RESUMO
The importance of the immune system on tumor surveillance has been investigated for many years, and its impact on controlling tumor progression has been verified. An important subgroup of the innate immune system is natural killer (NK) cells, whose essential function in modulating tumor behavior and suppressing metastasis and tumor growth has been demonstrated. The first idea of NK cells' crucial biological processes was demonstrated through their potent ability to conduct direct cellular cytotoxicity, even without former sensitization. These properties of NK cells allow them to recognize transformed cells that have attenuated self-ligand and express stress-induced ligands. Furthermore, secretion of various cytokines and chemokines after their activation leads to tumor elimination via either direct cytotoxic effect on malignant cells or activation of the adaptive immune system. In addition, novel immunotherapeutic approaches tend to take advantage of NK cells' ability, leading to antibody-based approaches, the formation of engineered CAR-NK cells, and adoptive cell transfer. However, the restricted functionality of NK cells and the inability to infiltrate tumors are its blind spots in breast cancer patients. In this review, we gathered newly acquired data on the biology and functions of NK cells in breast cancer and proposed ways to employ this knowledge for novel therapeutic approaches in cancers, particularly breast cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Incidência , Células Matadoras Naturais , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias/patologia , Quimiocinas , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metformin ameliorates non-histamine-mediated itch. We have recently reported that the nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in chloroquine (CQ)-induced scratching behavior. Here we investigated the involvement of the NO pathway in the antipruritic effect of metformin on CQ-induced itch. METHODS: Metformin (5-200 mg/kg, given intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was injected 4 h before CQ (400 µg/site, given intradermally [i.d.]) or compound 48/80 (100 µg/site, i.d.). A nonspecific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 1 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), or an NO precursor, L-arginine (10 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before injection of CQ. A neural NOS (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 1 and 10 nmol/site, i.d.) was concurrently administered with CQ. The scratching behavior was recorded for 30 min following the injection of CQ. We studied the changes in skin and spinal nitrite levels after treatments. RESULTS: Our results showed that metformin (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the CQ-induced scratching behavior but not the compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior. L-Arginine inhibited the antipruritic effect of metformin, while L-NAME and 7-NI significantly potentiated the inhibitory effects of a subeffective dose of metformin on the CQ-induced scratching behavior. The skin but not the spinal nitrite level was significantly increased after CQ administration. The elevated cutaneous nitrite level was reversed by effective doses of either metformin or 7-NI, but not by the subeffective doses of metformin + 7-NI. CONCLUSION: Acute injection of metformin significantly inhibits CQ-induced scratching behavior. This effect is mediated through inhibition of the NO pathway, especially by inhibiting the dermal nNOS enzyme.
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Antipruriginosos/uso terapêutico , Cloroquina/efeitos adversos , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Prurido/tratamento farmacológico , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antipruriginosos/metabolismo , Antipruriginosos/farmacologia , Cloroquina/farmacologia , Fármacos Dermatológicos/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Dermatológicos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Injeções , Metformina/metabolismo , Metformina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Prurido/induzido quimicamente , Prurido/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/inervação , Pele/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. We hypothesised this global pattern of non-fatal injury would be demonstrated in regard to bony hand and wrist trauma over the 27-year study period. METHODS: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 was used to estimate prevalence, age-standardised incidence and years lived with disability for hand trauma in 195 countries from 1990 to 2017. Individual injuries included hand and wrist fractures, thumb amputations and non-thumb digit amputations. RESULTS: The global incidence of hand trauma has only modestly decreased since 1990. In 2017, the age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fractures was 179 per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 146 to 217), whereas the less common injuries of thumb and non-thumb digit amputation were 24 (95% UI 17 to 34) and 56 (95% UI 43 to 74) per 100 000, respectively. Rates of injury vary greatly by region, and improvements have not been equally distributed. The highest burden of hand trauma is currently reported in high SDI countries. However, low-middle and middle SDI countries have increasing rates of hand trauma by as much at 25%. CONCLUSIONS: Certain regions are noted to have high rates of hand trauma over the study period. Low-middle and middle SDI countries, however, have demonstrated increasing rates of fracture and amputation over the last 27 years. This trend is concerning as access to quality and subspecialised surgical hand care is often limiting in these resource-limited regions.
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Carga Global da Doença , Traumatismos da Mão , Traumatismos do Punho , Punho , Amputação Cirúrgica , Feminino , Saúde Global , Traumatismos da Mão/cirurgia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Prevalência , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Traumatismos do Punho/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has historically produced estimates of causes of injury such as falls but not the resulting types of injuries that occur. The objective of this study was to estimate the global incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to facial fractures and to estimate the leading injurious causes of facial fracture. METHODS: We obtained results from GBD 2017. First, the study estimated the incidence from each injury cause (eg, falls), and then the proportion of each cause that would result in facial fracture being the most disabling injury. Incidence, prevalence and YLDs of facial fractures are then calculated across causes. RESULTS: Globally, in 2017, there were 7 538 663 (95% uncertainty interval 6 116 489 to 9 493 113) new cases, 1 819 732 (1 609 419 to 2 091 618) prevalent cases, and 117 402 (73 266 to 169 689) YLDs due to facial fractures. In terms of age-standardised incidence, prevalence and YLDs, the global rates were 98 (80 to 123) per 100 000, 23 (20 to 27) per 100 000, and 2 (1 to 2) per 100 000, respectively. Facial fractures were most concentrated in Central Europe. Falls were the predominant cause in most regions. CONCLUSIONS: Facial fractures are predominantly caused by falls and occur worldwide. Healthcare systems and public health agencies should investigate methods of all injury prevention. It is important for healthcare systems in every part of the world to ensure access to treatment resources.
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Fraturas Ósseas , Carga Global da Doença , Qualidade de Vida , Brasil , Canadá , Europa (Continente) , Saúde Global , Humanos , Incidência , Prevalência , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Medicina EstatalRESUMO
Flavonoids comprise a group of natural polyphenols consisting of more than 5,000 subtypes mostly existing in fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids consumption could potentially attenuate the incidence and recurrence risk of colorectal cancers through their antiperoxidative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, these compounds regulate the mitochondrial function, balance the bacterial flora and promote the apoptosis process in cancerous cells. However, some previous data failed to show the effectiveness of flavonoids in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. In this study, we have reviewed the efficacy of different flavonoids subtypes on the risk of colon cancer and molecular mechanisms involved in this process in both clinical and animal studies. In addition, we tried to elucidate the potential synergy between these compounds and current colorectal cancer treatments.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/química , Humanos , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Polifenóis/uso terapêutico , Verduras/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To provide estimates of the global incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with testicular cancer (TCa) between 1990 and 2016, using findings from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the GBD 2016 study, cancer registry data and a vital registration system were used to estimate TCa mortality. Mortality to incidence ratios were used to transform mortality estimates to incidence, and to estimate survival, which was then used to estimate 10-year prevalence. Prevalence was weighted using disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Age-specific mortality and a reference life expectancy were used to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). DALYs are the sum of YLDs and YLLs. RESULTS: Global incidence of TCa showed a 1.80-fold increase from 37 231 (95% uncertainty interval [ UI] 36 116-38 515) in 1990 to 66 833 (95% UI 64 487-69 736) new cases in 2016. The age-standardized incidence rate also increased from 1.5 (95% UI 1.45-1.55) to 1.75 (95% UI 1.69-1.83) cases per 100 000. Deaths from TCa remained stable between 1990 and 2016 [1990: 8394 (95% UI 7980-8904), 2016: 8651 (95% UI 8292-9027)]. The TCa age-standardized death rate decreased between 1990 and 2016, from 0.39 (95% UI 0.37-0.41) to 0.25 (95% UI 0.24-0.26) per 100 000; however, the decreasing trend was not similar in all regions. Global TCa DALYs decreased by 2% and reached 391 816 (95% UI 372 360-412 031) DALYs in 2016. The age-standardized DALY rate also decreased globally between 1990 and 2016 (10.31 [95% UI 9.82-10.84]) per 100 000 in 2016). CONCLUSION: Although the mortality rate for TCa has decreased over recent decades, large disparities still exist in TCa mortality, probably as a result of lack of access to healthcare and oncological treatment. Timely diagnosis of this cancer, by improving general awareness, should be prioritized. In addition, improving access to effective therapies and trained healthcare workforces in developing and under-developed areas could be the next milestones.
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Carga Global da Doença , Neoplasias Testiculares , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Neoplasias Testiculares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Testiculares/mortalidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cannabinoid receptor (CBR) agonist could act as a protective agent against seizure susceptibility in animal models of epilepsy. Studies have shown that potassium channels could play a key role in ameliorating neuronal excitability. In this study, we attempted to evaluate how CBRs and Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels collaborate to affect seizure susceptibility by changing the clonic seizure threshold (CST). We used male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice and treated them with the following drugs: cromakalim (a potassium channel opener, 10⯵g/kg), glibenclamide (a potassium channel blocker, 0.03 and 1â¯mg/kg), 0.5â¯mg/kg of AM-251 (a selective CB1 antagonist), AM-630 (a selective CB2 antagonist), and 0.5, 3, and 10â¯mg/kg of WIN 55,212-2 (a nonselective agonist of CBRs); and CST was appraised after each type of administration. Also, we evaluated the ATP level of the hippocampus in each treatment to clarify the interaction between the cannabinoid system and potassium channel. Our results showed that administration of WIN 55,212-2 at 10â¯mg/kg significantly increased CST (Pâ¯<â¯0.001). This change could be reversed by using AM-251(Pâ¯<â¯0.001) but not AM-630. Also, either cromakalim (10⯵g/kg) or glibenclamide (0.03 and 1â¯mg/kg) could not significantly affect the CST. In addition, glibenclamide (1â¯mg/kg) could reverse the anticonvulsant effect of WIN 55,212-2 (10â¯mg/kg) on CST (Pâ¯<â¯0.001). However, the anticonvulsant effect was observed when cromakalim (10⯵g/kg) was added to WIN 55,212-2 at its subeffective dose (3â¯mg/kg) in comparison to single-treated animals. Interestingly, we observed that CB1 agonist could significantly decrease ATP level. In conclusion, CB1 agonist accomplishes at least a part of its anticonvulsant actions through ATP-sensitive potassium channels, probably by decreasing the mitochondrial ATP level to open the potassium channel to induce its anticonvulsant effect.
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Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Potássio/efeitos dos fármacos , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/uso terapêutico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Canais de Potássio/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Convulsões/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, studies of the interplay between the adaptive and innate immune responses have provided a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory disorders such as IBD, as well as identification of novel targets for more potent interventions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a significant role in the innate immune system and are involved in inflammatory processes. Activation of TLR signal transduction pathways lead to the induction of numerous genes that function in host defense, including those for inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antigen presenting molecules. It was proposed that TLR mutations and dysregulation are major contributing factors to the predisposition and susceptibility to IBD. Thus, modulating TLRs represent an innovative immunotherapeutic approach in IBD therapy. This article outlines the role of TLRs in IBD, focusing on both animal and human studies; the role of TLR-targeted agonists or antagonists as potential therapeutic agents in the different stages of the disease is discussed.
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Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptores Toll-Like/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Toll-Like/químicaRESUMO
Anticonvulsant effects of minocycline have been explored recently. This study was designed to examine the anticonvulsant effect of acute administration of minocycline on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mouse considering the possible role of the nitric oxide/N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) pathway. We induced seizure using intravenous administration of pentylenetetrazole. Our results showed that acute administration of minocycline increased the seizure threshold. Furthermore, co-administration of subeffective doses of the nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-l-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg) and the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (40 mg/kg) enhanced the anticonvulsant effect of subeffective doses of minocycline (40 mg/kg). We found that inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg) had no effect on the antiseizure effect of minocycline. Moreover, l-arginine (60 mg/kg), as a NOS substrate, reduced the anticonvulsant effect of minocycline. We also demonstrated that pretreatment with the NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg) increased the anticonvulsant effect of subeffective doses of minocycline. Results showed that minocycline significantly decreased the hippocampal nitrite level. Furthermore, co-administration of a neuronal NOS inhibitor like NMDA receptor antagonists augmented the effect of minocycline on the hippocampal nitrite level. In conclusion, we revealed that anticonvulsant effect of minocycline might be, at least in part, due to a decline in constitutive hippocampal nitric oxide activity as well as inhibition of NMDA receptors.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Minociclina/uso terapêutico , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões/metabolismo , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Arginina/administração & dosagem , Arginina/farmacologia , Arginina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Minociclina/administração & dosagem , Minociclina/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Nitritos/metabolismo , Pentilenotetrazol , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Convulsões/patologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: This is an animal study. OBJECTIVES: Metformin is a safe drug for controlling blood sugar in diabetes. It has been shown that metformin improves locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Neuropathic pain is also a disturbing component of SCI. It is indicated that metformin has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, which attenuate neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia in injured nerves. Thus, we evaluated metformin's therapeutic effects on SCI neuroinflammation and its sensory and locomotor complications. Meanwhile, results were compared to minocycline, an anti-neuroinflammation therapy in SCI. SETTING: Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran METHODS: In an animal model of SCI, 48 male rats were subjected to T9 vertebra laminectomy. Animals were divided into a SHAM-operated group and five treatment groups. The treatments included normal saline as a vehicle control group, minocycline 90 mg/kg and metformin at the doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Locomotor scaling, behavioral tests for neuropathic pain and weight changes were evaluated and compared through a 28-days period. At the end of the study, tissue samples were taken to assess neuroinflammatory changes. RESULTS: Metformin 50 mg/kg improved the locomotors ability (p < 0.001) and decreased sensitivity to mechanical and thermal allodynia (p < 0.01). These results were compatible with minocycline effect on SCI (p > 0.05). While metformin led to weight loss, both metformin and minocycline significantly decreased neuroinflammation in the assessment of cord tissue histopathology, and levels of TNF-α and interleukin-1ß (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Metformin could be considered as an alternative therapeutic agent for SCI, as it potentially attenuates neuroinflammation, sensory and locomotor complications of cord injury.
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Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Metformina/farmacologia , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hiperalgesia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/patologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Neuralgia/patologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/patologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologiaRESUMO
In this study, we tested whether acute administration of lithium mitigates the deleterious effect of adolescent social isolation stress (SIS) on seizure susceptibility. In comparison with socially conditioned (SC) mice, isolated conditioned (IC) mice exhibited an increase in seizure susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole. Acute administration of lithium (10mg/kg) reversed the proconvulsant effect of SIS in IC mice, but this effect was not observed in SC mice. Coadministration of subthreshold doses of lithium (3mg/kg) with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors reversed the effect of SIS on seizure susceptibility and decreased hippocampal nitrite levels in IC animals. In addition, a subthreshold dose of a nitric oxide precursor reduced the protective effect of lithium on seizure susceptibility and increased nitrite levels in the hippocampus of IC mice. These results suggest that lithium exerts a protective influence against the proconvulsant effect of adolescent SIS via a nitrergic system that includes activation of neuronal NOS in the hippocampus.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Cloreto de Lítio/uso terapêutico , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Convulsões/prevenção & controle , Isolamento Social/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Animais , Convulsivantes , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/enzimologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Cloreto de Lítio/antagonistas & inibidores , Masculino , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/uso terapêutico , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Pentilenotetrazol , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Natação/psicologiaRESUMO
Opioid and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate different effects of fluoxetine. We investigated whether opioid and NMDA receptors are involved in the protective effect of fluoxetine against the behavioral despair induced by acute physical stress in male mice. We used the forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open-field test (OFT) for behavioral evaluation. We used fluoxetine, naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist), MK-801 (NMDA receptor antagonist), morphine (opioid receptor agonist), and NMDA (NMDA receptor agonist). Acute foot-shock stress (FSS) significantly induced behavioral despair (depressive-like) and anxiety-like behaviors in tests. Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) reversed the depressant-like effect of FSS, but it did not alter the locomotion and anxiety-like behavior in animals. Acute administration of subeffective doses of naltrexone (0.3 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.01 mg/kg) potentiated the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine, while subeffective doses of morphine (1 mg/kg) and NMDA (75 mg/kg) abolished this effect of fluoxetine. Also, co-administration of subeffective doses of naltrexone (0.05 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.003 mg/kg) with fluoxetine (1 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in the immobility time in FST and TST. Our results showed that opioid and NMDA receptors (alone or in combination) are involved in the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine against physical stress.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/uso terapêutico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/fisiologia , Receptores Opioides/fisiologia , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Depressão/etiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Maleato de Dizocilpina/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/psicologiaRESUMO
Developing a noninvasive imaging method to detect immune system activation with a high temporal resolution is key to improving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management. In this study, granzyme B (GZMB), typically released from cytotoxic T and natural killer cells, was targeted using PET with 68Ga-NOTA-GZP (where GZP is ß-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Glu-Phe-Asp-CHO) to detect early intestinal inflammation in murine models of colitis. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis was used to assess the potential of GZMB as a biomarker for detecting IBD and predicting response to treatment. Human active and quiescent Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis tissues were stained for GZMB. We used IL-10-/- mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as an IBD model, wild-type C57BL/6J mice as a control, and anti-tumor necrosis factor as therapy. We used a murine GZMB-binding peptide conjugated to a NOTA chelator (NOTA-GZP) labeled with 68Ga as the PET tracer. PET imaging was conducted at 1, 3, and 4 wk after colitis induction to evaluate temporal changes. Results: Bioinformatic analysis showed that GZMB gene expression is significantly upregulated in human ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease compared with the noninflamed bowel by 2.98-fold and 1.92-fold, respectively; its expression is lower by 2.16-fold in treatment responders than in nonresponders. Immunofluorescence staining of human tissues demonstrated a significantly higher GZMB in patients with active than with quiescent IBD (P = 0.032).68Ga-NOTA-GZP PET imaging showed significantly increased bowel uptake in IL-10-/- mice with DSS-induced colitis compared with vehicle-treated IL-10-/- mice (SUVmean, 0.75 vs. 0.24; P < 0.001) and both vehicle- and DSS-treated wild-type mice (SUVmean, 0.26 and 0.37; P < 0.001). In the IL-10-/- DSS-induced colitis model, the bowel PET probe uptake decreased in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (SUVmean, 0.32; P < 0.001). There was a 4-fold increase in colonic uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-GZP in the colitis model compared with the control 1 wk after colitis induction. The uptake gradually decreased to approximately 2-fold by 4 wk after IBD induction; however, the inflamed bowel uptake remained significantly higher than control at all time points (week 4 SUVmean, 0.23 vs. 0.08; P = 0.001). Conclusion: GZMB is a promising biomarker to detect active IBD and predict response to treatment. This study provides compelling evidence to translate GZMB PET for imaging IBD activity in clinical settings.
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Granzimas , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Animais , Camundongos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Granzimas/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Urologic malignancies constitute a large portion of annually diagnosed cancers. Timely diagnosis, accurate staging, and assessment of tumor heterogeneity are essential to devising the best treatment strategy for individual patients. The high sensitivity of molecular imaging allows for early and sensitive detection of lesions that were not readily detectable using conventional imaging techniques. Moreover, molecular imaging enables the interrogation of molecular processes used in targeted cancer therapies and predicts cancer response to treatment. Here we review the current advancements in molecular imaging of urologic cancers, including prostatic, vesical, renal testicular, and ureteral cancers.
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Neoplasias Urológicas , Humanos , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia , Biomarcadores , Imagem MolecularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory responses, including macrophages/microglia imbalance, are associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) complications. Accumulating evidence also suggests an anti-inflammatory property of azithromycin (AZM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to T9 vertebra laminectomy. SCI was induced by spinal cord compression at this level with an aneurysmal clip for 60 seconds. They were divided into three groups: the sham-operated group and two SCI treatment (normal saline as a vehicle control vs. AZM at 180 mg/kg/d intraperitoneally for 3 days postsurgery; first dose: 30 minutes after surgery) groups. Locomotor scaling and behavioral tests for neuropathic pain were evaluated and compared through a 28-day period. At the end of the study, tissue samples were taken to assess neuroinflammatory changes and neural demyelination using ELISA and histopathologic examinations, respectively. In addition, the proportion of M1/M2 macrophage polarization was assessed by using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Post-SCI AZM treatment (180 mg/kg/d for 3 days) significantly improved locomotion (p < 0.01) and decreased sensitivity to mechanical (p < 0.01) and thermal allodynia (p < 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decline (p < 0.01) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) elevation (p < 0.01) in the spinal cord tissue of the AZM-treated group compared with the control groups 28 days post-SCI. AZM significantly improved neuroinflammation as evidenced by reduction of the M1 expression, elevation of M2 macrophages, and reduction of the M1/M2 ratio in both the dorsal root ganglion and the spinal cord tissue after SCI compared with controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: AZM treatment can be considered a therapeutic agent for SCI, as it could reduce neuroinflammation and SCI sensory/locomotor complications.
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Azitromicina , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Animais , Azitromicina/metabolismo , Azitromicina/farmacologia , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Microglia/metabolismo , Microglia/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Medula Espinal/patologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Decellularized and de-epithelialized placenta membranes have widely been used as scaffolds and grafts in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exceptional pro-angiogenic and biomechanical properties and low immunogenicity have made the amniochorionic membrane a unique substrate which provides an enriched niche for cellular growth. Herein, an optimized combination of enzymatic solutions (based on streptokinase) with mechanical scrapping is used to remove the amniotic epithelium and chorion trophoblastic layer, which resulted in exposing the basement membranes of both sides without their separation and subsequent damages to the in-between spongy layer. Biomechanical and biodegradability properties, endothelial proliferation capacity, and in vivo pro-angiogenic capabilities of the substrate were also evaluated. Histological staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for collagen IV, and scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the underlying amniotic and chorionic basement membranes remained intact while the epithelial and trophoblastic layers were entirely removed without considerable damage to basement membranes. The biomechanical evaluation showed that the scaffold is suturable. Proliferation assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction for endothelial adhesion molecules, and IHC demonstrated that both side basement membranes could support the growth of endothelial cells without altering endothelial characteristics. The dorsal skinfold chamber animal model indicated that both side basement membranes could promote angiogenesis. This bi-sided substrate with two exposed surfaces for cultivating various cells would have potential applications in the skin, cardiac, vascularized composite allografts, and microvascular tissue engineering.
Assuntos
Membrana Basal/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Trofoblastos/metabolismo , Âmnio/química , Animais , Antígenos CD/biossíntese , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Caderinas/biossíntese , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Microcirculação , Neovascularização Patológica , Molécula-1 de Adesão Celular Endotelial a Plaquetas/biossíntese , Gravidez , Ratos , Medicina Regenerativa/métodos , Fatores de Tempo , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Alicerces Teciduais/química , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
It has been well documented that chronic stress can induce atherosclerotic changes, however, the underlying mechanisms is yet to be established. In this regard, this study aimed to elucidate the relation between hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal-axis (HPA-axis), toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as M1/M2 macrophage ratio and pre-atherosclerotic changes in social isolation stress (SIS) in mice. We used small interfering RNA against the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to evaluate the relation between HPA-axis and TLRs. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to SIS and RT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the relations between pre-atherosclerotic changes and TLRs, macrophage polarization, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules in aortic tissue. We used TAK-242 (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a selective antagonist of TLR4, as a possible prophylactic treatment for atherosclerotic changes induced by SIS. We observed that isolated animals had higher serum concentration of corticosterone and higher body weight in comparison to normal animals. In isolated animals, results of in vitro study showed that knocking-down of the GR in bone marrow-derived monocytes significantly decreased the expression of TLR4. In vivo study suggested higher expression of TLR4 on circulating monocytes and higher M1/M2 ratio in aortic samples. Pathological study showed a mild pre-atherosclerotic change in isolated animals. Finally, we observed that treating animals with TAK-242 could significantly inhibit the pre-atherosclerotic changes. SIS can possibly increase the risk of atherosclerosis through inducing abnormal HPA-axis activity and subsequently lead to TLR4 up-regulation, vascular inflammation, high M1/M2 ratio in intima. Thus, TLR4 inhibitors might be a novel treatment to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis induced by chronic stress.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/etiologia , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Aterosclerose/fisiopatologia , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Ativação de Macrófagos , Masculino , Camundongos , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Cultura Primária de Células , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Isolamento Social/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/imunologia , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Accumulating evidence indicates that a considerable number of antibiotics exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in different central and peripheral nervous system diseases including spinal cord injury (SCI). Both clinical and preclinical studies on SCI have found therapeutic effects of antibiotics from different families on SCI. These include macrolides, minocycline, ß-lactams, and dapsone, all of which have been found to improve SCI sequels and complications. These antibiotics may target similar signaling pathways such as reducing inflammatory microglial activity, promoting autophagy, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, and modulating the SCI-related mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review paper, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects of these antibiotics on SCI, which not only could supply vital information for investigators but also guide clinicians to consider administering these antibiotics as part of a multimodal therapeutic approach for management of SCI and its complications.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Humanos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic effects of sumatriptan in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic mechanisms underlying this effect. METHODS: Using an aneurysm mini-clip model of contusive SCI, T9-10 laminectomies were performed for 60 male rats. Animals were divided into six experimental groups (n = 10 per group) as follows: a minocycline administered positive control group, a saline-vehicle negative control group, a sham-operated group, and three experimental groups which received separate doses of sumatriptan (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg). Behavioural assessments were used to evaluate locomotor activity and neuropathic pain for 28 days. At the end of the study, spinal cord tissues were collected from sacrificed animals for histopathological analysis. Levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and two pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-1ß) were assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Sumatriptan significantly (P < 0.001) improved the locomotor activity in SCI group. Sumatriptan was also more effective than the positive control, i.e. minocycline (0.3 mg/kg). Additionally, sumatriptan and minocycline similarly attenuated the mechanical and thermal allodynia in SCI (P < 0.001). TNF-α, IL-1ß and CGRP levels in sumatriptan- and minocycline-treated groups significantly (P < 0.001) decreased compared to controls. Histopathological analysis also revealed a markedly improvement in hemorrhage followed by inflammatory cell invasion, neuronal vacuolation, and cyst formation in both sumatriptan- and minocycline-treated groups compared to control animals. CONCLUSIONS: Sumatriptan improves functional recovery from SCI through its anti-inflammatory effects and reducing pro-inflammatory and pain mediators.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuralgia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Sumatriptana/farmacologia , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/etiologia , Masculino , Neuralgia/etiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/patologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologiaRESUMO
Social isolation stress (SIS) as a chronic model of early-life stress could induce proconvulsant effects in mice. In the current study, we evaluated the role of opioid receptors (OPRs) agonists and antagonists in pro-conversant effects of SIS and the common pathway between delta-opioid receptors (DORs) and nitric oxide (NO) in stress-induced seizure. For reaching to this goal, we used pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model of clonic-seizure to measure seizure threshold and administrated selective and non-selective OPRs agonists and antagonists in both social condition (SC) and isolated condition (IC) animals. In the next step, we administrated sub effective dose of naltrindole (NLT, 0.3 mg/kg) with sub-effective doses of nitric oxide synthesis (NOS) inhibitors including L-NAME (10 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg) and 7-NI (15 mg/kg). Also, we co-administrated sub-effective dose of SNC80 (0.5 mg/kg) with sub-effective dose of l-arg (25 mg/kg) to assess the seizure threshold. In addition, we measured nitrite levels of hippocampus following administration of mentioned drugs in both SC and IC mice. Our findings showed that L-NAME and 7-NI (but not AG) increased anti-convulsant activity of NLT and l-arg increased proconvulsant effects of SNC80 in IC animals. Nitrite assay showed that co-administration of NLT plus sub-effective doses of L-NAME and 7-NI (but not AG) decreased and co-administration of SNC80 with sub-effective dose of l-arg increased nitrite levels of hippocampus in IC mice. This study suggests the role of n-NOS in anti-convulsant effects of NLT and pro-convulsant effects of SNC80 in stress-induced seizure.