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Currently, the deployment of tracking devices is one of the most frequently used approaches to study movement ecology of birds. Recent miniaturization of light-level geolocators enabled studying small bird species whose migratory patterns were widely unknown. However, geolocators may reduce vital rates in tagged birds and may bias obtained movement data. There is a need for a thorough assessment of the potential tag effects on small birds, as previous meta-analyses did not evaluate unpublished data and impact of multiple life-history traits, focused mainly on large species and the number of published studies tagging small birds has increased substantially. We quantitatively reviewed 549 records extracted from 74 published and 48 unpublished studies on over 7,800 tagged and 17,800 control individuals to examine the effects of geolocator tagging on small bird species (body mass <100 g). We calculated the effect of tagging on apparent survival, condition, phenology and breeding performance and identified the most important predictors of the magnitude of effect sizes. Even though the effects were not statistically significant in phylogenetically controlled models, we found a weak negative impact of geolocators on apparent survival. The negative effect on apparent survival was stronger with increasing relative load of the device and with geolocators attached using elastic harnesses. Moreover, tagging effects were stronger in smaller species. In conclusion, we found a weak effect on apparent survival of tagged birds and managed to pinpoint key aspects and drivers of tagging effects. We provide recommendations for establishing matched control group for proper effect size assessment in future studies and outline various aspects of tagging that need further investigation. Finally, our results encourage further use of geolocators on small bird species but the ethical aspects and scientific benefits should always be considered.
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Migração Animal , Aves , Animais , Filogenia , Viés de Publicação , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Introduction: NETosis, the mechanism by which neutrophils release extracellular traps (NETs), is closely related to inflammation. During the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), different stimuli can induce NETs formation. Inflammation and endothelial injury have been associated with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and complications after allo-HSCT. We focus on the study of NETosis and its relation with cytokines, hematological and biochemical parameters and clinical outcomes before, during and after allo-HSCT. Methods: We evaluate the capacity of plasma samples from allo-HSCT patients to induce NETosis, in a cell culture model. Plasma samples from patients undergoing allo-HSCT had a stronger higher NETs induction capacity (NETsIC) than plasma from healthy donors throughout the transplantation process. An optimal cut-off value by ROC analysis was established to discriminate between patients whose plasma triggered NETosis (NETs+IC group) and those who did not (NETs-IC group). Results: Prior to conditioning treatment, the capacity of plasma samples to trigger NETosis was significantly correlated with the Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX) score. At day 5 after transplant, patients with a positive NETsIC had higher interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and also a higher Modified EASIX score (M-EASIX) than patients with a negative NETsIC. EASIX and M-EASIX scores seek to determine inflammation and endothelium damage, therefore it could indicate a heightened immune response and inflammation in the group of patients with a positive NETsIC. Cytokine levels, specifically IL-8 and IL-6, significantly increased after allo-HSCT with peak levels reached on day 10 after graft infusion. Only, IL-10 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with a positive NETsIC. In our small cohort, higher IL-6 and IL-8 levels were related to early severe complications (before day 15 after transplant). Discussion: Although early complications were not related to NETosis by itself, NETosis could predict overall non-specific but clinically significant complications during the full patient admission. In summary, NETosis can be directly induced by plasma from allo-HSCT patients and NETsIC was associated with clinical indicators of disease severity, cytokines levels and inflammatory markers.
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Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Interleucina-6 , Humanos , Interleucina-8 , Citocinas , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , InflamaçãoRESUMO
The hyperinflammatory response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to its severity, and many critically ill patients show features of cytokine storm (CS) syndrome. We investigated, by next-generation sequencing, 24 causative genes of primary immunodeficiencies whose defect predisposes to CS. We studied two cohorts with extreme phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2 infection: critical/severe hyperinflammatory patients (H-P) and asymptomatic patients (AM-risk-P) with a high risk (older age) to severe COVID-19. To explore inborn errors of the immunity, we investigated the presence of pathogenic or rare variants, and to identify COVID-19 severity-associated markers, we compared the allele frequencies of common genetic polymorphisms between our two cohorts. We found: 1 H-P carries the likely pathogenic variant c.887-2 A>C in the IRF7 gene and 5 H-P carries variants in the MEFV gene, whose role in the pathogenicity of the familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) disease is controversial. The common polymorphism analysis showed three potential risk biomarkers for developing the hyperinflammatory response: the homozygous haplotype rs1231123A/A-rs1231122A/A in MEFV gene, the IFNAR2 p.Phe8Ser variant, and the CARMIL2 p.Val181Met variant. The combined analysis showed an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 in patients that had at least one of our genetic risk markers (odds ratio (OR) = 6.2 (95% CI) (2.430-16.20)).
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Purpose: The clinical spectrum of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) includes predisposition to infections, autoimmune/inflammatory complications and malignancy. Liver disease is developed by a proportion of patients with CVID, but limited evidence is available about its prevalence, pathogenesis and prognostic outcome. This lack of evidence leads to the absence of guidelines in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed at defining the characteristics, course and management of this CVID complication in Spain. Methods: Spanish reference centers were invited to complete a cross-sectional survey. Thirty-eight patients with CVID-related liver disease from different hospitals were evaluated by a retrospective clinical course review. Results: In this cohort, abnormal liver function and thrombocytopenia were found in most of the patients (95% and 79% respectively), in keeping with the higher incidence of abnormal liver imaging and splenomegaly. The most common histological findings included nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) and lymphocytic infiltration, which have been associated with portal hypertension (PHTN) leading to a poorer prognosis. Autoimmune/inflammatory complications occurred in 82% of the CVID patients that developed liver disease and 52% of the patients treated with immunomodulators showed a reduction in the liver function tests' abnormalities during treatment. Among the experts that conducted the survey, there was 80% or more consensus that the workup of CVID-related liver disease requires liver profile, abdominal ultrasound and transient elastography. The majority agreed that liver biopsy should be essential for diagnosis. There was 94% consensus that endoscopic studies should be performed in the presence of PHTN. However, there was 89% consensus that there is insufficient evidence on the management of these patients. Conclusion: Liver disease varies in severity and may contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality in patients with CVID. Hence the importance of close follow-up and screening of this CVID complication to prompt early targeted intervention. Further research is needed to evaluate the pathophysiology of liver disease in patients with CVID to identify personalized treatment options. This study emphasizes the urgent need to develop international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of this CVID complication.
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Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum , Hipertensão Portal , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/complicações , Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/diagnóstico , Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/terapia , Estudos Transversais , Hipertensão Portal/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Portal/etiologia , Hipertensão Portal/terapiaRESUMO
Se estudio el efecto antiulceroso de una forma farmaceutica, constituida por el residuo acuoso de un extracto hihdroalcoholico de Bidens pilosaL. en concentraciones de 40, 60 y 80 porciento en un vehiculo viscoso. La actividad de la preparacion se evaluo en tres modelos experimentales de lesiones gastricas en ratas inducidas por etanol, indometacina y estres por inmovilizacion a baja temperatura. Se emplearon tres grupos de animales que recibieron la solucion viscosa de Bidens pilosa por via oral durante 5 dias, en las tres concentraciones mencionadas, en dosis de 133,4; 212,1 y 282,8 mg de material vegetal/kg de peso, respectivamente. Un cuarto grupo se uso como control y recibio solamente vehiculo viscoso (placebo). Se obtuvo como resultado que la solucion viscosa de Bidens pilosa, en las tres concentraciones estudiadas, disminuyo significativamente el numero y la severidad de las lesiones de la mucosa gastrica inducidas por etanol y estres, pero no hubo proteccion contra el dano inducido por indometacina. La solucion viscosa que contenia extracto al 80 porciento fue la mas efectiva
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Animais , Ratos , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos Wistar , Etanol , IndometacinaRESUMO
Se determinó la utilidad de un grupo de plantas medicinales en la terapéutica de la úlcera gastroduodenal, mediante la evaluación de su acción protectora sobre las lesiones de la mucosa gástrica inducidas por estrés por inmovilización y frío en ratas. Se evaluaron 11 especies (Piper-aduncum, Cymbopogon titratus, Ocimun sanctum, Stachyrpheta jamaicensis, Plantago major, Justicia pectoralis, Psidium gujava, Cajanus indicus, Pseudelephantopus spicatus, ipomea tuba y Lawsonia inermis). Solamente con Piper aduncum y Pseudelephantopus spicatus se encontró una disminución significativa del número y la severidad de las lesiones gástricas. En los casos de Stachytarpheta jamaicensis y Psidium guajava, por el contrario. se observó un incremento significativo de ambas variables, por lo que se puede inferir que en las decocciones de estas plantas pudieran existir componentes que lesionen o potencien el desarrollo de lesiones de la mucosa gástrica
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Animais , Ratos , Antiulcerosos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais , Estresse Fisiológico/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera Péptica/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Se estudió el efecto del Aloe barbadensis administrado en diferentes formas sobre la producción de lesiones gástricas por estrés por inmovilización y frío sobre al gunas variantes secretorias del jugo gástrico. Se utilizaron ratas albinas machos con peso entre 200 y 250 g que se incluyeron de forma aleatoria en cuatro grupos. Al primero se le administró jugo de hojas frescas en dosis de 4 mL diarios repartidos en 2 mL dos veces al día durante 4 días y 2 mL el quinto día por vía oral. Al segundo grupo se le administró jugo de hojas que estuvieron en frío y oscuridad durante 2 semanas en igual dois y forma que el primero. Al tercer grupo se le administró un extracto de Aloe barbadensis en dosis de 12,5 mg (1 mL) diario durante 5 días por vía intraperitoneal. El cuarto grupo recibió el mismo extracto en igual dosis y durante el mismo tiempo, pero administrado oralmente. El comportamiento de estos grupos se comparó con el de animales que recibieron salina fisiológica en lugar de Aloe barbadensis. En la producción de lesiones gástricas se utilizó un modelo de estrés por inmovilización y frío. Posterior al estrés las ratas se prepararon para obtener jugo gástrico durante un período de 4 horas. Después se sacrificaron y se extrajeron los estómagos para el análisis macroscópico de la lesiones. La administración del jugo de hoja fresca y del extracto por vía oral disminuyó significativamente el número de lesiones y ambas formas de jugo, así como el extracto por vía oral produjeron una disminución significativa del índice de lesión. En relación con la secreción solamente encontramos modificaciones de las variables estudiadas en el grupo que recibió el extracto por vía intraperitoneal