Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural identification of adenohypophyseal cells in Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) during gonadal differentiation.

The adenohypophysis was studied by immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) from natural reproduction in Northern Italian rivers. The adenohypophysis included the rostral pars distalis (RPD), the proximal pars distalis (PPD) and the pars intermedia (PI), all deeply penetrated by branches of the neurohypophysis (Nh). The prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), somatotropic (GH), thyrotropic (TSH), gonadotropic type I (GtH I) and type II (GtH II), somatolactin (SL), melanotropic (MSH) and endorphin (END) cells were identified with antisera raised against piscine and human pituitary hormones. In juveniles of 51-69 mm of total body length (TL) with undifferentiated gonads, the PRL cells, arranged in thick strands, occupied most of the RPD. The ACTH and GH cells organized in cords bordering Nh were, respectively, confined to RPD and PPD. The TSH cells were scattered among ACTH cells in RPD and among GH cells in PPD. Cells simultaneously immunoreactive to anti-follicle stimulating hormone and to anti-croaker gonadotropin were intermingled among GH and TSH cells, which were mostly in the dorsal PPD. The SL cells were detected in PI layers bordering the Nh. The MSH and END cells were intermingled in PI and, unlike what observed in other teleosts, their respective antisera did not cross-react. In individuals of 78-112 mm TL with gonads at the beginning of differentiation, the GtH II cells were detected in PPD; all other cell types increased in number. These results, supported by ultrastructural investigations, suggest that SL and GtH II cells are directly involved in gonadal differentiation in C. idella.

Transcriptome sequencing and de novo annotation of the critically endangered Adriatic sturgeon.

BACKGROUND: Sturgeons are a group of Condrostean fish with very high evolutionary, economical and conservation interest. The eggs of these living fossils represent one of the most high prized foods of animal origin. The intense fishing pressure on wild stocks to harvest caviar has caused in the last decades a dramatic decline of their distribution and abundance leading the International Union for Conservation of Nature to list them as the more endangered group of species. As a direct consequence, world-wide efforts have been made to develop sturgeon aquaculture programmes for caviar production. In this context, the characterization of the genes involved in sex determination could provide relevant information for the selective farming of the more profitable females. RESULTS: The 454 sequencing of two cDNA libraries from the gonads and brain of one male and one female full-sib A. naccarii, yielded 182,066 and 167,776 reads respectively, which, after strict quality control, were iterative assembled into more than 55,000 high quality ESTs. The average per-base coverage reached by assembling the two libraries was 4X. The multi-step annotation process resulted in 16% successfully annotated sequences with GO terms. We screened the transcriptome for 32 sex-related genes and highlighted 7 genes that are potentially specifically expressed, 5 in male and 2 in females, at the first life stage at which sex is histologically identifiable. In addition we identified 21,791 putative EST-linked SNPs and 5,295 SSRs. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first large massive release of sturgeon transcriptome information that we organized into the public database AnaccariiBase, which is freely available at http://compgen.bio.unipd.it/anaccariibase/. This transcriptomic data represents an important source of information for further studies on sturgeon species. The hundreds of putative EST-linked molecular makers discovered in this study will be invaluable for sturgeon reintroduction and breeding programs.

Contamination, parasitism and condition of Anguilla anguilla in three Italian stocks.

In conjunction with habitat loss and overfishing, pollution and parasitism are believed to be relevant causes of collapse of Anguilla, as these can affect eel swimming ability and the development of gonads and embryos. The present study investigated Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) concentrations, infection levels of Anguillicoloides crassus, lipid content and gonad abnormalities in eels sampled in 2007-2008 in three Italian water bodies (Caprolace Lake, Lesina Lagoon and Tevere River) that vary in salinity, trophic condition, contamination level and fishing pressure. Our analysis revealed that low-to-moderate levels of contamination and parasitism were not associated with gonad abnormalities in Caprolace Lake and Lesina Lagoon. On the contrary, POP concentrations and abundances of swim bladder nematodes were remarkably high in eels from the heavily urbanized Tevere River and were associated with significant gonad and swim bladder alterations. Contamination and infestation levels were so high to potentially impair spawner successful migration and reproduction. POP concentrations in Tevere eels also exceeded levels considered safe for food consumption. Though marginally contaminated, eels from the oligotrophic Caprolace Lake were in critical health condition: their lipid reserve was so low as to be considered insufficient to sustain the energetic costs of the transoceanic migration. Lesina eel stock was the only one displaying relatively good quality but here spawner abundance is likely limited by overfishing. Our results suggest that multiple stressors may potentially affect eel reproductive success. More definitive studies are needed to assess whether health effects caused by these multiple stressors are additive, compensatory or synergistic.

Ultrastructural investigations on spermatogenesis and spermatozoan morphology in the endangered Adriatic sturgeon, Acipenser naccarii (Chondrostei, Acipenseriformes).

Spermatogenesis was investigated in the Adriatic sturgeon, Acipenser naccarii, by light and electron microscopy. The testis of the unrestricted type had a germinal compartment composed of lobules containing germ cells and Sertoli cells, and separated by a basal lamina from the interstitial compartment, in which Leydig and myoid cells were detected for the first time in Acipenseridae. Spermatogenesis occurred in spermatocysts produced when Sertoli cells became associated with type A spermatogonia of subsequent generations, which produced a clone of synchronized aligned spermatogonia. In primary spermatocytes at zygo-pachytene stage, the large spherical nucleus contained synaptonemal complexes. The smaller secondary spermatocytes were ovoid with a central round nucleus and scarce cytoplasm. Spermatids were interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges until early spermiogenesis. Chromatin initially condensed as long, twisted, and nonhomogeneous fibers and finally as a compact structure made of thick filaments. Early spermatids showed the flagellum, the primordia of centriole complex and of "implantation fossa," followed by the acrosomal vesicle formed by Golgi complexes and a fibrous body associated to centriole complex. The spermatozoan head had 10 postero-lateral projections and a trapezoidal nucleus, a cylindrical midpiece with six to eight mitochondria, the centriole complex, and a "9 + 2" flagellum with a pair of lateral fins. Three helical endonuclear canals crossed the nucleus from the acrosome base to the implantation fossa; their spiralization and that of chromatin fibers suggest a spiral twisting of the nucleus during spermiogenesis. The Sertoli cells performed phagocytosis of degenerating spermatids and spermatozoa. Significant interindividual differences were detected in most morphological parameters of spermatozoa. Data on spermatogenesis in A. naccarii and morphometric measurements on mature spermatozoa provide information about the reproductive biology of the species useful not only for phylogenetic studies but also for evaluation of sperm quality for artificial reproduction projects and restocking of this and other critically endangered sturgeon species.

Stylet penetration of Cacopsylla pyri; an electrical penetration graph (EPG) study.

Detailed information on plant penetration activities by pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera Psyllidae) is essential to study phytoplasma transmission of "Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri" responsible of pear decline disease (PD) and to trace and evaluate resistant traits in new pear tree selections for advanced breeding programs. The electrical penetration graph technique or (full) EPG may relevantly contribute to this knowledge. C. pyri EPG waveforms were characterized on basis of amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin. Additionally, stylet tracks and the putative location of stylet tips in the plant tissue were histologically related to EPG waveforms by light and transmission electron microscopy observations after stylectomy. More than one waveform occurred in the same tissue: PA, PB, PC1 and PC2 were all detected in the mesophyll, and PE1 and PE2 were both recorded in the phloem. Waveform PE1 was always preceded by transient waveform PD, as previously described in other psyllids. Interestingly, no brief intracellular punctures (potential drop waveforms) were observed during plant penetration, opposite of what is usually recorded in aphids and other Sternorrhyncha.

Histological and ultrastructural investigation of early gonad development and sex differentiation in Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii, Acipenseriformes, Chondrostei).

Gonad development and sex differentiation from embryos to 594-day-old individuals were investigated in farmed Acipenser naccarii using light and transmission electron microscopy. The migrating primordial germ cells first appear along the dorsal wall of the body cavity in embryos 1.5 days before hatching. The gonadal ridge, containing a few primary primordial germ cells (PGC-1) surrounded by enveloping cells, appears in 16-day-old larvae. At 60 days, the undifferentiated gonad is lamellar and PGC-1 multiply, producing PGC-2. In 105-day-old juveniles, a distinct germinal area with advanced PGC-2 appears on the lateral side near the mesogonium and the first blood vessels are visible. At 180 days, putative ovaries with a notched gonadal epithelium and putative testes with a smooth one appear, together with adipose tissue on the distal side. In 210-day-old juveniles, active proliferation of germ cells begins in the putative ovaries, whereas putative testes still contain only a few germ cells. The onset of meiosis and reorganization of stromal tissue occurs in ovaries of 292-day-old individuals. Ovaries with developed lamellae enclosing early oocyte clusters and follicles with perinucleolar oocytes occur at 594 days. Meiotic stages are never found, even in anastomozing tubular testes of 594-day-old individuals. Steroid producing cells are detected in the undifferentiated gonad and in the differentiated ones of both sexes. Anatomical differentiation of the gonad precedes cytological differentiation and female differentiation largely precedes that of the male. Gonad development and differentiation are also associated with structural changes of connective tissue, viz. collagen-rich areas are massive in developing testes and reduced in ovaries.

Development and early differentiation of gonad in the european eel (Anguilla anguilla [L.], Anguilliformes, Teleostei): A cytological and ultrastructural study.

The structure of the gonad of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla [L.]), an "undifferentiated" gonochoristic teleost, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy from 6-8 cm elvers to 22 cm yellow eels with juvenile hermaphroditic gonads. The pear-shaped gonads of 6-8 cm elvers assume, in 12-15 cm eels, a lamellar shape and enlarge by migration of germ cells, which we refer to as primary primordial germ cells. In the gonads of ∼ 16 cm eels, the primary primordial germ cells multiply, giving rise to clusters of germ cells that have ultrastructural characteristics of the primary primordial germ cells but show giant mitochondria, enlarged Golgi complexes, and round bodies not limited by membranes. We refer to these as secondary primordial germ cells. In 16-18 cm eels, syncytial clones of oogonia interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges are also observed. In 18-22-cm-long eels, the gonads contain primordial germ cells, oogonial clones, early oocyte cysts, single oocytes in early growth stages, and primary spermatogonia. Such germ cells are present in the same cross section where they are either intermingled or are in areas of predominantly female germ cells close to areas with predominantly male germ cells. These gonads are juvenile hermaphroditic and should be considered ambisexual because in larger eels they differentiate either into an ovary or into a testis. Somatic cells always envelop the germ cells following their migration into the gonad. These somatic cells first show similar ultrastructural features and then differentiate either into early Sertoli cells investing spermatogonia, or into early follicular (granulosa) cells investing the early previtellogenic oocytes. In eels ∼ 14 cm long, primitive steroid-producing cells also migrate into the gonad. In the ambisexual gonad they differentiate either into immature Leydig cells in the male areas, or into early special cells of the theca in the female areas. Nerve fibers are joined to the steroid-producing cells. Gonad development and differentiation are also associated with structural changes of the connective tissue characterized by the progressive appearance and deposition of collagen fibrils first in the mesogonadium, then in the gonad vascular region, and then in the germinal region. The collagen-rich areas are massive in the male areas and reduced in the female ones. J. Morphol. 231:195-216, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Immunocytochemical studies on the pituitary gland of Anguilla anguilla L., in relation to early growth stages and diet-induced sex differentiation.

Mammalian and teleost antisera against pituitary hormones were used to identify and localize pituitary cell types in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). The investigation was conducted on unpigmented glass eels of 5.6-6.2 of total body length (L(T)) caught in river mouths, then on yellow eels reared from the pigmented glass eel (or elver) stage up to 12-14 cm of L(T), in an eel farm in warm freshwater. Treated elvers were fed with commercial paste food supplemented with mature carp ovaries, containing oestradiol, that induced an early ovarian differentiation and a higher growth rate. The antisera detected seven types of immunoreactive (ir) cells, six of which were already found in glass eel adenohypophysis, suggesting differentiation of these cell types during the leptocephalus stage. In 12-14 cm treated yellow eels with small ovaries, a seventh type (ir-GtH) was detected in the proximal pars distalis; in the same animals the ir-TSH cells increased in number and size. From unpigmented glass eels to 12-14 cm yellow eels, the whole pituitary volume of controls increased nearly four times, while that of treated ones increased nearly six times. The larger volume of pituitary in treated eels was mainly due to volume increase of proximal pars distalis and rostral pars distalis. The %GH, that is the potential index of GH production, was significantly higher in treated yellow eels with gonads differentiating into ovaries than in controls; no difference was detected in %PRL between treated and control eels. The above results strongly suggest that in eels the feminizing effects of oestrogen is first exerted on the pituitary, probably through the hypothalamus, and later on the gonads.