The effect of music therapy during shockwave lithotripsy on patient relaxation, anxiety, and pain perception.

OBJECTIVES: To research the effect of listening to music during shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) on the patient's pain control, anxiety levels, and satisfaction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 400 patients from three hospitals. Half of patients listened to music during their first SWL session but not during their second session. The other half had no music for the first session but the second session was accompanied by music. During all sessions, with and without music, pulse rates, blood pressure, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety scores (STAI-SA), Visual Analog Scale (VAS scores for pain), willingness to repeat procedure (0 = never to 4 happily), and patient satisfaction rates (0 = poor to 4 = excellent) were assessed. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of blood pressure and pulse rates. In both groups, the STAI-SA and VAS pain scores were lower in the session when music was listened to (p < 0.001). The patients requested more SWL treatment be completed while listening to music and their satisfaction was greater. CONCLUSION: Music lowered the anxiety and pain scores of patients during SWL and provided greater satisfaction with treatment. Completing this procedure while the patient listens to music increases patient compliance greatly and reduces analgesic requirements.

The association of urolithiasis and androgenetic alopecia.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate whether patients with androgenetic alopecia were at risk in terms of urinary system stone disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with no baldness (Hamilton-Norwood Scala [HNS] stage I) were categorized as Group I, those with hair loss in the frontal region (HNS stages II, III, IIIa, and IVa) as Group II, those with hair loss in the vertex region (HNS stage III-vertex, V) as Group III and those with hair loss in both vertex and frontal regions (HNS stages IV, Va, VI, and VII) as Group IV. Patients in all groups were compared in terms of presence of stone, and the presence of any association between alopecia and urolithiasis, with common etiological risk factors, was investigated. RESULTS: Three hundred and two male patients were included in the study. The presence of urolithiasis was detected in 28.9% of patients in Group I; 26.5% of Group II; 36.9% of Group III; and 44.4% of Group IV (p = 0.085). Among patients aged under 60, urinary stone disease was detected in 30.8% of patients in Group I; 26.4% of Group II; 41.2% of Group III; and 53.8% of Group IV (p = 0.001). In patients aged over 60, urolithiasis was detected in 12.5% of patients in Group I; 26.9% of Group II; 32.2% of Group III; and 37.8% of Group IV (p = 0.371). CONCLUSIONS: We determined a significant correlation between vertex pattern and total alopecia with urolithiasis in patients younger than 60 years old.

Subcapsular and Perirenal Hematoma after Ureteroscopy and Pneumatic Lithotripsy.

Subcapsular or perirenal hematoma is an unusual complication after semirigid ureteroscopy using pneumatic lithotripsy to treat ureteral stones. We present a patient who developed a large subcapsular and perirenal hematoma following ureteroscopy administered to a stone in the right ureter.

Association of congenital left renal vein anomalies and unexplained hematuria: multidetector computed tomography findings.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether congenital renal vein anomalies are involved in the etiology of hematuria by analyzing abdominal multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) results. METHODS: Six hundred and eighty patients undergoing MDCT for various abdominal pathologies in whom possible causes of hematuria were excluded were retrospectively assessed in terms of left renal vein anomalies, such as circumaortic left renal vein (CLRV), retroaortic left renal vein (RLRV) and multiple renal vein (MRV). Patients with CLRV, RLRV or MRV and patients with normal left renal veins were compared in terms of the presence of hematuria. RESULTS: Left renal vein anomalies were detected in 100 patients (14.7%). RLRV, CLRV and MRV were identified in 5.4, 2.5 and 6.8% of patients, respectively. Hematuria was determined in 8.1% of patients with an RLRV anomaly and in 10.5% of patients with no RLRV anomaly (p=0.633). Hematuria was detected in 23.5% of patients with a CLRV anomaly and 10.1% of those without (p=0.074), and in 21.7% of patients with an MRV anomaly and 9.6% of those without (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to increasing risk of complication during retroperitoneal surgery, numeric congenital renal vein anomalies are also significant in terms of leading to clinical symptoms such as hematuria.

Accuracy of unenhanced computerized tomography interpretation by urologists in patients with acute flank pain.

PURPOSE: The aim was to compare the findings of non-contrast computerized tomography (NCCT) evaluated by urology specialists with the findings of experienced radiologists, who are accepted as a standard reference for patients who present with acute flank pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred patients evaluated with NCCT were included in the study. The NCCT images of these patients were evaluated by both radiologists and urology specialists in terms of the presence of calculus, size of calculus, the location of calculus, the presence of hydronephrosis, and pathologies other than calculus, and the results were compared. RESULTS: The evaluations of urology specialists and standard reference radiology specialists are consistent with each other in terms of the presence of calculus (kappa [κ]: 0.904), categorical stone size (κ: 0.81), the location of calculus (κ: 0.88), and hydronephrosis (κ: 0.94). However, the evaluations of urology specialists in detecting pathologies other than calculus, which may cause acute flank pain or accompany renal colic, were found to be inadequate (κ: 0.37). The false-negative rate of detecting pathologies outside of the urinary system by the urology specialists is calculated as 0.86. CONCLUSION: Although the urology specialists can evaluate the findings related to calculus sufficiently with NCCT, they may not discover pathologies outside of the urinary system.

Do Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity increase the risk of severity of nephrolithiasis?

OBJECTIVE: In this study we planned to investigate the relationship between presence of kidney stones and stone burden with hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM) and body mass index (BMI). METHODS: A total of 574 patients were included in the study. None of the patients had a history of stones. The 121 patients with kidney stone identified on ultrasound evaluation and the 453 patients with no stones were compared in terms of HT, BMI and DM. The stone burden of 121 patients with diagnosed stones was compared in terms of the same variables. RESULTS: Of the 121 patients with kidney stones 30 (24.7%) had HT, while 66 (14.5%) of the 453 patients without stones had HT (p=0.007). BMI values of those with and without stones were 27.2 ± 4.93 kg/m(2) and 25.29 ± 4.12 kg/m(2), respectively (p<0.001). Twenty-five (20.6%) of the patients with stones diagnosed by ultrasound had DM, while 49 (10.8%) of those without stones had DM (p=0.004). When comparing patients with and without kidney stones, logistic regression analysis revealed that DM (odds ratio [OR] 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17 to 3.63, p=0.013) and BMI (OR 1.08, CI 1.03 to 1.13, p=0.003) were independently associated with presence of stones. No significant relationship was found between the same variables and cumulative stone diameter (CSD) and stone surface area (SA) evaluated for stone burden. CONCLUSIONS: While diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and increased Body Mass Index may add to the possibility of stone formation, they did not affect stone burden.

Comparison of individuals consuming natural spring water and tap water in terms of urinary tract stone disease.

OBJECTIVES: To compare individuals consuming natural spring water and tap water in terms of presence of urinary tract stone disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the type of water: tap water (Group I) vs natural spring water consumers (Group II). The two groups were compared in terms of presence of urolithiasis. In addition to the type of water consumed, participants were investigated in terms of age, sex, occupation, body mass index (BMI) and presence of hypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus in order to evaluate if they constituted a risk factor for urolithiasis. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-nine patients consuming tap water and 254 consuming natural spring water were included in this study. Presence of urinary stone disease was determined in 27% of patients in Group I and 26% of Group II (p = 0.794). At multivariate analysis involving all variables that might be correlated with the presence of urolithiasis; male gender, high BMI and presence of HT emerged as being significantly associated with urolithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Although we showed that male gender, presence of HT and high BMI affect stone formation, no difference was demonstated in terms of presence of stone among patients consuming tap or natural spring water.

Does Preoperative Use of Dutasteride Decrease Bleeding During Open Prostatectomy?

PURPOSE: To investigate whether use of dutasteride, a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, for at least four weeks preoperatively affected the blood loss during open prostatectomy (OP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was made of the data of 110 patients who had undergone OP. Group I comprised 50 patients that used dutasteride for 4 weeks preoperatively, and Group II comprised 60 patients that did not use the drug. The groups were compared in respect of age, total prostate specific antigen (TPSA) levels, prostate volumes, preoperative hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) levels, postoperative reduction of Hgb and Hct, percentage reduction in Hgb and Hct, and the administration of postoperative blood products. RESULTS: No differences were determined between the two groups in respect of prostate volumes, TPSA, preoperative Hgb and Hct levels (P = .813, P = .978, P = .422, P =.183, respectively). Postoperative Hgb reduction was 2.19 ± 1.36 g/dL in Group I, and 2.5 ± 1.47 g/dL in Group II (P = .260). Hgb reduction was calculated as 16.4 ± 9.7% in Group I and 17.6 ± 9.7% in Group II (P = .505). Reductions in Hct were 5.8 ± 3.7% in Group I, and 7.3 ± 4.4% in Group II, and percent reductions were 14.8 ± 9.4% in Group I and 17.3 ± 10.2% in Group II (P = .068, P = .182, respectively). CONCLUSION: The use of dutasteride before OP did not affect blood loss during surgery, therefore surgery should not be delayed for the administration of dutasteride to patients.

The relationship between platelet-lymphocyte ratio and severity of erectile dysfunction.

The prognostic importance of platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is already known for various artery diseases. In this study, the relationship between PLR and severity of erectile dysfunction (ED) is examined in patients with impotence. The data from patients suffering from erection problems was screened retrospectively. Detailed medical history, age, International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) scores, fasting blood glucose, lipid, whole blood count, and hormone profile values were examined. Patients with no ED were selected as the control group. All men answered the IIEF-5 questions and were then classified according to their scores. Patients were determined to have severe ED (scores 5-7), moderate ED (scores 8-16), or mild ED (scores 17-21). An IIEF-5 score greater than 21 was accepted for the control group. The PLR values from both patient and control groups were evaluated. Demographic data were similar in both groups. Mean PLR value was 104 in control and 118 in the patient group (p < 0.001). PLR value increased depending on the severity of ED. Mean PLR values were 108 in mild, 116 in moderate, and 130 in severe ED groups. Compared with the control group, this value was statistically significant for patients with moderate and severe ED (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001). PLR showed weak negative but significant correlation with IIEF-5 scores (r = -0.27 and p < 0.001). The PLR value was found to be higher in patients with ED. PLR value may be related to ED and its severity in patients with impotence.

Categorization of ureteroscopy complications and investigation of associated factors by using the modified Clavien classification system.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The purpose of the present study was to review the complications of ureteroscopy (URS) by using the modified Clavien classification system (MCCS) and to investigate the factors associated with complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data regarding 811 patients who underwent URS for ureteral calculus were analyzed. Peroperative and postoperative complications were recorded. The patients were divided into seven groups depending on the severity of the complications. The association of sex, stone size, number, and localization with each MCCS grade was also evaluated. RESULTS: The average age was 45 years. The success of the procedure after one session was 93.5%. Complications were recorded in 57.9% of the patients. According to the MCCS, grade I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, and V complications were documented in 29.8%, 7.1%, 8.6%, 11%, 0%, 1.2%, and 0% of the patients, respectively. The factors associated with the complications graded by MCCS were sex, stone size, number of stones, and localization. In addition, in multivariate analysis, history of previous surgeries for urolithiasis, orifice dilatation, and instrument size were associated with complications. CONCLUSION: According to MCCS, sex, history of previous surgeries for urolithiasis, orifice dilatation, size of the instrument, stone size, number of stones, and localization are associated with different grades of complications in URS.

Major Ozonated Autohemotherapy Preconditioning Ameliorates Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Medical ozone has therapeutic properties as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, modulator of antioxidant defense system. Major ozonated autohemotherapy (MOA) is a new therapeutic approach that is widely used in the treatment of many diseases. The objective of the present study was to determine whether preischemic application of MOA would attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rabbits. Twenty-four male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups, each including six animals: (1) Sham-operated group, (2) Ozone group (the MOA group without IRI), (3) IR group (60 min ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion), and (4) IR + MOA group (MOA group). The effects of MOA were examined by use of hematologic and biochemical parameters consisting of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI). In addition, the histopathological changes including the tubular brush border loss (TBBL), tubular cast (TC), tubular necrosis (TN), intertubular hemorrhage and congestion (IHC), dilatation of bowman space (DBS), and interstitial inflammatory cells infiltration (IECI) were evaluated. In the IR group, compared to the Sham group, biochemical parameters indicating oxidative stress, NLR, IL-6, TNF-α, IMA, TOS, and OSI have increased. MOA reduced inflammation and oxidative stress parameters. Although TAS values have decreased in the IR group and increased in the MOA-pretreated group, no significant changes in TAS values were detected between the IR and MOA groups. The total score was obtained by summing all the scores from morphological kidney damage markers. The total score has increased with IR damage when compared with the Sham group (13.83 ± 4.30 vs 1.51 ± 1.71; p = 0.002). But, the total score has decreased significantly after application of MOA (5.01 ± 1.49; p = 0.002; compared with the IR group). MOA preconditioning is effective in reducing tissue damage induced in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective effect of MOA is mediated via reducing inflammatory response and regulating of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Renal histology also showed convincing evidence regarding MOA's protective nature against kidney injury induced renal ischemia-reperfusion. Consequently, MOA might be helpful in protecting the kidneys from IR-induced damage in humans, probably through the anti-inflammatory effect and reducing the total oxidant status.

Comparison of transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy outcomes in atrophic and hydronephrotic kidneys.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with atrophic and hydronephrotic kidneys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical data were collected from 35 patients who had undergone laparoscopic nephrectomies for atrophic or hydronephrotic non-functioning kidneys between January 2010 and March 2014. Comparative analysis was carried out between the two groups examining demographic characteristics, imaging modalities, etiology, operative times, port numbers, conversion to open surgery, complications, pre-and post-operative hemoglobin and creatinine values, transfusion rates and length of hospital stays. RESULTS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed for atrophic kidneys in 20 (57%) patients and for hydronephrotic kidneys in 15 (42%) patients. In the atrophic group, 3 patients (15%) required transfusion because of bleeding but none of the patients required conversion to open surgery. In the hydronephrotic group one patient (6.6%) required transfusion and conversion to open surgery because of bleeding. Both of the groups were similar in terms of postoperative hospital stay but compared to the atrophic kidneys, hydronephrotic ones were associated with a longer total operative times (90.1 min vs. 73.6 min, p=0.03). Any serious complication (except for bleeding) and mortality were not encountered in both groups. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a safe and effective minimally invasive technique that can be used in atrophic and hydronephrotic non-functioning kidneys.

Renoprotective Effect of Humic Acid on Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: An Experimental Study in Rats.

Humic acid is an antioxidant molecule used in agriculture and livestock breeding, as well as in medicine. Our aim was to investigate the potential renoprotective effects of humic acid in a renal ischemia reperfusion model. Twenty-one rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. Intraperitoneal serum or humic acid was injected at 1, 12, and 24 h. Non-ischemic group I was evaluated as sham. The left renal artery was clamped in serum (group II) and intraperitoneal humic acid (group III) to subject to left renal ischemic reperfusion procedure. Ischemia and reperfusion time was 60 min for each. Total antioxidant status, total oxidative status, oxidative stress index, and ischemia-modified albumin levels were analyzed biochemically from the serum samples. Kidneys were evaluated histopatologically and immunohistochemically. Biochemical results showed that total oxidative status, ischemia-modified albumin, and oxidative stress index levels were significantly decreased, but total antioxidant status was increased in the humic acid group (III) compared with the ischemia group (II) On histopathological examination, renal tubular dilatation, tubular cell damage and necrosis, dilatation of Bowman's capsule, hyaline casts, and tubular cell spillage were decreased in the humic acid group (III) compared with the ischemia group (II). Immunohistochemical results showed that apoptosis was deteriorated in group III. Renal ischemia reperfusion injury was attenuated by humic acid administration. These observations indicate that humic acid may have a potential therapeutic effect on renal ischemia reperfusion injury by preventing oxidative stress.

The accuracy of urinary ultrasound in the diagnosis of urinary stone disease in patients with acute flank pain: is it influenced by the time of ultrasound performance during the day or week?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this article is to investigate the possible impact of timing of ultrasound (US) during the day or week on its diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 500 patients who underwent an initial urinary US, followed by a noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) for the assessment of urinary stone disease. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, negative and positive likelihood ratio, and overall diagnostic accuracy rates of US and were analyzed at different times of the day or week. RESULTS: The specificity and diagnostic accuracy of urinary US showed a decline toward the middle of the week followed by a steady rise by the end of the week, higher sensitivity for urinary US was noticed around mid-week. On the other hand, when urinary US results are subgrouped according to the time of the day they are performed, the specificity remained generally stable but the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy showed lowest levels between 11:00 a.m. and 02:00 p.m. and between 04:00 p.m. and 05:00 p.m. Although some observational differences between sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of urinary US performed at different times of the day or week are seen, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed no significant influence of US timing on its diagnostic accuracy. A larger randomized prospective series is necessary to evaluate the impact of different factors on "precision" and "accuracy" in US reporting and, hence, the diagnostic accuracy of urinary US in identifying urinary stone disease.

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the adrenal gland: a case report with immunohistochemical study and literature review.

Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare tumor. We report a case with adrenal leiomyosarcoma. Our case was a 48-year-old man who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed approximately 9 cm solid mass originating from right adrenal gland. He underwent right adrenalectomy. Pathology of the specimen showed histologic and immunohistochemical features of adrenal leiomyosarcoma.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery in pediatric patients.

Urinary tract stone disease is seen at a level of 1%-2% in childhood (< 18 years). In recent years, however, there has been a marked increased in pediatric stone disease, particularly in adolescence. A carbohydrate- and salt-heavy diet and a more sedentary lifestyle are implicated in this increase. Although stone disease is rare in childhood, its presence is frequently associated with metabolic or anatomical disorders or infectious conditions, for which reason there is a high possibility of post-therapeutic recurrence. Factors such as a high possibility of recurrence and increasing incidence further enhance the importance of minimally invasive therapeutic options in children, with their expectations of a long life. In children in whom active stone removal is decided on, the way to achieve the highest level of success with the least morbidity is to select the most appropriate treatment modality. Thanks to today's advanced technology, renal stones that were once treated only by surgery can now be treated with minimally invasive techniques, from invasion of the urinary system in an antegrade (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) or retrograde (retrograde intrarenal surgery) manner or shock wave lithotripsy to laparoscopic stone surgery. This compilation study examined studies involving the RIRS procedure, the latest minimally invasive technique, in children and compared the results of those studies with those from other techniques.

The cutoff level of free/total prostate specific antigen (f/t PSA) ratios in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a validation study on a Turkish patient population in different age categories.

We investigated an optimal cutoff level of free/total PSA ratios (f/t PSA) in predicting prostate cancer in different age groups, focusing on the avoidance of unnecessary prostate biopsies. A total of 4955 men were enrolled into the study. Serum tPSA, fPSA, and f/t PSA ratios were determined for the study population. All males who had suspicious digital rectal examination and tPSA > 4 ng/mL underwent transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each group were generated by plotting the sensitivity versus 1-specificity for the f/t PSA ratio. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were obtained using various f/t PSA ratio cutoffs for different age groups. There were 657 patients with a PSA level of 4-10 ng/mL. According to sensitivity and specificity f/t% PSA cutoff points were determined to be 10%, 15%, 15%, and 10% in 50-59 years, 60-69 years, >70 years, and all ages categories, respectively, in patients with initial PSA level of 4-10 ng/mL. f/t PSA ratio had an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.81 (95% confidence level: 0.80-0.82) for all age groups in detecting prostate cancer. f/t PSA ratio has an AUC value of 0.669 (0.632-0.705) in detecting prostate cancer among patients with a PSA level of 4-10 ng/mL. Ten percent of f/t PSA ratio had the highest specificity with PLR and 30% f/t PSA ratio had the highest sensitivity with lower NLR in the all-age categories. The current study shows that the use of f/t PSA ratio in patients with PSA levels of 4-10 ng/mL should enhance the specificity of PSA screening and decrease the number of unnecessary biopsies. The age-related changes warrant further investigation in a large, multicentric, and multinational population to improve the clinical use of f/t PSA cutoffs.