COPD burden on sexual well-being.

BACKGROUND: Sexual function is often affected in patients suffering from chronic diseases especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the effect of COPD on sexual satisfaction is underappreciated in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COPD on patient's sexuality and the explanatory variables of sexual dissatisfaction. METHODS: Questionnaires were emailed to participants and they submitted their responses on the Santé Respiratoire France website. Data about sexual well-being (Arizona Sexual Experience Scale, ASEX), Quality of life (VQ11), anxiety, depression (Hospitalized anxiety and depression, HAD) and self-declared COPD grade were collected. RESULTS: Seven hundred and fifty one subjects were included and were characterized as follows: women-51%, mean age-61 years, in a couple-62% and 70%-retired. Every grade of COPD was represented. Out of 751 participants, 301 participants (40%) had no sexual activity and 450 (60%) had sexual activity. From the 450 participants, 60% needed to change their sexual life because of their disease (rhythm, frequency and position). Subjects often used medications to improve sexual performance (43% used short-acting bronchodilator and 13% -specific erectile dysfunction drugs). ASEX questionnaire confirmed patients' dissatisfaction (diminution of sexual appetite for 68% and sexual desire for 60%) because of breathlessness and fatigue. Eighty one percent of the responders had an altered quality of life (VQ11 mean score 35) and frequent suspected anxiety or depression (HAD mean score 10.8). Ninety percent declared that sexual dysfunction had never been discussed by their doctors, while 36% of patients would have preferred to undergo a specialized consultation. CONCLUSION: Sexual dysfunction is frequent among COPD patients and leads to an altered well-being, however being a cultural taboo, it remains frequently neglected. Sexual guidance should be a part of patient's consultations improve quality of sexual life.

[French practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IPF - 2021 update, short version]. / Recommandations pratiques pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique ­ Actualisation 2021. Version courte.

BACKGROUND: Since the previous French guidelines were published in 2017, substantial additional knowledge about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has accumulated. METHODS: Under the auspices of the French-speaking Learned Society of Pulmonology and at the initiative of the coordinating reference center, practical guidelines for treatment of rare pulmonary diseases have been established. They were elaborated by groups of writers, reviewers and coordinators with the help of the OrphaLung network, as well as pulmonologists with varying practice modalities, radiologists, pathologists, a general practitioner, a head nurse, and a patients' association. The method was developed according to rules entitled "Good clinical practice" in the overall framework of the "Guidelines for clinical practice" of the official French health authority (HAS), taking into account the results of an online vote using a Likert scale. RESULTS: After analysis of the literature, 54 recommendations were formulated, improved, and validated by the working groups. The recommendations covered a wide-ranging aspects of the disease and its treatment: epidemiology, diagnostic modalities, quality criteria and interpretation of chest CT, indication and modalities of lung biopsy, etiologic workup, approach to familial disease entailing indications and modalities of genetic testing, evaluation of possible functional impairments and prognosis, indications for and use of antifibrotic therapy, lung transplantation, symptom management, comorbidities and complications, treatment of chronic respiratory failure, diagnosis and management of acute exacerbations of fibrosis. CONCLUSION: These evidence-based guidelines are aimed at guiding the diagnosis and the management in clinical practice of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

[French practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IPF - 2021 update, full version]. / Recommandations pratiques pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique ­ Actualisation 2021. Version intégrale.

BACKGROUND: Since the previous French guidelines were published in 2017, substantial additional knowledge about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has accumulated. METHODS: Under the auspices of the French-speaking Learned Society of Pulmonology and at the initiative of the coordinating reference center, practical guidelines for treatment of rare pulmonary diseases have been established. They were elaborated by groups of writers, reviewers and coordinators with the help of the OrphaLung network, as well as pulmonologists with varying practice modalities, radiologists, pathologists, a general practitioner, a head nurse, and a patients' association. The method was developed according to rules entitled "Good clinical practice" in the overall framework of the "Guidelines for clinical practice" of the official French health authority (HAS), taking into account the results of an online vote using a Likert scale. RESULTS: After analysis of the literature, 54 recommendations were formulated, improved, and validated by the working groups. The recommendations covered a wide-ranging aspects of the disease and its treatment: epidemiology, diagnostic modalities, quality criteria and interpretation of chest CT, indication and modalities of lung biopsy, etiologic workup, approach to familial disease entailing indications and modalities of genetic testing, evaluation of possible functional impairments and prognosis, indications for and use of antifibrotic therapy, lung transplantation, symptom management, comorbidities and complications, treatment of chronic respiratory failure, diagnosis and management of acute exacerbations of fibrosis. CONCLUSION: These evidence-based guidelines are aimed at guiding the diagnosis and the management in clinical practice of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Magnetocaloric effect and improved relative cooling power in (La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3)/SrRuO(3)) superlattices.

Magnetic properties of a series of (La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3)/SrRuO(3)) superlattices, where the SrRuO(3) layer thickness is varying, are examined. A room-temperature magnetocaloric effect is obtained owing to the finite size effect which reduces the T(C) of La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3) layers. While the working temperature ranges are enlarged, - ΔS(M)(max) values remain similar to the values in polycrystalline La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3). Consequently, the relative cooling powers are significantly improved, the microscopic mechanism of which is related to the effect of the interfaces at La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3)/SrRuO(3) and higher nanostructural disorder. This study indicates that artificial oxide superlattices/multilayers might provide an alternative pathway in searching for efficient room-temperature magnetic refrigerator for (nano) micro-scale systems.

Thermodynamic model of the coupled valence and spin state transition in cobaltates.

A class of cobalt-based oxides exhibits a peculiar type of transition, entangling valence and spin state degrees of freedom of 4f and 3d elements. It constitutes one of the most spectacular illustrations of the interplay between charge, spin and lattice degrees of freedom in strongly correlated materials. In this work, we present a thermodynamic model capable to reproduce the main features of this transition. Our approach is based on the minimization of a free energy combining the contributions of two sublattices and the interaction between them. The coupling energies introduced in the model are related to well-known chemical pressure effects in the perovskite structure. The results of this model are compared to experimental data derived from x-ray absorption spectroscopy.

The determinants of dyspnoea evaluated by the mMRC scale: The French Palomb cohort.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Dyspnoea is a major symptom in COPD patients, but the determinants that could be associated with a higher dyspnoea mMRC score in COPD patients remain unclear. Our research aimed to study the determinants of dyspnoea at the threshold of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mMRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Diagnosis of COPD was made using spirometry with post-bronchodilator FEV1FVC<70%. An online questionnaire has been employed by pulmonologists to recruit COPD patients. The following variables were collected: age, gender, BMI, FEV1, RV, IC, TLC, FRC, mMRC, frequency of exacerbations and comorbidities. The LASSO was used to select the variables associated with the mMRC dyspnoea scale in a subgroup (who had no missing IC, RV and FRC values) of 421 COPD patients defined by the previously mentioned variables. RESULTS: One thousand nine hundred and sevety-three patients (65.3% males, average age=66±10, 38% current smokers) were included. Dyspnoea was correlated with a low FEV1 and with the number of exacerbations in the past 12 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the determinants of dyspnoea(mMRC≥2) are: FEV1: OR=3.71[2.86-4.82]; anxiety: OR=2.52[1.82-3.47]; cough: OR=1.94[1.57-2.40]; bronchiectasis: OR=1.84[1.03-3.29]; age: OR=1.80[1.45-2.24]; hyperinflation (RV/TLC): OR=1.68[1.34-2.11]; ischemic cardiopathy: OR=1.63[1.22-2.18]; hypertension: OR=1.52[1.21-1.91]; exacerbations (≥2): OR=1.41[1.10-1.81]; women: OR=1.39[1.10-1.74] and overweight: OR=1.33[1.06-1.67]. The subgroup analysis showed that: FEV1: OR=3.47[1.96-6.12]; exacerbations (≥2) OR=2.31[1.33-4.17] and hyperinflation (IC/TLC) OR=0.57[0.35-0.85] were associated with higher dyspnoea (mMRC≥2). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that dyspnoea is related to the severity of airflow limitation, gender, exacerbations, comorbidities and hyperinflation.

Pamidronate treatment of children with moderate-to-severe osteogenesis imperfecta: a note of caution.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bisphosphonates have been reported to decrease fractures related to osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). We assessed the efficacy and long-term safety of pamidronate therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe OI. METHODS: We conducted an open-label uncontrolled study in 14 boys and 13 girls whose mean age was 6.8 years at baseline. Intravenous pamidronate, 1 mg/kg/day, was given for 3 consecutive days every 4 months for 2-6 years, with physical therapy and orthopedic surgery as appropriate. Mobility score, fracture rate, height, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone healing were evaluated throughout follow-up. RESULTS: In 24 (89%) patients, the fracture rate decreased to 6 months) occurred in 8 (29.6%) patients; their BMD gains, baseline age and treatment duration were not significantly different from those in the other patients. Tolerance was good. CONCLUSION: Pamidronate with physiotherapy and orthopedic management improved outcomes without delaying fracture healing in 19 (70%) of 27 patients. Delayed fracture healing occurred in 8/27 patients. Pamidronate should be reserved for severe OI with multiple fractures and/or flattened vertebras.

[Factors associated with poor acceptance of illness in patients with COPD]. / Facteurs associés à une mauvaise acceptation de la maladie chez les patients BPCO.

INTRODUCTION: In patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the acceptance of the illness is probably a major factor in the improvement of quality of life. The aim of this study is to identify the criteria associated with a good or bad acceptance of the disease and to identify means of improving it. METHODS: We have undertaken a telephone enquiry among patients with COPD with the aid of a standardized questionnaire established by several health experts. RESULTS: Of the 1040 patients who have been contacted, 356 (34 %) replied to the questionnaire. Ninety-nine patients reported unacceptance of their disease (28 %). The patients who did not accept their disease were significantly more severe, with more difficulty in performing daily life activities, particularly exercising. These patients had significantly greater difficulty in understanding their disease and also reported more frequently a moralizing attitude among their family. CONCLUSION: The greater the handicap of the disease, the greater is the difficulty in accepting the disease by the patient. The doctor could have an impact in improving the therapeutic education and involving the family in the patient's care.

Spermatogenesis and sertoli cell activity in mice lacking sertoli cell receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone and androgen.

Spermatogenesis in the adult male depends on the action of FSH and androgen. Ablation of either hormone has deleterious effects on Sertoli cell function and the progression of germ cells through spermatogenesis. In this study we generated mice lacking both FSH receptors (FSHRKO) and androgen receptors on the Sertoli cell (SCARKO) to examine how FSH and androgen combine to regulate Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis. Sertoli cell number in FSHRKO-SCARKO mice was reduced by about 50% but was not significantly different from FSHRKO mice. In contrast, total germ cell number in FSHRKO-SCARKO mice was reduced to 2% of control mice (and 20% of SCARKO mice) due to a failure to progress beyond early meiosis. Measurement of Sertoli cell-specific transcript levels showed that about a third were independent of hormonal action on the Sertoli cell, whereas others were predominantly androgen dependent or showed redundant control by FSH and androgen. Results show that FSH and androgen act through redundant, additive, and synergistic regulation of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell activity. In addition, the Sertoli cell retains a significant capacity for activity, which is independent of direct hormonal regulation.

Non-hysteretic first-order phase transition with large latent heat and giant low-field magnetocaloric effect.

First-order magnetic transitions (FOMTs) with a large discontinuity in magnetization are highly sought in the development of advanced functional magnetic materials. Isosymmetric magnetoelastic FOMTs that do not perturb crystal symmetry are especially rare, and only a handful of material families, almost exclusively transition metal-based, are known to exhibit them. Yet, here we report a surprising isosymmetric FOMT in a rare-earth intermetallic, Eu2In. What makes this transition in Eu2In even more remarkable is that it is associated with a large latent heat and an exceptionally high magnetocaloric effect in low magnetic fields, but with tiny lattice discontinuities and negligible hysteresis. An active role of the Eu-5d and In-4p states and a rather unique electronic structure borne by In to Eu charge transfer, altogether result in an unusual exchange mechanism that both sets the transition in motion and unveils an approach toward developing specific magnetic functionalities ad libitum.

Crystal, magnetic, calorimetric and electronic structure investigation of GdScGe1-x Sb x compounds.

Experimental investigations of crystal structure, magnetism and heat capacity of compounds in the pseudoternary GdScGe-GdScSb system combined with density functional theory projections have been employed to clarify the interplay between the crystal structure and magnetism in this series of RTX materials (R = rare-earth, [Formula: see text] = transition metal and X = p-block element). We demonstrate that the CeScSi-type structure adopted by GdScGe and CeFeSi-type structure adopted by GdScSb coexist over a limited range of compositions [Formula: see text]. Antimony for Ge substitutions in GdScGe result in an anisotropic expansion of the unit cell of the parent that is most pronounced along the c axis. We believe that such expansion acts as the driving force for the instability of the double layer CeScSi-type structure of the parent germanide. Extensive, yet limited Sb substitutions [Formula: see text] lead to a strong reduction of the Curie temperature compared to the GdScGe parent, but without affecting the saturation magnetization. With a further increase in Sb content, the first compositions showing the presence of the CeFeSi-type structure of the antimonide, [Formula: see text], coincide with the appearance of an antiferromagnetic phase. The application of a finite magnetic field reveals a jump in magnetization toward a fully saturated ferromagnetic state. This antiferro-ferromagnetic transformation is not associated with a sizeable latent heat, as confirmed by heat capacity measurements. The electronic structure calculations for [Formula: see text] indicate that the key factor in the conversion from the ferromagnetic CeScSi-type to the antiferromagnetic CeFeSi-type structure is the disappearance of the induced magnetic moments on Sc. For the parent antimonide, heat capacity measurements indicate an additional transition below the main antiferromagnetic transition.

Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Guidelines from the Société de pneumologie de langue française (summary).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the chronic respiratory disease with the most important burden on public health in terms of morbidity, mortality and health costs. For patients, COPD is a major source of disability because of dyspnea, restriction in daily activities, exacerbation, risk of chronic respiratory failure and extra-respiratory systemic organ disorders. The previous French Language Respiratory Society (SPLF) guidelines on COPD exacerbations were published in 2003. Using the GRADE methodology, the present document reviews the current knowledge on COPD exacerbation through 4 specific outlines: (1) epidemiology, (2) clinical evaluation, (3) therapeutic management and (4) prevention. Specific aspects of outpatients and inpatients care are discussed, especially regarding assessment of exacerbation severity and pharmacological approach.

[Is the severity of occupational asthma related to the molecular weight of the allergen?]. / La sévérité de l'asthme professionnel est-elle liée au poids moléculaire de l'allergène?

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of occupational asthma (OA) resulting from sensitisation to allergens of high (HMW) or low (LMW) molecular weight. METHODS: All new cases of allergic OA seen in an occupational health department between January 2001 and March 2004 were included. The patients underwent a standardised assessment including a questionnaire, skin tests, spirometry and measurement of non-specific bronchial reactivity. They were divided into 2 groups depending on the molecular weight of the causal agent (groups HMW and LMW). RESULTS: 77 patients were included, 30 in the HMW group and 47 in the LMW group. No significant difference in severity at the time of diagnosis was found between the two groups (symptoms, spirometry, PD20 methacholine) but the time between the first symptoms and diagnosis was longer in the HMW group (7.1 +/- 7.8 years against 3.2 +/- 4.1 years, p = 0.01). Atopy was more common in the HMW group (57% vs. 27%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The severity of OA at the time of diagnosis does not appear to be influenced by the molecular weight of the causal agent.

The ERK-dependent signalling is stage-specifically modulated by FSH, during primary Sertoli cell maturation.

Primary cultures of Sertoli cells provide an interesting model to study how signalling pathways induced by a single hormone in a single cell type evolve, depending on the developmental stage. In vivo, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) induces proliferation of Sertoli cells in neonate and controls the subsequent differentiation of the entire population. Molecular mechanisms underlying Sertoli cell pleiotropic responses to FSH have long been investigated. But to date, only cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) activation has been reported to account for most FSH biological activities in male. Here, we demonstrate that FSH activates the ERK MAP kinase pathway following dual coupling of the FSH-R both to Gs and to Gi heterotrimeric proteins, in a PKA- and also Src-dependent manner. This activation is required for FSH-induced proliferation of Sertoli cells isolated 5 days after birth. Consistently, we show that the ERK-mediated FSH mitogenic effect triggers upregulation of cyclin D1. In sharp contrast, at 19 days after birth, as cells proceed through their differentiation program, the ERK pathway is dramatically inhibited by FSH treatment. Taken together, these results show that FSH can exert opposite effects on the ERK signalling cascade during the maturation process of Sertoli cells. Thus, signalling modules triggered by the FSH-R evolve dynamically throughout development of FSH natural target cells.

Study of the superactivity of equine follicle-stimulating hormone in in vitro stimulation of rat Sertoli cells.

We have previously shown that equine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates plasminogen activator secretion in Sertoli cells at much lower concentrations than would be expected from its relative binding activity. We have introduced the term 'superactivity' to designate this particular behavior. In the present study, we show that equine FSH triggers a long-lasting (20 h) plasminogen activator secretion, whereas rat, porcine and ovine FSH as well as equine LH and equine choriogonadotropin (CG) provoke a short-term response (2.5 h). Moreover, equine FSH was also shown to be superactive in the stimulation of estradiol secretion and cyclic AMP production. This indicates that the step responsible for the long-term stimulation by equine FSH is not located beyond cAMP accumulation. Equine and porcine FSH were found to be equally stable during incubation with the cells demonstrating that equine FSH superactivity was not due to higher stability. Besides, phosphodiesterase inhibition led to a similar increase in the responses to both hormones. This rules out the possibility that equine FSH superactivity is due to less stimulation of phosphodiesterase activity. All these data strongly suggest that equine FSH exhibits superactivity in rat Sertoli cells by stimulating adenylate cyclase activity for a much longer period of time than do all other gonadotropins. The molecular mechanism of this outstanding behavior remains to be elucidated.

Gene discovery and expression analysis of immune-relevant genes from Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes.

The immune effector cells (hemocytes) of the snail host Biomphalaria glabrata are known to play a key role in recognition and elimination of larval helminths such as the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. To identify novel immune-relevant genes, we undertook an expressed sequence tag program. A hemocyte cDNA library was constructed using snails that were not exposed to a particular pathogen or parasite but maintained in non-axenic conditions. Putative function could be assigned to 53% of the 1613 high quality cDNAs analysed. Based on sequence similarities, we identified 31 immune-relevant genes corresponding either to cellular defence effectors, proteases and protease inhibitors, pattern recognition receptors, cell adhesion molecules or immune regulators. In order to further investigate the potential involvement of these genes in snail-trematode immunobiological interactions, we analysed their expression in unchallenged and parasite-challenged snails, using the immunosuppressive trematode Echinostoma caproni and snail strains selected for resistance or susceptibility to this parasite. Real-time PCR analysis of expression ratios at 7 time-points post-exposure revealed both (i) genes displaying constitutive expression differences between the two strains; and (ii) genes differentially modulated after parasite exposure.

Switch in the expression of the K19/K18 keratin genes as a very early evidence of testicular differentiation in the rat.

It has been shown previously that acidic K18 and K19 keratins display a differential immunohistochemical pattern of expression during sexual differentiation of the gonads in the rat (Fridmacher et al. (1992) Development 115, 503-517). The present results indicate that K18 and K19 gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. The analysis was performed by Northern Blot, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. PCR products were cloned, sequenced and used as species-specific K18 and K19 riboprobes for in situ hybridization. K19 mRNA but not K18 mRNA was detected in undifferentiated gonads and in somatic cells of ovarian cords throughout the fetal ovary development. K18 mRNA expression appeared in male gonads, at 13.5 days of gestation, at the onset of testicular differentiation, as the first Sertoli cells differentiated and aggregated to form seminiferous cords. As testicular differentiation progressed, K19 mRNA disappeared and, from 14.5 days of gestation on, fetal Sertoli cells expressed exclusively K18 mRNA. The changes in the transcriptional activity of K19 and K18 genes, observed in male gonads, occur characteristically at the very beginning of testicular differentiation. In the male pathway of sexual differentiation, the switch in K19/K18 gene expression is, in addition to the activation of the anti-Müllerian hormone gene, the most precocious regulative event occurring after the expression of the testis determining factor SRY.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates transferrin gene transcription in rat Sertoli cells: cis and trans-acting elements involved in FSH action via cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on the transferrin gene.

FSH is a major regulator of transferrin (Tf) production in the testis. FSH effects on Sertoli cell Tf production are believed to be mediated, at least in part, via cAMP second messenger system. Previously, it has been shown that FSH and (Bu)2cAMP stimulate Tf mRNA levels. This study examines the effect of cAMP and FSH on Tf gene transcription using run-on assays. These data demonstrate rapid induction of Tf gene by (Bu)2cAMP (2.3-fold) and FSH (2.8-fold) within 30 min and 2 h, respectively. Furthermore, the ability of (Bu)2cAMP and FSH to drive the transcription of chimeric constructs containing a 0.6-kilobase segment of the 5'-regulatory region of the human Tf gene coupled to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was examined. Deletion analysis indicated that the sequence -100/-52 base pairs is required for the cAMP-dependent transcription. This sequence shows no homology to that of the consensus cAMP-regulatory element (CRE). However, cotransfection experiments with a CRE-binding protein (CREB) expression vector revealed a basal induction of the Tf transcriptional activity as well as a synergistic activation of CREB and (Bu)2cAMP. Expression of KCREB, a dominant negative mutant form of CREB, completely blocked the cAMP induction of the -100+39Tf-CAT construct. This region contains two functional regions PRI and PRII. Gel shift assay with nuclear proteins from Sertoli cells using the PRII and PRI probes showed that the band shifts formed by PRII were competitive complexes with CRE, and a CREB antiserum retarded the migration of nuclear Sertoli cells proteins. We conclude that CREB is implicated in the FSH regulation on the Tf gene in Sertoli cells.

Involvement of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins in desensitization to follicle-stimulating hormone action.

FSH rapidly desensitizes the FSH-receptor (FSH-R) upon binding. Very little information is available concerning the regulatory proteins involved in this process. In the present study, we investigated whether G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and arrestins have a role in FSH-R desensitization, using a mouse Ltk 7/12 cell line stably overexpressing the rat FSH-R as a model. We found that these cells, which express GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6 as well as beta-arrestins 1 and 2 as detected by RT-PCR and by Western blotting, were rapidly desensitized in the presence of FSH. Overexpression of GRKs and/or beta-arrestins in Ltk 7/12 cells allowed us to demonstrate 1) that GRK2, -3, -5, -6a, and -6b inhibit the FSH-R-mediated signaling (from 71% to 96% of maximal inhibition depending on the kinase, P < 0.001); 2) that beta-arrestins 1 or 2 also decrease the FSH action when overexpressed (80% of maximal inhibition, P < 0.01) whereas dominant negative beta-arrestin 2 [319-418] potentiates it 8-fold (P < 0.001); 3) that beta-arrestins and GRKs (except GRK6a) exert additive inhibition on FSH-induced response; and 4) that FSH-R desensitization depends upon the endogenous expression of GRKs, since there is potentiation of the FSH response (2- to 3-fold, P < 0.05) with antisenses cDNAs for GRK2, -5, and -6, but not GRK3. Our results show that the desensitization of the FSH-induced response involves the GRK/arrestin system.

Comparison of in vitro follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) activity of equine gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone, FSH, and chorionic gonadotropin) in male and female rats.

Not only equine FSH (eFSH) but also equine LH (eLH) and equine CG (eCG/PMSG) exhibit FSH activity in the rat. The concomitant loss of LH and FSH activities upon dissociation at acidic pH of eLH demonstrates that its FSH activity is intrinsic to the molecule and not due to contamination by FSH. Indeed, this latter hormone dissociates at a much higher pH. The binding activity as well as the in vitro biological activity of the equine gonadotropins were determined on rat gonadal cells from both male and female rats using the homologous hormone rat FSH as a reference. In the female, the biological activity of all of the gonadotropins is strictly related to their binding activity. In the male, this is true for all hormones except eFSH. Indeed, the biological activity of eFSH on rat Sertoli cells is higher than expected from its binding activity. Moreover, the FSH from other species (rat, ovine, and porcine) as well as eLH and eCG inhibit the response elicited by a submaximal dose of eFSH. These data indicate that eFSH acts as a superagonist of rat FSH in rat Sertoli cells, since it triggers cell activation at a much lower concentration than expected from its relative binding activity.