[Priority needs of the older generation in social (digital) services.]

The social service approach for the elderly that emerged in the USSR in the late 1980s and was introduced within the framework of a federal law in 1995 was oriented towards care and service provision. However, various authors have noted that the needs of the elderly and the availability of services often do not coincide, and this gap is growing with the change of generations of the elderly. The modern approach, the founder of which was the Polish demographer E.Rosset, reflected in a number of international documents, prioritizes supporting employment and maintaining independence for the elderly for as long as possible. However, there is still little research clarifying the specific services needed by the elderly themselves. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the needs and capabilities of the «older generation¼ are changing noticeably, and the existing approach to the provision of social services, which largely took shape in the 1990s, is outdated. Our research question is: do the digital ecosystems (services) being developed by the Information and Analytical Center of St. Petersburg Government correspond to the needs of the elderly on the one hand, and the provisions enshrined in the Madrid Plan on the other? The study employed qualitative methods: an analysis of a pilot survey of users of the «Active Longevity¼ service and the opinions of participants in a focus group (age of informants 60-75 years) of elderly individuals conducted on 16.03.2024.

[Theoretical approach «Aging-in-place¼ and the possibility of its popularization in Russia.]

In the article, we analyze a theoretical approach to the organization of the life of older people, which is called «aging-in-place¼ (in the English literature). In recent years, this approach, developed in the UK and positively received in Western Europe, has attracted some interest among Russian researchers as well. The purpose of the article is to show the connection of «aging-in-place¼ with other theoretical approaches, namely community care, deinstitutionalization of services and care for the older persons, and especially with the social exclusion of the elder. We are convinced of this understanding by the actions of European countries in the development of local communities and the popularity of the idea of «aging-in-place¼, supported by the Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging. The goal of the policy in all countries regarding the older persons is the same: to provide the older persons with the opportunity to stay in their homes as long as possible, that is, to grow old at the place of residence [10]. It is also necessary to clarify the applicability of this approach in Russian conditions. The method of the article is theoretical analysis. Conclusion: in Russia, due to the vast territories, poorly developed communications and a large number of small settlements, life and aging there leads to a narrowing of opportunities for obtaining assistance and social contacts, which cannot be assessed as consistent with the «aging-in-place¼ approach.

[Integration of the elderly into the information space: research case of Saint-Petersburg.]

In recent decades, the world's population has been aging due to the fact that life expectancy is increasing, and the birth rate in developed countries is falling below the level of simple reproduction. In many countries, people retire and move «down the social ladder¼, losing both their acquired status and income level. However, in the XXI century, a new kind of inequality has appeared - digital. Its starting point is the low digital literacy of the elderly, although at present the situation does not seem as dramatic as 12-15 years ago. In St. Petersburg, training for the elderly has been conducted since the beginning of the 2000s, both NGOs and CCSS, it is available and in most cases, free of charge, but, as our research highlighted in this article has shown, a significant part of the elderly still do not have digital skills. In general, in Russia, according to Rosstat, in 2020 there were only 13.5% active Internet users over the age of 60. The lack of integration into the digital space has come to be seen as evidence of the vulnerability of the elderly, especially during and after the CODID-19 pandemic. The paper presents the results of a three-component study, including an online survey of St. Petersburg residents about the use of city electronic services, as well as interviews with representatives of organizations that train older people in ICT skills and a pilot survey of the use of digital devices by older people - voice assistants. As a result, data were obtained on the demand for electronic communication channels and electronic urban services, as well as "access barriers" to mastering digital skills from the point of view of teachers of courses for the elderly. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the relationship between mastering digital skills and the inclusion of the elderly in the communication space.

[Social interactions in long-term care.]

Modern society is becoming more and more complex, not only technologies are changing, but also its socio-age structure. For the first time, mankind found itself in a situation where there are more elderly people than young people, and it turned out to be not ready for this. A new task arises - the coordination of interactions and interests of many subjects of social interaction in the interests of the elderly. The traditional administrative influences of the state are becoming insufficient; mechanisms of self-organization of society and the autonomy of citizens are gradually taking shape. A new problem has become not only the rapid aging of society, but also an increase in the number of elderly people requiring constant care in the last years of their lives, since the already existing «closed institutions¼. Nursing homes are less popular today. The article provides an overview of Russian legislation on long-term care for the elderly, as well as an analysis of the successes and barriers to interaction in organizing care for the state, commercial and non-profit institutions in St. Petersburg. Petersburg is a city of the elderly population and developed social services for the elderly. Therefore, we have the right to conclude that social services in St. Petersburg can be viewed as a promising model for the development of long-term care for the elderly. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of interactions between various subjects of the system of long-term care for the elderly that is emerging in St. Petersburg. We are interested in situations when the existing legal norms/regulation/interference in interactions are sufficient for the tasks of care to be solved, and the participants did not suffer. And vice versa, when the existing regulations are insufficient, and either the tasks are not being solved, or the injured party is an elderly person or his family.

[An older woman in the local community in Russia: the neighborhood, non-government organizations and the public utilities sector.]

The article probes into the development of local self-organization of retired women, actively involved in resolving housing issues at their place of residence in Saint-Petersburg. The socio-spatial approach to aging, also referred to as «aging in a place / in a community¼ serves the theoretical framework. This type of aging requires an active approach to the habitual environment of the elderly and their support. It is the groups of older women that generate activists who have free time and the necessary competencies and who are ready to promote the interests of all the residents of an apartment building, a neighborhood or a district. Therefore, the empirical basis of the article was mainly the materials of interviews with women activists. In the public utilities system full of intricate semi-legal schemes, invisible and incomprehensible to the majority of ordinary citizens, activists are not always able to enter into an equitable dialogue with the controlling bodies and public utilities managers. In order to make insignificant changes, older activists are sometimes required to take tremendous efforts and develop new competencies which help to overcome barriers and to defend the collective interests.

[Investigation of internet-communities' influence on the social inclusion of the elderly people through leisure practices.]

Modern society is characterized by the intensification of new interactions and new communities, in parallel with the interest in social exclusion-inclusion topic. As the Internet develops, the research interest is directed to studying the specifics of emerging communities in a virtual environment called as «online communities¼, «virtual communities¼ etc. The article presents the results of studying 7 online communities of older people in the social network VKontakte about leisure. The research was carried out on the basis of a network approach using automated data analysis tools that allows to evaluate communities characteristics, as well as information exchange processes between the participants. The method of network data analysis, automated online community analysis, as well as Gephi software packages and Socstat social network analysis service were used. In addition, qualitative data on content published in communities and offline activities were obtained. The study conducted came to conclusions about the formation of communities characterized by weak online connections between users of older age groups in VKontakte. In the studied groups, the real social community is formed initially in an offline environment where all key activities take place, and their organizers use social networks as one of the channels for informing the target audience. For effective social inclusion, it is necessary to maintain a certain level of trust in what is happening in the group and the information published, as well as relevant content that illuminates activities in an offline environment.

[Archaic stereotypies and modern approaches for understanding of ageing].

In the article we discussed the processes of awareness of the place of elderly people in modern society, elaboration of adequate relation to global aging and elderly themselves are still going in social sciences. These processes are expressed in a clash of archaic stereotypes and new approaches which changed social and age structure requires. Not only elderly people are providers of archaic stereotypes, but scientific institutions and practices as well. Reorientation of science, media and social policy towards study and realization of «postponed aging¼ opportunities is needed.

Thermodynamic temperature assignment to the point of inflection of the melting curve of high-temperature fixed points.

The thermodynamic temperature of the point of inflection of the melting transition of Re-C, Pt-C and Co-C eutectics has been determined to be 2747.84 ± 0.35 K, 2011.43 ± 0.18 K and 1597.39 ± 0.13 K, respectively, and the thermodynamic temperature of the freezing transition of Cu has been determined to be 1357.80 ± 0.08 K, where the ± symbol represents 95% coverage. These results are the best consensus estimates obtained from measurements made using various spectroradiometric primary thermometry techniques by nine different national metrology institutes. The good agreement between the institutes suggests that spectroradiometric thermometry techniques are sufficiently mature (at least in those institutes) to allow the direct realization of thermodynamic temperature above 1234 K (rather than the use of a temperature scale) and that metal-carbon eutectics can be used as high-temperature fixed points for thermodynamic temperature dissemination. The results directly support the developing mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin to include direct measurement of thermodynamic temperature.

[AGING, HEALTH AND ACTIVE LONGEVITY: SEMANTIC CONTEXT OF THEIR MENTIONING IN SOCIAL NETWORKS].

Traditional media play a large role in shaping the image of oldsters as weak and sick members of society, while the gerontologists say the health of the elderly is quite specific. In a study of the views of the Internet audience, we tried to find out what this IT-competent part of society thinks on aging, what meanings they associate with aging and active longevity.