Morphometric Analysis and Synopsis of Pseudognaphalium (Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae) in North America.

Pseudognaphalium Kirp. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) consist of about 60 species mainly distributed in South, Central, and North America. As a first contribution toward a comprehensive taxonomic review of Pseudognaphalium, we perform here the first morphometric analysis of North American species, using UPGMA method for the construction of the dendrogram. Based upon these results we present a synopsis including a key to identify species and their associated synonymy. Thirty-seven species are recognized, two taxa are newly synonymized, Pseudognaphalium microcephalum under the name P. canescens and Pseudognaphalium semilanatum under the name P. semiamplexicaule, and two other names are confirmed as synonyms as previously proposed, Pseudognaphalium micradenium as a synonym of P. helleri and Pseudognaphalium crenatum as a synonym of P. viscosum. Lectotypes are newly designated for Gnaphalium beneolens, G. berlandieri (= Pseudognaphalium stramineum), Gnaphalium decurrens (= Pseudognaphalium macounii), G. leucocephalum, G. oxyphyllum, G. oxyphyllum var. semilanatum (= P. semiamplexicaule), G. semiamplexicaule, G. sulphurescens (= P. stramineum), G. thermale, and second-step lectotypifications are proposed for G. helleri and G. wrightii (= P. canescens). In addition, the first illustrations of Pseudognaphalium helleri and P. semiamplexicaule, and a colour figure of P. canescens and P. beneolens emphasizing the results of the morphometric analysis are provided.

South America holds the greatest diversity of native daisies (Asteraceae) in the world: an updated catalogue supporting continental-scale conservation.

Asteraceae is the world's richest plant family and is found on all continents, in environments ranging from the coast to the highest mountains. The family shows all growth forms and, as in other angiosperm families, species richness is concentrated in tropical regions. South America has the highest diversity of Asteraceae in the world, yet taxonomic and distributional knowledge gaps remain. This study compiles an updated catalog of Asteraceae native to South America, based on national and regional checklists and ongoing large-scale flora projects. The resulting checklist includes a total of 6,940 species and 564 genera native to South America to date, which represent about a quarter of the family's global diversity. Countries already considered to be megadiverse show the greatest diversity, such as Brazil with 2,095 species, followed by Peru (1,588), Argentina (1,377), and Colombia (1,244), with this diversity mainly focused on the Brazilian Highlands and the Andes. Species endemism also peaks in Brazil, but Sørensen distances reveal the Chilean flora to be eminently different from the rest of the continent. Tribes better represented in the continent are Eupatorieae, Senecioneae and Astereae, also with a remarkably presence of entirely South American subfamilies representing earliest diverging lineages of the Asteraceae, such as Barnadesioideae, Wunderlichioideae, Famatinanthoideae, and Stifftioideae. It is estimated that the discovery and description curves have not yet stabilized, and the number of species is likely to increase by 5 to 10% in the coming years, posing major challenges to continental-scale conservation.

Herbal medications for surgical patients: a systematic review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) affect approximately 80% of surgical patients and is associated with increased length of hospital stay and systemic costs. Preoperative and postoperative pain, anxiety and depression are also commonly reported. Recent evidence regarding their safety and effectiveness has not been synthesised. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of herbal medications for the treatment and prevention of anxiety, depression, pain and PONV in patients undergoing laparoscopic, obstetrical/gynaecological and cardiovascular surgical procedures. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The following electronic databases will be searched up to 1 October 2016 without language or publication status restrictions: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and LILACS. Randomised clinical trials enrolling adult surgical patients undergoing laparoscopic, obstetrical/gynaecological and cardiovascular surgeries and managed with herbal medication versus a control group (placebo, no intervention or active control) prophylactically or therapeutically will be considered eligible. Outcomes of interest will include the following: anxiety, depression, pain, nausea and vomiting. A team of reviewers will complete title and abstract screening and full-text screening for identified hits independently and in duplicate. Data extraction, risk of bias assessments and evaluation of the overall quality of evidence for each relevant outcome reported will be conducted independently and in duplicate using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation classification system. Dichotomous data will be summarised as risk ratios; continuous data will be summarised as standard average differences with 95% CIs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This is one of the first efforts to systematically summarise existing evidence evaluating the use of herbal medications in laparoscopic, obstetrical/gynaecological and cardiovascular surgical patients. The findings of this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016042838.

Benefícios do video game em pacientes com sequelas de acidente vascular cerebral / Benefits of virtual reality in patients with sequelae of stroke

Introdução: As alterações motoras são uma das principais incapacidades de indivíduos acometidos pelo AVC, de forma que as limitações físicas e psicológicas estão proporcionalmente ligadas a extensão da lesão, que compromete o nível funcional das atividades de vida diária. Objetivo: Identificar os benefícios proporcionados pelo video game em pacientes com sequelas pós Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Metodologia: Procedimento realizado em dois pacientes de ambos os gêneros com diagnóstico clínico de AVC e média de idade de 62 anos, submetidos aos testes pré de escala de equilíbrio de Berg, descarga de peso com Wii Fit, avaliação da cadência de marcha, teste de caminhada de seis minutos, teste de passo e passada. Após período de reabilitação constituído por dez sessões de treinamento específico para equilíbrio os pacientes foram reavaliados. Resultados: Verificou-se por meio de análise comparativa dos índices obtidos antes e após o processo de reabilitação que houve melhor desempenho na relação entre o equilíbrio postural e as características funcionais da marcha. Conclusão: Conclui-se, portanto, ser favorável a utilização do video game no auxílio ao tratamento fisioterapêutico, pois a proposta e os resultados produzidos nas variáveis analisadas demonstram que o console Nintendo® Wii foi eficaz no ganho de equilíbrio dos pacientes e por consequência na evolução do padrão de marcha. (AU)

Introduction: The motor disorders are a major disability of individuals affected by stroke, so that the physical and psychological limitations are proportionally linked to the extent of the injury, which compromises the functional level of activities of daily life. Objective: To identify the benefits offered by video game in patients with post stroke sequelae. Methods: Procedure performed in two patients of both genders with a clinical diagnosis of stroke, mean age 62 years, who performed the pre tests Berg Balance Scale, discharge weight with Wii Fit, evaluation of gait cadence, six-minute walk test and step test. After period prescribed rehabilitation consisting of ten sessions of training specific to balance the patients were reassessed. Results: It was found by comparative analysis of the scores obtained before and after the rehabilitation process that there was better relationship between the postural balance and functional gait characteristics. Conclusion: It is therefore concluded, that the use of virtual reality helps in the physiotherapy because the proposal and the results produced in the variables analyzed show that the Nintendo ® Wii console has been effective in improving the balance of patients and consequently the evolution of the gait. (AU)

Análise da contaminação de chupetas por enteroparasitas e fungos em escola de ensino fundamental / Analysis enteroparasitosis and fungi pacifiers contamination in school of early childhood education

Introdução: Como qualquer outro objeto levado à boca, a chupeta apresenta-se como um reservatório potencial de microorganismos. Através dessa pesquisa, busca-se avaliar as chupetas utilizadas por crianças, com o propósito de detectar os microorganismos mais prevalentes e, a partir disso, planejar estratégias de prevenção, controle e redução de possíveis enfermidades na infância. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, descritivo e observacional com fontes de dados primários, obtido por meio da análise de chupetas. O grupo em estudo era constituído por crianças de ambos os sexos, com idade entre um a seis anos, matriculados em escola municipal de ensino infantil, em Santa Cruz do Sul. Resultados: Foram analisadas 72 chupetas de crianças com idade média de 3,46 anos, sendo 51,39%, do sexo masculino. Em quatro amostras foram encontradas Candida albicans, não sendo detectados enteroparasitas. Foi observado que 9,72% das chupetas nunca são limpas antes de serem oferecidas à criança e mais de 20% delas não são guardadas em local adequado. A água consumida pela criança na própria residência foi oriunda da torneira em 70,83% e filtrada em 13,88% dos casos. Na escola, a água consumida era apenas da torneira. Observou-se que 9,32% das mães tinham conhecimento vago sobre a transmissão de parasitas pela chupeta. Conclusões: A prevalência de enteropatógenos detectados nas chupetas estudadas foi menor do que a descrita na literatura, porém o estudo demonstra a necessidade de um melhor esclarecimento aos pais quanto aos cuidados para prevenção de enfermidades e sobre os malefícios que o uso da chupeta pode ocasionar. (AU)

Introduction: Like any other object inserted in the mouth, the pacifier is presented as a potential reservoir of microorganisms. Through this research, we seek to evaluate the pacifiers used by children for the purpose of detecting the most prevalent microorganisms and, from that, to plan strategies for prevention, control and reduction of possible diseases in childhood. Methods: A prospective, descriptive and observational study with primary data sources, obtained by pacifiers analysis was performed. The study group consisted of children of both sexes, aged one to six years, enrolled in public school in kindergarten, in Santa Cruz do Sul. Results: We analyzed 72 dummies of children with an average age of 3.46 years, and 51.39% male. In four samples were found Candida albicans, not being detected intestinal parasites. It was observed that 9.72% of pacifiers are never cleaned before being offered to children and more than 20% of them are not stored in a suitable place. The water consumed by the child's own home was coming from the tap at 70.83% and filtered in 13.88% of cases. At school, the water consumed was just the tap. It was observed that 9.32% of the mothers had vague knowledge about the transmission of parasites by pacifiers. Conclusions: The prevalence of enteric pathogens detected in the studied pacifiers was lower than that reported in the literature, but the study shows the need for a better understanding to parents and care for disease prevention and about the harmful effects that the use of pacifiers can cause. (AU)