Vascular implications of Dasineura sp. galls' establishment on Peumus boldus stems.

Some chewing larvae are capable of inducing galls in the host vascular cylinder, e.g. Dasineura sp. (Cecidomyiidae) on Peumus boldus stems. Due to the medicinal and economic importance of P. boldus, the anatomical and functional implications of establishment of Dasineura sp. on P. boldus stems were investigated. We asked if establishment of Dasineura sp. in P. boldus stems induces abnormalities at the cellular and organizational level of the vascular system that increase during gall development in favour of the hydric status of the gall. Anatomical alterations induced in the stems during gall development were determined. Cytohistometric analyses in mature galls were compared to non-galled stems, and water potential and leaf area of non-galled stems were compared with galled stems. Dasineura sp. establishes in the vascular cambium, leading to delignification and rupture of xylem cells, inhibiting formation of phloem and perivascular sclerenchyma. Gall diameter increases together with larval feeding activity, producing a large larval chamber and numerous layers of nutritive tissue, vascular parenchyma, and sclerenchyma. These anatomical alterations do not affect the leaf area of galled stems but favour increased water flow towards these stems. The anatomical alterations induced by Dasineura sp. in P. boldus stems guarantee water and nutrient supply to the gall and larva. After the inducer exits stems, some host branches no longer have vascular connections with the plant body.

Anatomical and phenological implications of the relationship between Schinus polygama (Cav.) (Cabrera) and the galling insect Calophya rubra (Blanchard).

The success of galling insects could be determined by synchronisation with host plant phenology and climate conditions, ensuring suitable oviposition sites for gall induction and food resources for their survival. The anatomical, histochemical and phenological synchronisation strategies between Calophya rubra (Blanchard) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) and its host, the evergreen plant Schinus polygama (Cav.) (Cabrera) (Anacardiaceae), in the Mediterranean climate of southern Chile was evaluated and compared to that of the congeneric C. cf. duvauae (Scott) from Brazil and closely related host plant S. engleri in a subtropical climate. Anatomical, histometric, histochemical and vegetative phenology studies of the stem and galls were conducted from June 2015 to December 2016. Based on the anatomical, histometric and histochemical analysis, the conical stem gall traits imply gains over the non-galled stem toward the galling insect survival, but the maintenance of phellem, secretory ducts and pith indicate conservative developmental traits that cannot be manipulated by C. rubra. Our results indicate that the conditions of the Mediterranean climate zone limit C. rubra immature activity during unfavourable periods, probably determining a diapause period and a univoltine life cycle, which are peculiarities of the S. polygama- C. rubra system. The synchronisation between development and seasonality confers peculiarities to the S. polygama- C. rubra system in the Mediterranean climate zone.

Factors associated with topographic changes of the optic nerve head induced by acute intraocular pressure reduction in glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate factors associated with changes in optic nerve head (ONH) topography after acute intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: Untreated POAG patients (IOP >21 mm Hg) were prospectively enrolled. Systemic and ocular information were collected, including central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal hysteresis (CH). All patients underwent confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and tonometry (Goldmann) before and 1 h after pharmacological IOP reduction. The mean of three measurements was considered for analysis. Changes in each ONH topographic parameter were assessed (one eye was randomly selected), and those that changed significantly were correlated with patient's systemic and ocular characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients were included (mean age, 66.7 ± 11.8 years). After a mean IOP reduction of 47.3 ± 11.9%, significant changes were observed in cup area and volume, and in rim area and volume (P < 0.01), but not in mean cup depth (P = 0.80). Multiple regression analysis (controlling for baseline IOP and magnitude of IOP reduction) showed that CH (r(2) = 0.17, P < 0.01) and diabetes diagnosis (r(2) ≥ 0.21, P < 0.01) were negatively correlated with the magnitude of changes in ONH parameters, whereas the cup-to-disc ratio was positively correlated (r(2) = 0.30, P < 0.01). Age, race, disc area, and CCT were not significant (P ≥ 0.12). Including all significant factors in a multivariable model, only the presence of diabetes remained significantly associated with all ONH parameters evaluated (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Different systemic and ocular factors, such as diabetes, CH, and the relative size of the cup, seem to be associated with the magnitude of changes in ONH topography after acute IOP reduction in POAG patients. These associations partially explain the ONH changes observed in these patients and suggest that other factors are possibly implicated in an individual susceptibility to IOP.

Influência da aplicação de gesso na produção de matéria seca, na relação nitrogênio: enxofre e concentrações de enxofre, cobre, nitrogênio e nitrato em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf

The study was conducted in a Brachiaria decumbens pasture, in a dark red-yellow latosol, pH 5.2, with the objective of evaluating the influence of crescent levels of calcium sulphate application and cutting-age on dry matter yield and on N, S, Cu and nitrate content. Four treatments and three cuts were done as follow: T (control), 0 ton/ha of calcium sulphate; TA, 0.5 ton/ha; TB, 1.0 ton/ha; and TC, 1.5 ton/ha. The cuts were done 77, 133 and 341 days after the beginning of the experiment. The experiment was set in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The dry matter yield of TA, TB and TC showed differences (P 0.05) related to the control treatment, although dry matter yield did not show differences (P>0.05) between TA, TB and TC. Concentrations of S, Cu, N and nitrate in dry matter did not show differences (P>0.05) between treatments. However, the grass cutting-age influenced grass mineral concentrations (P 0.05) in all treatments.

Em solo classificado como latossolo vermelho-amarelo, de pH igual a 5,2, foram estudados o efeito da adição crescente do gesso agrícola (CaSO4.2H2O) nos níveis de 0 t/ha (T); 0,5 t/ha (TA); 1,0 t/ha (TB) e 1,5 t/ha (TC), combinados com a aplicação de 20kg/ha de nitrogênio sob a forma de uréia mais 80kg de K2O/ha sob a forma de cloreto de potássio, sobre a produção de matéria seca (MS) da Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, no período de janeiro a dezembro. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram realizados três cortes (após 77, 133 e 341 dias do início do experimento) para determinar a produção de matéria seca/ha e as concentrações de enxofre (S), nitrogênio (N), cobre (Cu) e nitrato na forrageira. Observou-se que a produção de MS foi influenciada pelos tratamentos e época de corte da forrageira. Porém, não houve aumento significativo na produção de MS para níveis de adubação acima de 0,5 t/ha. As concentrações de S, N, Cu e nitrato não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos.