27 out of 33 (81.8%) patients. Workload progression was adequate in 24 patients (72.7%). No major adverse events occurred. VO2peak decreased significantly between baseline and post-NAT (19.3 vs. 15.5 mL/Kg/min, P < 0.05). Exercise led to a significant improvement of VO2peak (15.5 vs. 19.6 mL/kg/min, P < 0.05). Exercise training was associated with clinically relevant improvements in some domains of HRQL, with the social and role function increasing by 10.5 and 11.6 points, respectively, and appetite loss and fatigue declining by 16 and 10.5, respectively. We conclude that a structured exercise training intervention is feasible and safe following NAT in patients with esophagogastric cancer, and it has positive effects to restore exercise capacity to baseline levels within 5 weeks with some improvements in HRQL.

The role of the laparoscopic approach in the surgical management of acute adhesive small bowel obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative adhesions represent 75% of all acute small bowel obstructions. Although open surgery is considered the standard approach for adhesiolysis, laparoscopic approach is gaining popularity. METHODS: A retrospective study with data from a prospectively maintained data base of all patients undergoing surgical treatment for adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) from January 2007 to May 2016 was conducted. Postoperative outcomes comparing open vs laparoscopic approaches were analysed. An intention to treat analysis was performed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential benefits of the laparoscopic approach in the treatment of ASBO. RESULTS: 262 patients undergoing surgery for ASBO were included. 184 (70%) and 78 (30%) patients were operated by open and laparoscopic approach respectively. The conversion rate was 38.5%. Patients in the laparoscopic group were younger (p < 0.001), had fewer previous abdominal operations (p = 0.001), lower ASA grade (p < 0.001), and less complex adhesions were found (p = 0.001). Operative time was longer in the open group (p = 0.004). Laparoscopic adhesiolysis was associated with a lower overall complication rate (43% vs 67.9%, p < 0.001), lower mortality (p = 0.026), earlier oral intake (p < 0.001) and shorter hospital stay (p < 0.001). Specific analysis of patients with single band and/or internal hernia who did not need bowel resection, also demonstrated fewer complications, earlier oral intake and shorter length of stay. In the multivariate analysis, the open approach was an independent risk factor for overall complications compared to the laparoscopic approach (Odds Ratio = 2.89; 95% CI 1.1-7.6; p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic management of ASBO is feasible, effective and safe. The laparoscopic approach improves postoperative outcomes and functional recovery, and should be considered in patients in whom simple band adhesions are suspected. Patient selection is the strongest key factor for having success.

A systematic review of the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for patients with gallbladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Equipoise exists regarding the benefit of adjuvant therapy (AT) in patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC). The aim of this study was to critically review the available evidence for the effectiveness of AT in patients with GBC following surgery with curative intent. METHODS: A systematic review was performed. Relevant studies were identified from Trip Database, BIREME-BVS, SciELO, Cochrane Central Register, WoS, MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS. Adjuvant therapies considered included chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and radiotherapy. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Subgorup analysis of patients with positive lymph node disease (PLND), positive surgical margin (PSM), or advanced stage (AS) were performed. RESULTS: 748 related articles were identified; 27 met the selection criteria (3 systematic reviews and 24 observational studies). Evidence provided was moderate, poor and very poor for chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and radiotherapy. Existing evidence is not robust, but suggests certain benefits with AT in improving OS, especially in patients with PLND, PSM and AS. CONCLUSION: Results do not provide strong evidence that AT is effective in patients who undergo resection for GBC. Subgroups of PLND and PSM may have a survival advantage. Future studies with appropriate internal validity and adequate number of patients are required to better answer this question.

Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes Between Laparoscopic and Open Approach for Pancreatoduodenectomy: The PADULAP Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare perioperative outcomes of pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) performed through the laparoscopic route or by open surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Laparoscopic PD is being progressively performed in selected patients. METHODS: An open-label single-center RCT was conducted between February 2013 and September 2017. The primary endpoint was the length of hospital stay (LOS). Secondary endpoints were operative time, transfusion requirements, specific pancreatic complications (pancreatic or biliary fistula, pancreatic hemorrhage, and delayed gastric emptying), Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ 3 complications, comprehensive complication index (CCI) score, poor quality outcome (PQO), and the quality of pathologic resection. Analyses were performed on an intention to treat basis. RESULTS: Of 86 patients assessed for PD, 66 were randomized (34 laparoscopic approach, 32 open surgery). Conversion to an open procedure was needed in 8 (23.5%) patients. Laparoscopic versus open PD was associated with a significantly shorter LOS (median 13.5 vs. 17 d; P = 0.024) and longer median operative time (486 vs. 365 min; P = 0.0001). The laparoscopic approach was associated with significantly better outcomes regarding Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ 3 complications (5 vs. 11 patients; P = 0.04), CCI score (20.6 vs. 29.6; P = 0.038), and PQO (10 vs. 14 patients; P = 0.041). No significant differences in transfusion requirements, pancreas-specific complications, the number of lymph nodes retrieved, and resection margins between the two approaches were found. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic PD versus open surgery is associated with a shorter LOS and a more favorable postoperative course while maintaining oncological standards of a curative-intent surgical resection. TRIAL REGISTRY: ISRCTN93168938.

Bone health in long-term gastric cancer survivors: A prospective study of high-dose vitamin D supplementation using an easy administration scheme.

Bone disease in long-term survivors after gastric cancer resection has received little research attention. This study aimed to investigate bone health after curative resection of gastric cancer and the consequences of high-dose vitamin D supplementation in patients with low levels of 25-(OH)-vitamin D. Disease-free patients at least 24 months after gastric cancer resection represented the study cohort. Serum markers of bone metabolism were assessed at baseline and at 3 and 12 months. Bone mineral density and presence of fractures were assessed by X-ray at baseline. Patients with 25-(OH)-vitamin D ≤30 ng/mL at baseline received 16,000 IU of vitamin D3 every 10 days during the 1-year follow-up. Forty patients were included in the study. Mean time from surgery was 48.9 (24-109) months. Vitamin D insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism were observed in 38 and 20 patients, respectively. Densitometry showed osteoporosis in 14 women and seven men and prevalent fractures in 12 women and six men at baseline. After 3 months of vitamin D supplementation, 35 patients reached values of 25-(OH)-vitamin D over 30 ng/mL. After 12 months, 38 patients were in the normal range of 25-(OH)-vitamin D. At the same time, iPTH levels and markers of bone turnover (C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-I collagen, serum concentrations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) significantly decreased after vitamin D intervention. Oral administration of high doses of vitamin D is easily implemented and restored 25-(OH)-vitamin D and iPTH values, which are frequently disturbed after gastric cancer resection.

Endoscopic tattooing of colorectal neoplasms removed by laparoscopy: a proposal for selective marking.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Preoperative endoscopic tattooing is an effective procedure to identify small intraoperative neoplasms. However, there are no defined criteria with regard to the indications for endoscopic tattooing of these lesions at the time of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to establish endoscopic criteria that allow the selection of patients who will need a tattoo during the diagnostic colonoscopy. METHODS: An ambispective study of patients undergoing laparoscopy due to a colorectal neoplasia who underwent endoscopic tattooing during the period from 2007-2013 and 2016-2017. According to the endoscopic description of the neoplasms, the classification was polypoid lesions, neoplasms occupying < 50% or ≥ 50% of the intestinal lumen and stenosing neoplasias. RESULTS: Tattooing of the lesion was performed in 120 patients and the same lesions were identified during surgery in 114 (95%) cases. Most of the neoplasias described as polypoids and neoplasias that occupied < 50% of the intestinal lumen were not visualized during surgery and therefore required a tattoo (33 of 42 and 18 of 26 respectively, p = 0.0001, X2). On the other hand, stenosing lesions or neoplasias occupying ≥ 50% of the intestinal lumen were mostly identified during surgery (15 of 15 and 36 of 37 respectively, p = 0.0001, X2) without the need for a tattoo. Overall, the identification of neoplasms according to established criteria was 98%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is possible to establish endoscopic criteria that allow a successful selective tattooing during diagnostic endoscopy.

Laparoscopic-adapted Blumgart pancreaticojejunostomy in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) is a complex procedure that is becoming increasingly popular among surgeons. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) remains the most feared specific complication in reconstruction after PD. The Blumgart anastomosis (BA) has been established as one of the safest anastomosis for pancreas remnant reconstruction, with low rates of POPF and postoperative complications. The procedure for performing this anastomosis by laparoscopic approach has not been reported to date. METHODS: We describe our technique of LPD with laparoscopic-adapted BA (LapBA) and present the results obtained. A case-matched analysis with open cases of BA is also reported. RESULTS: Since February 2013 to February 2016, thirteen patients were operated of LapBA. An equivalent cohort of open PD patients was obtained by matching sex, ASA, pancreas consistency and main pancreatic duct diameter. Severe complications (grades III-IV) and length of stay were significantly lesser in LapBA group. No differences in POPF, readmission, reoperation rate and mortality were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The LapBA technique we propose can facilitate the pancreatic reconstruction after LPD. In this case-matched study, LPD shows superior results than open PD in terms of less severe postoperative complications and shorter length of stay. Randomized control trials are required to confirm these results.

Impact of monopolar radiofrequency coagulation on intraoperative blood loss during liver resection: a prospective randomised controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of using monopolar thermal coagulation based on radiofrequency (RF) currents on intraoperative blood loss during liver resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective randomised controlled trial was planned. Patients undergoing hepatectomy were randomised into two groups. In the control group (n = 10), hemostasis was obtained with a combination of stitches, vessel-sealing bipolar RF systems, sutures or clips. In the monopolar radiofrequency coagulation (MRFC) group (n = 18), hemostasis was mainly obtained using an internally cooled monopolar RF electrode. RESULTS: No differences in demographic or clinical characteristics were found between groups. Mean blood loss during liver resection in the control group was more than twice that of the MRFC group (556 ± 471 ml vs. 225 ± 313 ml, p = .02). The adjusted mean bleeding/transection area was also significantly higher in the control group (7.0 ± 3.3 ml/cm2 vs. 2.8 ± 4.0 ml/cm2, p = .006). No significant differences were observed in the rate of complications between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the monopolar electrocoagulation created with an internally cooled RF electrode considerably reduces intraoperative blood loss during liver resection.

Breast Cancer Recurrence Is not Increased With Lipofilling Reconstruction: A Case-Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND: Lipofilling use has become a revolutionary technique for the correction of breast defect including breast cancer sequelae. The potential risk that progenitor cells included in fat graft tissue may contribute to disease progression by stimulation of residuary breast cancer cells in a tumor bed has set alarms regarding its safety. The aim of this study was to identify lipofilling interference over breast recurrence in patients with cancer history. METHODS: We reviewed 205 patients with fat grafting reconstruction after breast cancer surgery performed in our institution between the years 2007 and 2015. For comparative analysis, we selected 2 matched control patients with similar characteristics who did not undergo any lipofilling procedure. RESULTS: No significant differences in recurrence were observed in patients who had lipofilling compared with controls, local (2.4% vs 3.2%, P = 0. 485), regional (1.0 vs 0.7, P = 0.968), and distant (3.4% vs 3.9%, P = 0.590) recurrence. An increased risk of locoregional recurrence (P = 0.014) was detected when lipofilling took place within the first 36 months after cancer surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides patients and surgeons with the confidence to keep using lipofilling reconstruction in women with breast cancer history when it is performed in a hospital setting by trained surgeons.

The impact of screening on short-term outcome after surgery for colorectal cancer.

AIM: To investigate the influence of a screening program on the short-term outcome of patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. METHODS: Between April 2010 and December 2012 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer via the screening program (n = 80) were compared with patients diagnosed elsewhere (n = 106). Only patients of ≥ 50 and ≤ 69 years of age diagnosed outside the program were selected as controls. The clinical variables included age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, Charlson index, preoperative hemoglobin and serum albumin levels, surgical approach, tumor location and stage, perioperative transfusion and postoperative morbidity. A multivariate analysis was used to identify variables independently associated with outcome. RESULTS: There were no significant differences with regard to age, sex and ASA status. Preoperative hemoglobin (14.1 ± 1.6 g/dl vs 12.3 ± 2.3 g/dl; p < 0.001) and serum albumin (4.45 ± 0.26 g/dl vs 4.0 ± 0.6 g/dl; p < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in the screening group. The overall morbidity was significantly lower in the screening group (38.8% vs 63.2; p < 0.001) and mainly related to a higher rate of Clavien-Dindo grade II complications in controls. There were no differences with regard to wound infection, postoperative ileus, anastomotic leakage or reoperations. The median length of hospital stay was shorter in the screening group (6 vs 9 days; p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that diagnosis outside the screening program, type of surgical procedure, open surgery and Charlson index were independent risk factors for postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of colorectal cancer via the screening program is associated with a lower rate of postoperative minor complications and a shorter hospital stay.

Focused Transhepatic Electroporation Mediated by Hypersaline Infusion through the Portal Vein in Rat Model. Preliminary Results on Differential Conductivity.

BACKGROUND: Spread hepatic tumours are not suitable for treatment either by surgery or conventional ablation methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility and safety of selectively increasing the healthy hepatic conductivity by the hypersaline infusion (HI) through the portal vein. We hypothesize this will allow simultaneous safe treatment of all nodules by irreversible electroporation (IRE) when applied in a transhepatic fashion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sprague Dawley (Group A, n = 10) and Athymic rats with implanted hepatic tumour (Group B, n = 8) were employed. HI was performed (NaCl 20%, 3.8 mL/Kg) by trans-splenic puncture. Deionized serum (40 mL/Kg) and furosemide (2 mL/Kg) were simultaneously infused through the jugular vein to compensate hypernatremia. Changes in conductivity were monitored in the hepatic and tumour tissue. The period in which hepatic conductivity was higher than tumour conductivity was defined as the therapeutic window (TW). Animals were monitored during 1-month follow-up. The animals were sacrificed and selective samples were used for histological analysis. RESULTS: The overall survival rate was 82.4% after the HI protocol. The mean maximum hepatic conductivity after HI was 2.7 and 3.5 times higher than the baseline value, in group A and B, respectively. The mean maximum hepatic conductivity after HI was 1.4 times higher than tumour tissue in group B creating a TW to implement selective IRE. CONCLUSIONS: HI through the portal vein is safe when the hypersaline overload is compensated with deionized serum and it may provide a TW for focused IRE treatment on tumour nodules.

The use of an algorithm for prophylactic mesh use in high risk patients reduces the incidence of incisional hernia following laparotomy for colorectal cancer resection. / Un algoritmo para la colocación de malla profiláctica en pacientes de riesgo reduce la incidencia de hernia incisional tras laparotomía por cáncer colorrectal.

OBJECTIVE: Incisional hernia (IH) after colorectal surgery is highly prevalent. The objective of this study is to assess the utility of an algorithm to decide on mesh augmentation after a midline laparotomy for colorectal resection to prevent IH in high-risk patients. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted including all patients undergoing a midline laparotomy for colorectal resection between January 2011 and June 2014, after the implementation of a decision algorithm for prophylactic mesh augmentation in selected high-risk patients. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted between patients in which the algorithm was correctly applied and those in which it was not. RESULTS: From the 235 patients analysed, the algorithm was followed in 166 patients, the resting 69 cases were used as a control group. From an initial adherence to the algorithm of 40% in the first semester, a 90.3% adherence was achieved in the seventh semester. The incidence of IH decreased as the adherence to the algorithm increased (from 28 to 0%) with a time-related correlation (R2=0.781). A statistically significant reduction in IH incidence was demonstrated in high-risk groups in which the algorithm was correctly applied (10,2 vs. 46,3%; p=0,0001; OR: 7,58;95%; CI: 3,8-15). Survival analysis showed that the differences remained constant during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the algorithm reduces the incidence of IH in high-risk patients. The adherence to the algorithm also correlates with a decrease in the incidence of IH.

Long-term evolution of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and ß-cell mass after radiofrequency-assisted transection of the pancreas in a controlled large animal model.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) has been used as a model of chronic pancreatitis and as a model to increase ß-cell mass. However, studies in mice have demonstrated acinar regeneration after PDL, questioning the long-term validity of the model. We aim to elucidate whether RF-assisted transection (RFAT) of the main pancreatic duct is a reliable PDL model, both in short (ST, 1-month) and long-term (LT, 6-months) follow-ups. METHODS: Eleven pigs were subjected to RFAT. Biochemical (serum/peripancreatic amylase and glucose) and histological changes (including a semiautomatic morphometric study of over 1000 images/pancreas and IHC analysis) were evaluated after ST or LT follow-up and also in fresh pancreas specimens that were used as controls for 1 (n = 4) and 6 months (n = 6). RESULTS: The distal pancreas in the ST was characterized by areas of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (56%) which were significantly reduced at LT (21%) by fibrotic replacement and adipose tissue. The endocrine mass showed a normal increase. CONCLUSION: RFAT in the pig seems to be an appropriate PDL model without restoration of pancreatic drainage or reduction of endocrine mass.

Radiofrequency-induced heating versus mechanical stapler for pancreatic stump closure: in vivo comparative study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of two methods of surgical pancreatic stump closure in terms of reducing the risk of pancreatic fistula formation (POPF): radiofrequency-induced heating versus mechanical stapler. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen pigs underwent a laparoscopic transection of the neck of the pancreas. Pancreatic anastomosis was always avoided in order to work with an experimental model prone to POPF. Pancreatic stump closure was conducted either by stapler (ST group, n = 8) or radiofrequency energy (RF group, n = 8). Both groups were compared for incidence of POPF and histopathological alterations of the pancreatic remnant. RESULTS: Six animals (75%) in the ST group and one (14%) in the RF group were diagnosed with POPF (p = 0.019). One animal in the RF group and three animals in the ST group had a pseudocyst in close contact with both pancreas stumps. On day 30 post-operation (PO), almost complete atrophy of the exocrine distal pancreas was observed when the main pancreatic duct was efficiently sealed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that RF-induced heating is more effective at closing the pancreatic stump than mechanical stapler and leads to the complete atrophy of the distal remnant pancreas.