An Investigation of the Frequency of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Pathogens and their Antibiotic Patterns in Tonsils and Adenoids of Adenotonsillectomy Patients.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the potentially pathogenic bacteria of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and their susceptibilities to different antibiotics. METHODS: Two-hundred adenoid and tonsil specimens from 100 patients who had undergone adenotonsillectomy were obtained and analyzed bacteriologically. Identification of the pathogens was made by conventional or commercial identification systems and antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out by disk diffusion method. RESULTS: A total of 274 pathogens were recovered from 81% specimens of 73% of the patients. Haemophilus influenzae (31.8%) was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.2%), Group A beta hemolytic Streptococci, GABHS (12.0%), Moraxella catarrhalis (7.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (7.3%), and nine other bacterial species (24.0%). Penicillins (penicillin, ampicillin) had 100% activity against GABHS followed by 96.5% in H. influenzae, 45% in S. pneumoniae, and 0% in S. aureus strains. The efficacy of beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotics (ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid) were similar to those of penicillins but had superior activity (89.4%) against S. aureus strains. Cefotaxime had high activity (100%) against GABHS and H. influenzae followed by S. aureus (89.4%). Cotrimoxazole was also active in S. aureus (97.8%) and H. influenzae (83.9%) but revealed intermediate activity (45%) in S. penumoniae and was not efficient (0%) in GABHS. Macrolids (erythromycin, clindamycin) were very efficient (100%) in GABHS followed by S. aureus (95.7%) and had intermediate activity (50%) in S. pneumoniae. Levofloxacin, telithromycin, and vancomycin had 100% activity against S. pneumoniae strains. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding have shown that H. influenzae was the most prevalent pathogen followed by S. aureus, GABHS, M. catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae and that there was no unique antibiotic to combat all prevalent pathogens, but penicillins could be the choice in GABHS and H. influenzae; beta-lactamase inhibitors and cefotaxime for GABHS, H. influenzae, and S. aureus; macrolids in GABHS and S. aureus; cotrimoxazole in H. influenzae and S. aureus; and levofloxacin and telithromycin in the treatment of S. penumoniae related URTIs.

A PILOT STUDY OF CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN LONG-TERM SMOKERS.

PURPOSE: To compare the choroidal thicknesses in long-term smokers with those of nonsmoking healthy individuals using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six individuals who had been smoking at least for 20 years, but otherwise without systemic problems, participated in this prospective pilot study. The control group comprised 42 nonsmoking individuals. METHODS: The ages, refractions, and axial length measurements of the cases were recorded. Central macular thickness and choroidal thickness at the fovea and at 500 µm intervals from the foveal center in both temporal and nasal directions were measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: Although the smoking period of the smokers was mean 32.4 ± 9 years (range: 20-60), the mean pack-years of cigarettes was 35.1 ± 23.8 (range: 10-120). No significant difference was observed regarding refraction value and axial length between smokers and nonsmokers group. In addition, no significant difference was observed for central macular thickness and choroidal thickness values at 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 µm nasal and temporal part of the fovea, between 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Macular and choroidal thicknesses in long-term smokers were observed to be similar to those of healthy individuals.

Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics and surgical results of pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). The medical records of 30 eyes of 29 patients younger than 18 years of age who underwent vitreoretinal surgery due to RRD were analyzed. The gender, age, laterality, duration of presenting symptom, etiology, ocular and systemic co-morbidities, type of breaks, lens status, presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and its grade, initial and final best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs), surgical management, number of operations, duration of follow-up, functional and anatomical success, and complications were noted. As the most common predisposing factors were trauma (trauma group) and myopia (myopia group), the data of these patients were further analyzed. The mean age was 12.6 ± 3.0 years. There were 23 male (79.3 %) and 6 female (20.6 %) subjects. The most common etiologic factors were high myopia (40 %) and trauma (36.6 %). Functional success rate was 70 % (n = 21) after the primary surgeries and was 80 % (n = 24) after the secondary surgeries. There were no significant differences between the trauma and myopia groups regarding the presence of total retinal detachment, macula-off status, and the rate of PVR worse than grade C. Although the preoperative mean BCVA and the initial and final retinal reattachment rates of the groups were statistically similar, trauma group had significantly higher postoperative mean BCVA compared to myopia group (p = 0.013). Myopia and trauma were the most common etiologic factors for RRD in children. The visual outcomes of trauma-associated RRD were better than those of myopia-associated RRD.

Association transient receptor potential melastatin channel gene polymorphism with primary open angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: Genetic factors are shown to have a role in the development of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of genetic polymorphisms of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channel genes on the risk of POAG in a Turkish population. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from the leukocytes of the peripheral blood, and 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TRPM channel genes were analyzed in 179 patients with POAG and in 182 healthy controls of similar age by using the BioMark HD dynamic array system. RESULTS: There were marked changes in the genotype (TT, 26.8%; CT, 66.7%; CC, 6.5%) and allele (T, 60.1%; C, 39.9%) frequencies for the TRPM5 gene rs34551253 (Ala456Thr, in exon 9) polymorphism in patients when compared to the controls (TT, 11.3%; CT, 74.6%; CC, 14.1%, p = 0.0009; T, 48.6%; A, 51.4%, p = 0.0063). However, no associations with the other 25 polymorphisms studied were found. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the involvement of TRPM channel gene variations in the risk of incident POAG. This study demonstrated that the TRPM5 gene rs34551253 (Ala456Thr) polymorphism may be associated with increased risk of developing POAG in the Turkish population.

Comparison of intravitreal vancomycin and daptomycin application in experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endophthalmitis in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To compare bactericidal activities of daptomycin and vancomycin in an experimental rabbit model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endophthalmitis. METHODS: The right eyes of 19 New Zealand rabbits weighing 2 to 2.5 kg were used. Each eye was inoculated with 1000 colony-forming units (cfu) of MRSA into the vitreous cavity. 24 h after the inoculation, the rabbits were randomly distributed into three groups: control group (n = 5) was given 0.1 ml of balanced saline solution, daptomycin group 2 (n = 7) was given 0.2 mg/0.1 ml daptomycin and vancomycin group 3 (n = 7) was given 1 mg/0.1 ml vancomycin intravitreally. Clinical examination scores were recorded and vitreous aspirates were obtained for microbiological analysis on days 2 and 3 after MRSA inoculation. Rabbits were sacrificed, and the eyes were enucleated for histopathological examination. RESULTS: There was no difference between the daptomycin group, vancomycin group and control in terms of the clinical grading of endophthalmitis 24 h after the inoculation. In all treatment groups, mean number of cfu and histopathological scores were significantly lower compared to the control group. There was no difference between the daptomycin and vancomycin group in terms of the histopathological and clinical examination scores. Culture negativity achieved on day 3 was 71.4% and 57.1% in the daptomycin treatment group and the vancomycin treatment group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although both daptomycin and vancomycin are effective in treatment of experimental MRSA endophthalmitis, daptomycin has superior bactericidal activity 72 h after inoculation.

Cyclosporine a 0.05% eye drops for the treatment of subepithelial infiltrates after epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the treatment with topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) in patients with subepithelial corneal infiltrates (SEI). METHODS: We reviewed 16 patients (22 eyes) before and after the treatment with 0.05% CsA eye drops. All patients had been treated previously with topical corticosteroids without any improvement and also they had to stop the medication secondary to intraocular pressure elevation. The objective data recorded included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), evaluation of corneal subepithelial infiltrate scores (CSIS), intraocular pressure (IOP) prior to treatment and the last follow-up visit. RESULTS: Six males (37.5%) and 10 females (62.5%), mean age of 35.2 ± 16.6 years, were included. The patients' average topical CsA use duration was 5.1 ± 3.5 months (1 - 13 months). The average follow up time of the patients was 9.2 ± 4.7 months (4 - 22 months). One patient, although he didn't have a 0 scale of SCIS, did not show up for follow up examinations after six months. The mean BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) before and after the treatment were 0.15 ± 0.15 and 0.07 ± 0.07 respectively, CSIS 1.68 ± 0.89 and 0.23 ± 0.53 respectively, IOP 18.50 ± 3.82 and 16.86 ± 2.76 mmHg respectively. There were statistically significant improvements in BCVA (p=0.002), reduction of CSIS (p=0.002) and reduction of IOP (p<0.001) prior to treatment and the last follow-up visit. 18 eyes (81.9%) showed clinical improvement and 4 (18.1%) had decreased SEI which did not fully disappear during the treatment period. The eyes which reached CSIS score 0 (18 eyes) were treated with CsA for 1 - 13 months; while the eyes which had clinical improvement but had not CSIS score 0 (4 eyes) were decided to discontinue of CsA treatment in last follow-up visit. There were recurrences in 2 eyes 3 months after the treatment. Patients reported reduction in the severity of symptoms after the treatment. Most of the patients reported no foreign body sensation, glare, or other side effects with topical CsA treatment. Overall, patients noted an improvement in vision and satisfaction with topical 0.05% CsA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Topical 0.05% CsA is a safe and effective alternative treatment in patients with SEI who do not respond to other treatment modalities or have undesired side effects from topical steroids.

[The prevalence of antiseptic resistance genes (qacA/B and smr) and antibiotic resistance in clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains]. / Klinik Staphylococcus aureus Suslarinda Antiseptik Direnç Genlerinin (qacA/B ve smr) ve Antibiyotik Maddelere Direnç Prevalansinin Arastirilmasi

Staphylococcus aureus is an organism of major medical importance, leading to skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, and endocarditis. S.aureus isolates are becoming increasingly resistant to numerous antimicrobial agents including antiseptics and disinfectants. Quaternary ammonium compounds are disinfectants that play an important role in the control of nosocomial infections. Presence of genes conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds is widely distributed among clinical staphylococci isolated from certain areas of the world. In this present study, we aimed to study the prevalence of antiseptic resistance genes (qac A/B, smr) and antibiotic resistance in clinical S.aureus strains, and also to detect the possible relationship between antiseptic and antibiotic resistance. For this purpose, the presence of qac A/B and smr genes in 50 methicillin-susceptible S.aureus (MSSA) and 50 methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates (78 abscess, 13 blood, 3 sputum, 3 tracheal aspirate, 2 nostril swab, 1 urine) was detected by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility of S.aureus strains to different antibiotics (cefoxitin, erythromycin, clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, teicoplanin) was determined by disk diffusion method according to the recommendation of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). smr genes were found in 18 (36%) of 50 MRSA and qacA/B genes in 2 (4%) of 50 MSSA strains. Presence of smr gene only in MRSA strains in comparison to MSSA strains was found to be statistically significant (p< 0.001). The rates of antibiotic resistance in S.aureus strains were as follows; gentamicin 89%, tetracycline 57%, rifampin and ciprofloxacin 46%, and macrolides (erythromycin and clindamycin) 32%. No resistance was detected against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin and teicoplanin. On the other hand, presence of inducible macrolid-lincosamide-streptogramin B (iMLSB) resistance phenotype in 8 (44.5%) out of 18 smr positive strains compared to 2 (6.25%) out of 32 smr negative strains was statistically significant (p< 0.001). We concluded that smr genes were detected to be more prevalent than qacA/B genes in our clinical S.aureus isolates. smr genes were found only in MRSA strains whereas low number of qacA/B genes were found only in MSSA strains. Presence of smr genes concomitantly with iMLSB type resistance in MRSA strains was recorded to be interesting. We believe that data of this preliminary study about antiseptic and antibiotic cross resistance would be useful for the future related studies.

Frequency of antiseptic resistance genes in clinical staphycocci and enterococci isolates in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Disinfectants and antiseptics are biocides widely used in hospitals to prevent spread of pathogens. It has been reported that antiseptic resistance genes, qac's, caused tolerance to a variety of biocidal agents, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG) in Staphylococcus spp. isolates. We aimed to search the frequency of antiseptic resistance genes in clinical Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. isolates to investigate the possible association with antiseptic tolerance and antibiotic resistance. METHODS: Antiseptic resistance genes (qacA/B, smr, qacG, qacH, and qacJ) isolated from Gram-positive cocci (69 Staphylococcus spp. and 69 Enterococcus spp.) were analyzed by PCR method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of BAC and CHDG were determined by agar dilution method, whereas antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. RESULTS: The frequency of antiseptic resistance genes was found to be high (49/69; 71.0%) in our clinical staphylococci isolates but absent (0/69; 0%) in enterococci isolates. The frequency of qacA/B and smr genes was higher (25/40; 62.5% and 7/40; 17.5%, respectively) in coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) when compared to Staphylococcus aureus strains (3/29; 10.3%, and 4/29; 13.8%, respectively). In contrast, the frequency of qacG and qacJ genes was higher (11/29; 37.9% and 8/29; 27.5%, respectively) in S. aureus than those of CNS (5/40; 12.5%, 10/40; 25.0%) strains. qacH was not identified in none of the strains. We found an association between presence of antiseptic resistance genes and increased MIC values of BAC (>4 µg/mL) in staphylococci and it was found to be statistically statistically significant (p < 0.01). We also showed that MICs of BAC and CHDG of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates were significantly higher than those of vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (VSE) isolates (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: For our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate antiseptic resistance genes in enterococci and also qacG, qacH, and qacJ genes in staphylococci isolates in Turkey. Further studies are needed to revise the biocide policy and to support infection control programs to avoid the development of new resistance mechanisms.

Syrian Civil-War-Related Intraocular Foreign Body Injuries: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis.

PURPOSE: To analyze the data of patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery due to intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries that occurred in the Syrian civil war. METHODS: Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery due to IOFB injuries that occurred during the Syrian civil war were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-four eyes (56.4%) had traumatic cataract, 44 (56.4%) had retinal tears, 42 (53.8%) had vitreous hemorrhage, 18 (23%) had retinal detachment, 12 (15.3%) had endophthalmitis, and eight eyes had hyphema (10.2%). IOFBs consisted of metal in 62 eyes (79.4%), stone in eight eyes (10.2%), organic material in four eyes (5.1%), and glass in four eyes (5.1%). Approximately 86% of the eyes had initial VAs of 4/200 or worse. However, VAs improved in 64 eyes (82%) after the surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Despite delays in treatment and the severity of injuries, 82% (64/78) of the eyes had an improvement in VA after the surgeries.

Topical 2% cyclosporine A in preservative-free artificial tears for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: A double-masked, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of topical 2% cyclosporine A in preservative-free artificial tears for patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. METHODS: Twenty patients with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis were included in the study. All were treated with topical 2% cyclosporine A eye drops. One eye of each patient was administered 2% cyclosporine A in preservative-free artificial tears; the fellow eye received the placebo (vehicle) for the first 2 weeks, in a double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Thereafter, the placebo eye received cyclosporine A (open trial). Symptoms and signs were scored on the day of enrollment and at the end of week 2, 4, and 14. RESULTS: At the end of week 2, no statistically significant decrease was noted from baseline in mean scores of either signs (p = 0.18) or symptoms (p = 0.50) in the eyes that received placebo. On the other hand, a statistically significant decrease was observed in both sign and symptom scores (p < 0.001, for both) of eyes that received cyclosporine A. Significant differences were also noted at 2 weeks in mean scores of both signs and symptoms (p < 0.001, for both) between the eyes that received cyclosporine A and those that received placebo. At week 4 and 14, statistically significant decreases in both sign scores and symptom scores were noted compared with baseline in the eyes that received cyclosporine A and in the eyes that had initially received placebo (p < 0.001, for all). INTERPRETATION: Topical 2% cyclosporine A in preservative-free artificial tears is effective in alleviating signs and symptoms of patients with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis and had no observed side effects over the course of the study.

Comparison of corneal topographic measurements and high order aberrations in keratoconus and normal eyes.

PURPOSE: The aim of this report was to compare corneal topographic measurements and anterior high order corneal aberrations in eyes with keratoconus and normal eyes by using Scheimpflug-Placido topography. METHODS: Eighty cases diagnosed with mild (group 1), moderate (group 2), and advanced (group 3) stage keratoconus (KC) according to Amsler-Krumeich Classification and 81 healthy (control group) cases were retrospectively examined. The mean keratometric measurements (as both diopters (Kavg) and mm values (mmavg)), central corneal thickness values (CCT), high order aberration (HOA), total wavefront aberration (TWA), coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration measurements were performed using Sirius topography equipment. The topographic values were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There were 25 cases in group 1 KC (15.5%), 34 cases in group 2 KC (21.1%), 21 cases in group 3 KC (13.1%), and 81 cases (50.3%) in the control group. In terms of mean age and gender distributions, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). However, there was significant difference between the groups in terms of Kavg, CCT, HOA, TWA, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration values (p<0.01). Mean HOA, TWA, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration values were observed to increase with the severity of KC disease. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior high order corneal aberrations were significantly increased in eyes with moderate and advanced keratoconus. Anterior high order corneal aberration measurements are a useful tool to guide the physician in diagnosis and classification of keratoconus.

Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on the Retinal Layers: A Quantitative Evaluation with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of hydroxychloroquine on retinal pigment epithelium- (RPE-) Bruch's membrane complex, photoreceptor outer segment, and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods. In this prospective case-control study, 51 eyes of 51 hydroxychloroquine patients and 30 eyes of 30 healthy subjects were included. High-quality images were obtained using a Cirrus HD-OCT with 5-line raster mode; the photoreceptor inner segment (IS) and outer segment (OS), sum of the segments (IS + OS), and RPE-Bruch's membrane complex were analyzed. Results. The thicknesses of the IS + OS and OS layers were significantly lower in the hydroxychloroquine subjects compared to the control subjects (P < 0.05). RPE-Bruch's membrane complex thicknesses were significantly higher in the hydroxychloroquine subjects than for those of the control subjects (P < 0.05). The minimum and temporal-inferior macular GCIPL thicknesses were significantly different between the patients with hydroxychloroquine use and the control subjects (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, resp.). Conclusions. The foveal photoreceptor OS thinning, loss of GCIPL, and RPE-Bruch's membrane thickening were detected in patients with hydroxychloroquine therapy. This quantitative approach using SD-OCT images may have important implications to use as an early indicator of retinal toxicity without any visible signs of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.

Retinopathy of prematurity: incidence, risk factors, and evaluation of screening criteria.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The goal of this study was to investigate the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the relationship between risk factors and disease in premature newborns in our neonatal intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 219 premature subjects were retrospectively evaluated for retinopathy. Demographic information, clinical data, and risk factors were reviewed. RESULTS: The gestational ages of the infants included in the study ranged between 25 and 36 weeks, and the birth weights ranged between 670 and 4460 g. In this study, the incidence of ROP was 20.1% (44) in preterm infants: 16 had stage 1 (36.4%), 15 had stage 2 (34.1%), 11 had stage 3 (25%), 1 had stage 4 (2.3%), 1 had stage 5 (2.3%), and 6 had plus (+) disease (7.2%). The risk factors associated with the development of ROP included low birth weight, ventilation treatment, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and maternal preeclampsia. The risk factors were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. The odds ratios were 5.952 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.030-17.447), 20.070 (95% CI: 4.213-95.600), 5.879 (1.916-18.037), and 3.200 (95% CI: 1.002-11.535), respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, birth weight, ventilation treatment, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and maternal preeclampsia were the most important risk factors for the development of ROP.

Toward Novel Diagnostics for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma? An Association Study of Polymorphic Variation in Ras Homolog Family Member (A, B, C, D) Genes RHOA, RHOB, RHOC, and RHOD.

The annual economic burden of visual disorders in the United States was estimated as $139 billion. The World Health Organization has listed glaucoma in the top 10 priority eye diseases. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a common subtype, with a lack of clinical tools for early diagnosis. The Rho GTPases belong to the Ras superfamily of proteins; the RhoA immunostaining in the optic nerve head in human glaucoma is reportedly increased. We investigated the association of polymorphisms in the Ras Homolog Family Member A, B, C, and D genes (RHOA, RHOB, RHOC, and RHOD, respectively). In a total sample of 361 unrelated subjects (179 patients with POAG and 182 age- and sex-matched healthy controls), RHOA (rs6784820, rs974495), RHOB (rs62121967), RHOC (rs11102522), and RHOD (rs61891303, rs2282502) polymorphisms were characterized by the BioMark HD dynamic array system with real-time polymerarse chain reaction. Among these candidate genetic markers and considering the Bonferroni correction, RHOA rs974495 polymorphism was significantly associated with POAG (p = 0.0011), with the TT genotype increasing the disease risk 4.9 times (95% CI 1.630-15.023). The allele and haplotype distributions of the above RHO candidate polymorphisms did not diplay a significant association. This is the first study, to the best of our knowledge, to identify a significant genotypic association between POAG and RHOA gene rs974495 polymorphism. These observations warrant replication in independent samples in the pursuit of precision medicine for rapid and early glaucoma diagnosis, and molecular targets for innovation in therapeutics of this common eye disease.

Retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell complex, and choroidal thicknesses in migraine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the thicknesses of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCL), and choroid layer using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for investigating the effects of vascular changes on the eye and optic nerve in patients who have migraine with aura. METHODS: Forty-five patients who had migraine with aura (migraine group) and 45 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled in the study. Age, gender, duration after migraine diagnosis, intraocular pressure, and axial length measurements were recorded in each case. RNFL, GCL, and choroid layer thicknesses were measured using SD-OCT in all participants. RESULTS: The mean age was 36.1 ± 6.7 (20-45) years in the migraine group and 35.7 ± 8.6 (19-45) years in the control group. There was no significant difference in the RNFL thicknesses of the temporal and nasal quadrants (p >0.05). The RNFL thicknesses of the superior and inferior quadrants were significantly lower in the migraine group compared with those in the control group (p =0.001, p <0.01, respectively). Measurements for the superior and inferior GCL were not significantly different between the groups (p >0.05). Subfoveal, temporal, and nasal choroidal thickness measurements at 500 µm, 1000 µm, and 1500 µm were significantly lower in the migraine group than in the control group (p =0.001; p <0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the controls, the RNFL and choroid layer were determined to be thinner in patients who had chronic migraine with aura.

Investigation of the Rho-kinase Gene Polymorphism in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: Genetic factors are shown to have a role in the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of genetic polymorphisms of Rho-kinase (ROCK) genes on the risk of POAG in a Turkish population. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes of the peripheral blood, and 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ROCK1 and ROCK2 genes were analysed in 179 patients with POAG and in 182 healthy controls of similar age by using BioMark HD dynamic array system. RESULTS: Neither genotype distributions nor the allele frequencies for the ROCK1 (rs35996865) and ROCK2 [rs2290156, rs965665, rs10178332, rs2230774 (Thr431Asn), rs2230774 (Thr431Ser), rs6755196, and rs726843] gene polymorphisms showed a significant difference between the groups. There were also no marked associations between the haplotype frequencies and POAG. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the involvement of ROCK1 and ROCK2 gene variations in the risk of POAG development. This study demonstrated that the polymorphisms studied are not associated with the increased risk of development of POAG in the Turkish population.

Choroidal and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in adults with anisometropic amblyopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal thickness, macular thickness, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in amblyopic eyes compared to fellow and normal control eyes using high-definition spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: Fifty-four without any systemic problem and ocular disease participated in this prospective study. Inclusion criteria included individuals older than 18 years with anisometropic amblyopia. Choroidal thickness, central macular thickness (CMT), and RNFL thickness were measured by using enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT. The choroidal thickness was measured at the fovea and at 500 µm intervals from the foveal center in both temporal and nasal directions. Axial length measurements of the cases were also recorded. RESULTS: Mean peripapillary RNFL thickness of the amblyopic, fellow, and control eyes was 107.5 ± 15.5 µm, 109.3 ± 12.7 µm, and 108.8 ± 8.6 µm, respectively (p = 0.343). The average CMT was 231.7 ± 14.7 µm in amblyopic eyes, 232.5 ± 15.7 µm in fellow eyes, and 230.8 ± 14.8 µm in control eyes (p = 0.599). Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly greater in the amblyopic eyes than in the fellow and control eyes (396.3 ± 104.3 µm, 361.0 ± 103.9 µm, 390.6 ± 91.7 µm). Mean axial measurement in amblyopic eyes was 22.7 ± 1.3 mm (20.5-26.1), in fellow eyes 23.1 ± 0.9 mm (20.9-25.0), and in control eyes 23.3 ± 0.9 mm. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with anisometropic amblyopia, subfoveal, temporal, and nasal choroidal thickness of amblyopic eyes are significantly thicker than in fellow eyes. However, no significant differences in peripapillary RNFL thickness or CMT were found between amblyopic and fellow or control eyes.

A study on the toxicity of intravitreal levofloxacin in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To investigate the retinal toxicity of different doses of intravitreal injections of levofloxacin in a rabbit model, which is the levorotatory component of ofloxacin and approximately twice as potent as ofloxacin and highly active in vitro against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria including many ocular pathogens. METHODS: Sixteen albino rabbits were used in this study, and divided four groups. Levofloxacin in doses of 50, 100, 250 and 500 microg was injected into the midvitreous of rabbit's left eyes. The other eye served as a control and received normal saline solution. Indirect ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography (ERG) and light microscopy were used for retinal toxicity of levofloxacin. ERGs were recorded before injection and at 1(st) day, 1(st), 2(nd) and 4(th) weeks. At the end of follow-up period, the rabbits were killed and the eyes were enucleated for histologic evaluation. RESULTS: Intravitreal injections of 50, 100, 250 and 500 microg levofloxacin did not cause any deterioration of the a-wave, b-wave or oscillatory potentials of ERG throughout the follow-up period of 4 weeks. No evidence of retinal toxicity was observed by indirect ophthalmoscopy and light microscopy in any case. CONCLUSIONS: In therapeutic doses of 500 microg or less, intravitreal levofloxacin does not have retinal toxicity in rabbit eyes and this dose was well above the MIC(90) values of ocular pathogens that cause endophthalmitis. If future studies in other species confirm our findings, intravitreal levofloxacin may be a potentially important drug in the treatment and prevention of clinical bacterial endophthalmitis.

Visual functions in epilepsy patients on valproate monotherapy.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced ion transport changes in the retinal pigment epithelium are described. Valproate acts as an inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether early visual impairment is related to valproate in patients with and without visual symptoms. Thirty-two patients, presenting with a history of seizures currently being treated with valproate, were included in the study. A complete clinical neuroophthalmologic examination was performed, including electroretinogram and visual field test. The electroretinogram parameters of epileptic patients were compared with those of 28 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. There was no significant difference in ERG parameters between the two groups. The visual field and visual acuity of all patients were within normal limits. When valproate is not used in conjunction with other antiepileptic drugs and serum levels are within therapeutic levels, it does not cause electrophysiologically detectable retinal dysfunction or any functional defect in visual perception that can be determined clinically.

Corneal collagen crosslinking for ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis: long-term results.

PURPOSE: To report the long-term results of corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) treatment for post-laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) ectasia. SETTINGS: Turkiye Hospital Eye Clinic and Fatih University Medical Faculty, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey. DESIGN: Retrospective case series study. METHODS: Consecutive patients with ectasia after LASIK were treated with CXL. The main outcome measures were uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, spherical and cylindrical refractions, and simulated keratometry (K) values. RESULTS: The study enrolled 20 eyes (14 patients; 7 women) with a mean age of 34.8 years ± 6.0 (SD) (range 25 to 45 years) and mean follow-up of 42 months (range 36 to 60 months). The UDVA and CDVA improved significantly, from 0.78 ± 0.61 logMAR to 0.53 ± 0.36 logMAR (P=.007) and from 0.27 ± 0.23 logMAR to 0.19 ± 0.13 logMAR, respectively (P≤.028). No eye lost 1 or more Snellen lines of UDVA or CDVA. Although the mean spherical refraction was not significantly different at the last visit (P=.074), the mean cylindrical refraction decreased significantly (P=.036). The maximum K value decreased from 46.0 ± 4.4 diopters (D) at baseline to 45.6 ± 3.8 D at the last visit (P=.013). By the last visit, the maximum K value decreased (≥1.0 D) in 5 eyes and remained stable in 15 eyes. No serious complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal collagen crosslinking yielded long-term stability in cases with post-LASIK corneal ectasia without significant side effects. Improvements in visual acuity, cylindrical refraction, and maximum K values occurred. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.