Minimizing prescribing errors: A phenomenological exploration of the views and experiences of independent prescribing pharmacists.

AIMS: This study aims to explore the views and experiences of independent prescribing (IP) pharmacists regarding prescribing errors and strategies to mitigate errors in practice. METHODS: One-to-one online semi-structured interviews were conducted with IP pharmacists across the United Kingdom. Verbatim transcripts of the interview were generated and coded using NVivo® 12 software for thematic analysis. A mixed inductive and deductive approach was used to generate themes and sub-themes which were then mapped onto the framework of factors that influence clinical practice proposed by Vincent et al. RESULTS: A total of 14 interviews were conducted. Participants linked the risk-averse nature of a pharmacist, self-perception of their roles as medicines experts, and previous experience of keeping checks on doctors' prescriptions as a dispenser often made them feel confident in prescribing. However, lacking adequate diagnostic skills, inadequate prescribing training programmes, and dealing with complex patients often made them feel vulnerable to committing errors. Organizational and system-related factors such as work interruptions and increased workload were identified as other factors linked to prescribing errors. CONCLUSIONS: Independent prescribing pharmacists use a variety of strategies to reduce the risk of prescribing errors. Promoting diagnostic competency in their area of practice, strengthening undergraduate and prescribing curricula, and addressing known organizational and system-related factors linked to prescribing errors can minimize errors and promote patient safety.

Impact of deprivation, dementia prevalence and regional demography on prescribing of antidementia drugs in England: A time trend analysis.

AIM: This study aimed to examine trends in prescribing of antidementia drugs in primary care in England between 2009 and 2019, and investigate the impact of deprivation, regional demography and disease prevalence on prescribing practices. METHODS: Analysis of publicly available government data from various sources pertaining to primary care prescribing and demographics was conducted. All primary care prescription data pertaining to antidementia drugs in England between 2009 and 2019 were extracted and adjusted for inflation and population changes. Data across English clinical commissioning regions were compared to explore the association between prescribing trend, deprivation, regional demography and dementia prevalence. RESULTS: The number of prescription items for antidementia drugs in England increased by approximately 3-fold (195.4%) from 24 items/1000 population in 2009 to 70.9 items/1000 population in 2019. In 2019, the least-deprived areas had approximately twice the rate of prescribing of antidementia drugs compared to the most-deprived areas (median [IQR] values of 46.7 [36.6-64.8] vs 91.23 [76.2-95.1] items/1000 population, respectively). In the multivariable analysis, the number of prescription items showed an inverse relationship with deprivation (coefficient -0.046, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.045) after adjustment for number of populations aged 65+ years and prevalence of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The 3-fold rise in the number of prescription items for antidementia drugs in the study period reflects the policy emphasis on early diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Higher rates of prescribing in the least-deprived areas may be reflective of better and early diagnoses and access to treatments. Such inequality in access to the treatments needs to be investigated further.

Evaluation of a community pharmacy-based medication therapy management programme: A study protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial with an embedded qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: The main objectives are: to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a community-pharmacy based medication therapy management programme; to explore patients' experiences and views towards medication therapy management service delivered by community pharmacists. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A mixed-methods research design consisting of a pilot randomized controlled trial embedded with qualitative study will be used in this study. The study consists of two phases: a 6-month follow-up pilot randomized control trial (quantitative approach) to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a community pharmacy-based medication therapy management programme. The primary outcome is HbA1C and secondary outcomes include: clinical and health services utilization and process measures, medication adherence, diabetes distress as well as satisfaction with care. Phase two consists of an embedded qualitative study using semi-structured interviews to explore patients' experiences and views with the medication therapy management programme. Study data collection will be collected between April 2021 and December 2021. ETHICS CONSIDERATION: The study has been approved by institutional review boards from Princess Nourah bent Abdulrahman University (Approval # 20-0240), King Fahad Medical City (Approval # 20-388E) and Birmingham University (Approval # ERN_20-0768).

Association between attendance at outpatient follow-up appointments and blood pressure control among patients with hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of regularity in treatment follow-up appointments on treatment outcomes among hypertensive patients attending different healthcare settings in Islamabad, Pakistan. Additionally, factors associated with regularity in treatment follow-up were also identified. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in selected primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare settings between September, 2017 and December, 2018 in Islamabad, Pakistan. A structured data collection form was used to gather sociodemographic and clinical data of recruited patients. Binary logistic regression analyses were undertaken to determine association between regularity in treatment follow-up appointments and blood pressure control and to determine covariates significantly associated with regularity in treatment follow-up appointments. RESULTS: A total of 662 patients with hypertension participated in the study. More than half 346 (52%) of the patients were females. The mean age of participants was 54 ± 12 years. Only 274 (41%) patients regularly attended treatment follow-up appointments. Regression analysis found that regular treatment follow-up was an independent predictor of controlled blood pressure (OR 1.561 [95% CI 1.102-2.211; P = 0.024]). Gender (OR 1.720 [95% CI 1.259-2.350; P = 0.001]), age (OR 1.462 [CI 95%:1.059-2.020; P = 0.021]), higher education (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.041-2.778; P = 0.034]), entitlement to free medical care (OR 3.166 [95% CI 2.284-4.388; P = 0.0001]), treatment duration (OR 1.788 [95% CI 1.288-2.483; P = 0.001]), number of medications (OR 1.585 [95% CI 1.259-1.996; P = 0.0001]), presence of co-morbidity (OR 3.214 [95% CI 2.248-4.593; P = 0.0001]) and medication adherence (OR 6.231 [95% CI 4.264-9.106; P = 0.0001]) were significantly associated with regularity in treatment follow-up appointments. CONCLUSION: Attendance at follow-up visits was alarmingly low among patients with hypertension in Pakistan which may explain poor treatment outcomes in patients. Evidence-based targeted interventions should be developed and implemented, considering local needs, to improve attendance at treatment follow-up appointments.

Prevalence of and Factors Contributing to Glue Sniffing in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Region: A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Although glue sniffing has been linked with significant morbidity and mortality, it is still under-researched and poorly recognized issue globally. Objective: A scoping review was performed to identify the factors and outcomes related to glue sniffing in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Methods: Ten databases; Medline via Ovid, Google scholar, EBSCOhost (CINAHL Plus), ProQuest Central, PsycInfo, IndMED, Ovid Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched from their inception to January 2019 for both qualitative and quantitative studies examining any aspect of glue-sniffing. Studies published only in English language were included. Prevalence of glue-sniffing in SAARC region was the primary outcome measure. Findings: Of 8951studies screened, 344 were assessed for eligibility and 31 studies were included. The majority of the studies were conducted in India (15) and Pakistan (11). Meta-analysis of proportion, using random effects model, for both primary and secondary outcomes found that the highest incidence of glue sniffing was 57% (0.57, CI 95% 0.49-0.66) in India. The overall incidence of tobacco and naswar (snuff) as was 83% (0.83, 95% CI 0.80-0.86). Conclusions: The prevalence of glue sniffing, especially among street children, is alarmingly high and presents a challenge for health and social services for countries in SAARC region. More research work is required to examine long term impact of glue sniffing on physical and mental health.

Pricing appraisal of anti-cancer drugs in the South East Asian, Western Pacific and East Mediterranean Region.

BACKGROUND: Globally, cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality. High treatment cost, partly owing to higher prices of anti-cancer drugs, presents a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems. The aim of the present study was to survey and compare retail prices of anti-cancer drugs between high, middle and low income countries in the South-East Asia, Western Pacific and Eastern Mediterranean regions. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey design was used for the present study. Pricing data from ten counties including one from South-East Asia, two from Western Pacific and seven from Eastern Mediterranean regions were used in this study. Purchasing power parity (PPP)-adjusted mean unit prices for 26 anti-cancer drug presentations (similar pharmaceutical form, strength, and pack size) were used to compare prices of anti-cancer drugs across three regions. A structured form was used to extract relevant data. Data were entered and analysed using Microsoft Excel®. RESULTS: Overall, Taiwan had the lowest mean unit prices while Oman had the highest prices. Six (23.1%) and nine (34.6%) drug presentations had a mean unit price below US$100 and between US$100 and US$500 respectively. Eight drug presentations (30.7%) had a mean unit price of more than US$1000 including cabazitaxel with a mean unit price of $17,304.9/vial. There was a direct relationship between income category of the countries and their mean unit price; low-income countries had lower mean unit prices. The average PPP-adjusted unit prices for countries based on their income level were as follows: low middle-income countries (LMICs): US$814.07; high middle income countries (HMICs): US$1150.63; and high income countries (HICs): US$1148.19. CONCLUSIONS: There is a great variation in pricing of anticancer drugs in selected countires and within their respective regions. These findings will allow policy makers to compare prices of anti-cancer agents with neighbouring countries and develop policies to ensure accessibility and affordability of anti-cancer drugs.

Quality of reporting of harms in randomised controlled trials of pharmacological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The quality of reporting of harms data in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) has been reported to be suboptimal. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has seen a massive growth in novel pharmacotherapies in the last decade. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of reporting of harms-related data in RCTs evaluating pharmacological interventions for RA according to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement on harms reporting extension. STUDY SELECTION: RCTs published between January 2011 and August 2016 in the five highest impact factor journals in general medicine and two in rheumatology subject categories as per 2015 Journal Citation Reports were included. Reports of secondary, supplementary or exploratory analyses of RCTs and non-inferiority trials were excluded. Two reviewers independently extracted data using a structured, pilot-tested, 18-item questionnaire developed based on CONSORT harms extension recommendations. FINDINGS: 68 RCTs were included in the review. Out of a maximum harms reporting score of 18, the mean (SD) score was 8.51 (3.5) (range=0-15). More than half (56.5%) of the RCTs reported ≤50% of items and only three (4.3%) RCTs reported more than 70% (score ≥14) of the items. Multilinear regression analyses found that region of trial origin (p=0.01), sample size (p=0.001) and whether the study was a long-term extension of a trial or not (p=0.04) were independent predictors associated with higher total harms reporting score. CONCLUSIONS: The adherence to CONSORT harms extension was poor in recently published RCTs of pharmacological interventions for RA. There is a need to improve quality of harms reporting in RCTs to allow transparent and balanced assessment of the benefit-risk ratio in clinical decision making.

Exploring Feedback Mechanics during Experiential Learning in Pharmacy Education: A Scoping Review.

(1) Background: This scoping review aims to explore the literature on feedback for pharmacy students during experiential learning, with a focus on identifying the modes of delivery of feedback and the perceived impact of feedback on student learning outcomes. (2) Methods: The scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, ERIC, and ProQuest Central were searched electronically from their inception until the end of February 2023 using a combination of keywords and MeSH terms related to feedback, pharmacy education, and student learning outcomes. Data were synthesized narratively. (3) Results: This review included 13 studies published between 2008 and 2022. Almost half of the included studies were conducted in the USA (n = 6, 46%) and reported the perspective of undergraduate pharmacy students (n = 6, 46%). Verbal feedback was the most common mode of feedback delivery (n = 6, 46%). The enablers of effective feedback included timely feedback (n = 6, 46%), feedback provided in a goal-oriented and objective manner (n = 5, 40%), and student-specific feedback (n = 4, 30%). On the other hand, the most common impediments to feedback efficacy were providing extremely positive feedback and lack of constructive criticism. (4) Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of feedback model implementation in pharmacy education and preceptor training programs to ensure effective and quality feedback to pharmacy students.

Impact of pharmacist-supported transition of care services in the Middle East and North Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Transition of care (TOC) is associated with an increased risk of medication-related problems. Despite recent advancements in pharmacy practice and research in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), the characteristics and impact of regional pharmacy-supported TOC interventions remain unclear.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe pharmacist-supported TOC interventions in the MENA region and evaluate their effectiveness. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) were searched from their inception to March 9, 2023, for experimental studies published in English, comparing pharmacist-supported TOC interventions with usual care for adults (age ≥18 years) discharged from the hospital. The risk of bias was evaluated using Cochrane's risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (ROB2) and the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for randomised and non-randomised studies respectively. Narrative syntheses and meta-analysis methods were employed depending on the outcomes evaluated. Results: Twelve studies (n = 2377 subjects), 10 randomised controlled trials and 2 quasi-experimental studies, were included. Most studies had high or serious risk of bias. The included studies were quite heterogeneous in terms of nature and the delivery of intervention, and assessment of outcome measures. Compared to the usual care group, pharmacist-led TOC interventions contributed to a significant reduction in preventable drug-related (N = 2) and cardiac-related healthcare utilisation (N = 1), a significant reduction in preventable adverse drug events (ADEs) (Odds ratio (OR) 0.34, 95% CI: 0.13-0.94) and an improvement in medication adherence. However, all-cause hospitalisation and medication discrepancies were not significantly reduced. Conclusion: Pharmacy-supported TOC interventions may improve patient outcomes in the MENA region. However, considering the limited quality of evidence and the variability in intervention delivery, future well-designed clinical trials are needed.

Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services Questionnaire (PSPSQ) 2.0 into the Arabic language among people with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Understanding patient satisfaction is key to advancing pharmacy services and improving health outcomes. There is a lack of a translated and psychometrically validated tool in the Arabic language to measure patient satisfaction with pharmacy services. OBJECTIVE: To translate the English version of the PSPSQ 2.0 into Arabic language, culturally adapt, and verify its reliability and validity. SETTING: A community pharmacy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2021 and June 2022 among patients with diabetes attending a community pharmacy. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good practice guidelines for linguistic translation and cultural adaptation were used to translate and culturally adapt the English version of PSPSQ 2.0 into Arabic. The Arabic version of PSPSQ 2.0 was subjected to factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation to evaluate its validity and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of PSPSQ 2.0. RESULTS: A total of 129 (68.2% male, and mean age 50 (SD: 11.9) years) patients with diabetes participated in the study. The analysis was undertaken for the items in each of the three domains of PSPSQ 2.0: quality of care, interprofessional relationship and overall care. Exploratory factor analysis revealed validity of 92.7%, 80.5% and 96.2%, respectively. The Arabic version of PSPSQ 2.0 had high internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha scores 0.99, 0.95 and 0.98 for the three measured domains, respectively. The sample adequacy was 0.924. CONCLUSION: The PSPSQ 2.0 was successfully translated and culturally adapted into the Arabic language and had acceptable validity and reliability to measure patient satisfaction with services provided by pharmacists in community pharmacies.

Impact of a community pharmacy-based medication therapy management program on clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with uncontrolled diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.

This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of community pharmacy (CP)-based medication therapy management (MTM) program on clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. An open label, parallel-group randomised controlled trial was undertaken at a community pharmacy in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patients with a diagnosis of uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c of ≥ 8%) meeting the eligibility criteria were randomised to receive either the MTM programme provided by pharmacists or standard care. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c over 6 months. Secondary outcomes included: changes in clinical parameters (blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, serum creatinine (SCr) and albumin-to- creatinine ratio (ACR)), types of drug-related problems (DRPs), health service utilization (HSU), adherence, diabetes distress and overall patient satisfaction with the service at 6-month. A sufficiently powered sample of 160 participants with a mean age was 50 years (SD ± 11.9) was recruited. The majority of the patients (68.1%) were male and had diabetes for more than eight years [IQR 3, 14]. After adjusting for baseline HbA1c, compared to the control group, the mean HbA1c level was 0.02% (p = 0.929) and 0.2% (p = 0.47) lower in the intervention arm at 3-month and 6-month respectively. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Nonetheless, within each arm, there was a significant improvement in HbA1c from baseline. Furthermore, the intervention arm demonstrated improvement in BP control (SBP lowered by 3.2 mmHg (p = 0.05) and DBP lowered by 3.8 mmHg (p = 0.008)). During the study period, none of the participants in the intervention group reported hospitalization or ER visits compared to 14 patients in the control group [OR 0.069 (95% CI 0.004, 1.3)]. Patient satisfaction as measured by Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services Questionnaire 2.0 (PSPSQ 2.0) was significantly higher among MTM program participants compared to standard care (p = 0.00001). Patients in the MTM program were eight times more likely to be adherent compared to the patients in the standard care [OR 7.89 (95% CI 3.6, 17.4)]. MTM program metrics showed that per patient, the pharmacists spent a median of 35 [IQR 30, 44.5] minutes at the initial visit and 20 [IQR 10, 25] minutes during the 6-month visit. The number of DRPs had significantly dropped in the intervention arm at 3 and 6-month (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, CP-based MTM program can improve health outcomes and prevent hospitalisations in patients with diabetes. These findings support the implementation of CP-based MTM services for patients with diabetes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Evaluation of warfarin management in primary health care centers in Qatar: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the national dataset.

BACKGROUND: Warfarin management is associated with severe complications, highlighting the critical need to evaluate the quality of its administration. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of warfarin management for patients managed in primary healthcare centers by measuring the percentage of Time in Therapeutic Range (TTR) and the proportion of extreme out-of-range international normalized ratio (INR) values. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Data was extracted from a national dataset retrieved from the largest primary healthcare provider in Qatar. TTR was calculated using the traditional method. Inferential and descriptive analyses were performed as appropriate. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-four patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) TTR was 45.3 % (17.5). This was significantly lower than the recommended cutoff value (P<0.001). Extreme out-of-range INR accounted for 24.7 % of total INR readings. CONCLUSIONS: The management of patients taking warfarin in Qatar is inadequate. More effective strategies are warranted to ensure safe and effective therapy.

Facilitating the transfer of care from secondary to primary care: a scoping review to understand the role of pharmacists in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Limited published research exists on the role of pharmacists in general practice (primary care pharmacists) in facilitating post-hospital discharge care of patients. AIM: To summarise and map the nature and extent of current evidence on the role of primary care pharmacists in facilitating patient discharge from secondary to primary care and to inform future practice and research. METHOD: Six electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to March 2022 for studies published in the English language that described and/or evaluated primary care pharmacist-led interventions for patients following hospital discharge. Grey literature and reference lists of included studies were also searched. Two authors independently screened articles for selection. A structured, pilot-tested form was used for data extraction. RESULTS: Twenty articles were included. The majority of studies (n = 17; 85%) were conducted in the USA. The most frequently reported intervention made by primary care pharmacists were medication reviews (n = 18) and medication reconciliation (n = 16). Studies have demonstrated the emerging roles of pharmacists involving collaboration with other healthcare professionals, review of laboratory monitoring, referrals, and follow-up. A wide range of outcomes such as the impact on hospital readmission rates, healthcare utilisation and reduction of potential adverse drug events were reported. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists in general practice can offer a range of interventions in facilitating transfer of care of patients from secondary to primary care with positive patient and healthcare utilisation outcomes. However, more rigorous research evidence is required to establish the effectiveness, generalisability, acceptability, and sustainability of these services.

Assessment of prevalence, knowledge and health-related practices of dysmenorrhea among Malaysian women in Kuala Lumpur: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Menstruation is a natural phenomenon considered an important indicator of women's health, reflecting their endocrine function. Women in low middle income countries face substantial menstrual hygiene management challenges. Data on the knowledge of dysmenorrhea and health-related practices among Malaysian women are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among Malaysian women in Kuala Lumpur and its association with socio-demographic factors, knowledge level, and general practices. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out among Malaysian women in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 362 unmarried women, nulliparous and aged between 18 and 25 years old, were included in this study. Participants were conveniently recruited through online platforms as well as face to face using a self-administered questionnaire with five sections consisting of demographics, menstrual characteristics, Working ability, Location, Intensity, Days of pain, Dysmenorrhea (WaLIDD) score for diagnosing and assessing the severity of dysmenorrhea as well as an evaluation of respondents' general knowledge and practices towards dysmenorrhea. The collected data were analysed using the SPSS tool, a descriptive statistic was used to report demographic characteristics. Inferential statistics was used to report the differentiation, association, and correlations of the variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 73.2%. It was found that the majority of the respondents had poor knowledge (60%) and poor practices (61.88%) of dysmenorrhea. The most common preventive practices among the respondents were using dietary supplements, and herbs, taking a rest and exercising. The findings also indicated that dysmenorrhea among the respondents was significantly associated with family history of dysmenorrhea (p = 0.002), monthly income (p = 0.001), and knowledge level (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dysmenorrhea has a high prevalence among women in Malaysia in Kula Lumpur driven by low knowledge and lack of evidence-based practices among these women. Thus, it is critical for Government and healthcare authorities to promote education related to women health among Malaysian women.

Community pharmacists' views and experiences toward over-the-counter medicines misuse and abuse in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative study.

Background: Community pharmacists are uniquely positioned to identify and address the issue of misuse and abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. To date, no study has explored the Saudi community pharmacists' views and experiences regarding aspects of OTC medicines' misuse and abuse. Objective: To explore the views and experiences of the Saudi community pharmacists towards OTC medicines misuse and abuse. Furthermore, we aimed to identify frequently misused and abused medicines, the reasons and contributing factors, the role of pharmacists, and potential risk-mitigating strategies. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenient sample of sixteen community pharmacists recruited from community pharmacies across the AL-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. Interviews were conducted using a pilot-tested interview guide in the Arabic language. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated from Arabic into English, and then thematically analysed. Results: Analysis of interviews generated five main themes, including the commonly misused and abused OTC medicines, reasons and factors contributing to misuse and abuse of OTC medicines, pharmacists' interventions to manage misuse and abuse, challenges and barriers to pharmacists' interventions in misuse and abuse issues; and potential strategies to reduce the risk of OTC medicines misuse and abuse and improve pharmacists' practice. Sedative antihistamines, cough products containing dextromethorphan, codeine-based analgesics, and non-codeine-based analgesics were commonly misused and abused OTC medicines. Managing ongoing medical conditions was the main reason for misusing OTC analgesics while recreational use and inducing sleep were the common reasons for abuse. Several factors contributing to misuse and abuse were reported, including unprofessional advice sought from other people, lack of awareness about medicines, and commercial advertisement of OTC products. Community pharmacists identified misuse and abuse among customers by judging their behaviours and attitudes and using structured questioning techniques. Counselling customers on the appropriate use of medicines, providing safe alternatives, and refusing to sell products were among the commonly used actions of pharmacists to address misuse/abuse. Pharmacists proposed several strategies to reduce the risk of OTC medicines misuse/abuse but believed that rescheduling OTC medicines with abuse potential to prescription-only medicine was the best option. Conclusion: Community pharmacists believed that the misuse and abuse of OTC medicines amongst pharmacy customers was common. A multidimensional strategy consisting of upskilling community pharmacists, a comprehensive review of OTC medicines sale regulations, and patient education to limit the risks of OTC medicines misuse/abuse is required.

Role of primary care pharmacists in the post-hospital discharge care of patients: a scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Evidence has shown that there is a significant problem with medication safety when patients are transferred between settings. The role of community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists in facilitating transition of care has been well-researched. However, with the developing role of pharmacists in general practice as part of a multi-disciplinary team, little is known about their role in improving transition of care when patients move from secondary to primary care. The key objective of this scoping review is to understand the nature and extent of the role of primary care pharmacists for patients recently discharged from secondary care. METHODS: This scoping review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping review underpinned by the Arksey and O'Malley methodology and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The following electronic databases will be systematically searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science and NICE Evidence. Reference lists of included full texts will be searched for relevant papers, in addition to grey literature which includes websites of relevant professional organisations. Primary studies, published in the English language that involved a primary care pharmacist-led intervention post-hospital discharge will be included. Two independent reviewers will screen studies against eligibility criteria and use a piloted data extraction form to extract data related to the review questions. The data will be presented in tabular form and assessed for key themes to identify gaps and inform future research. DISCUSSION: This scoping review will map current evidence surrounding the role of primary care pharmacists in the post-hospital discharge care of patients. Findings will inform ongoing research to support safer transfer-of-care post-hospital discharge and identify ways in which collaboration between healthcare professionals can be improved. This review anticipates guiding the inclusion of patient and public involvement (PPI) at the consultation stage to validate and build on the findings.

Impact of community-pharmacist-led medication review programmes on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The role of pharmacists has evolved over the past few decades from being product-oriented to being service-oriented. Community-pharmacist-led medication review programmes have been commissioned in different countries under different names. The services provided by general pharmacists can have a positive impact on patient health, but the impact of the services offered by community pharmacists is relatively unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of community-pharmacist-based medication review programmes among patients with long-term conditions. METHODS: The electronic databases Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and Embase were searched from their inception until January 2020 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in the English language assessing the effectiveness of community-pharmacist-led medication review programmes on patients' clinical and healthcare utilisation outcomes. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool data statistically, where applicable. The study protocol was published in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020165693). RESULTS: Forty-two reports of 40 RCTs were included in the systematic review, and 12 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to the control, a significant improvement was noted in the community-pharmacist-based medication review group for the following outcomes: blood pressure (BP) in patients with diabetes (mean difference [MD] in systolic blood pressure [SBP]: 6.82 [95% CI -11.33, -2.32]; MD in diastolic blood pressure [DBP]: 2.13 [95% CI -3.35, -0.92]) and in the hypertension patients (MD in SBP: 6.21 [95% CI -13.26, 0.85]; MD in DBP: 2.11 [95% CI -6.47, 2.26]), HbA1c in patients with diabetes (MD -0.61; 95% CI -0.96, -0.25), and total cholesterol (TC) in patients with hyperlipidaemia (MD -0.18; 95% CI -0.32, -0.05). CONCLUSION: Community-pharmacist-led medication review can improve certain clinical and healthcare utilisation outcomes in patients with long-term conditions.

A qualitative exploration of pharmacy students' opinions and experiences of volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: This study explored the experiences of pharmacy students volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic and the perceived impact of volunteering on experiential learning and development of core pharmacy skills. METHODS: Online semi-structured interviews were conducted with current master of pharmacy, entry-to-practice, professional degree students in the United Kingdom (UK). Participants were recruited through email invitations sent to six schools of pharmacy in the UK, pharmacy student organisations in the UK, and social media. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Implications from the findings were mapped against the Higher Education Learning Framework. RESULTS: Fifteen students from a range of UK universities were interviewed. The participants described their motivations for volunteering, experiences of working during COVID-19, and the impact of COVID-19 on their learning experiences. A prominent motivating factor for joining the workforce was a sense of moral responsibility to contribute towards the global effort. The opportunity to learn above and beyond routine coursework placements, personal and professional development, social wellbeing at the time of crisis, and national lockdowns were key outcomes that the participants linked to their experiences of volunteering. CONCLUSIONS: Participants of this study perceived a high level of satisfaction, pride, and humanity in their contribution to the global effort to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. Harnessing students' motivation, skill sets, and opportunities during the pandemic added an important workforce in the fight against COVID-19 while increasing the student learning experience.

The use of remdesivir for the management of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: We systematically reviewed the evidence of published original research to determine the role of remdesivir in the management of patients with COVID-19 and a moderate-to-severe course of illness. METHODS: A systematic search of articles was conducted in scientific databases, with the latest update in May 2021. This paper systematically reviewed the clinical evidence available (randomized controlled trials, compassionate use studies, and case reports) on the use of remdesivir for patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. RESULTS: A total of eleven studies were included: four studies based on compassionate use of remdesivir, three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trials, three randomized, open-label, phase III trials, and one case report. Clinical improvement and mortality rates in patients who used remdesivir varied across studies. CONCLUSION: Given the current evidence, there is insufficient data to confidently recommend the use of remdesivir alone for the treatment of adult hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19. However, remdesivir may be considered along with an anti-inflammatory agent in patients with pneumonia, on oxygen support, provided there is close monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters and adverse events.