A One Welfare approach to identify socioeconomic vulnerability in families during investigations into companion animal abuse in Pinhais, Brazil.

A One Welfare approach allows intervention to resolve problems related to the human-animal-environment interface. However, in Brazil and many other countries, there is poor communication between human and animal welfare services. In this research we considered a One Welfare approach in cases of abuse involving dogs and cats. When investigating pet abuse, professionals from the Animal Welfare Division of Pinhais, Brazil, can enter the home environment. During routine animal abuse investigations, the demographic profile of pet owners and their socioeconomic vulnerability was also recorded. Results from forty-five cases with (n = 30) and without (n = 15) suspicion of socioeconomic vulnerability were sent to the Department of Social Assistance of Pinhais, Brazil for confirmation. Socioeconomic vulnerability was suspected if socioeconomic problems were reported by the pet owners under investigation or their neighbours, as well by assessment of the socioeconomic environment of the families during home visits. Economic disadvantage was the most prevalent socioeconomic vulnerability. Cohen's Kappa coefficients support the ability of animal welfare service professionals to detect socioeconomic vulnerability. Almost half of all families considered to have socioeconomic vulnerability had not previously participated in social programmes. In all cases involving families already being assisted by the Department of Social Assistance, pets were found to be suffering abuse. Families with socioeconomic vulnerability confirmed were included in the social programmes. These results support the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to improve the well-being of families with dogs and cats. This study can help guide the development of an interdisciplinary approach to address animal abuse cases.

Training the Environmental Military Police in the State of São Paulo for science-based assessment of animal mistreatment.

The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of police officers within the Environmental Military Police of the State of São Paulo about animal abuse occurrences and to implement the Protocol for Expert Report in Animal Welfare (PERAW) as guidance for the first approach to complaint cases related to animal mistreatment. 608 officers filled a pre-implementation questionnaire, followed by a training for PERAW use, and filled a post-implementation questionnaire after two months of Protocol use; these last two were accomplished by only 200 officers. Feeding and water inadequacies were quoted as the condition most easily identified as maltreatment. After training, more officers mentioned two and three animal welfare segments of physical, behavioral, and mental aspects. The concept of sentience was known by a significant higher number of officers after training. Officers reported that the main PERAW advantage was that it enabled greater discrimination and more appropriate assessment of occurrences, besides providing a technical basis to the assessments. Overall, PERAW implementation provided some guidance for a first approach to animal mistreatment cases; however, continued training may provide further improvement.

Associated factors of companion animal neglect in the family environment in Pinhais, Brazil.

Dogs and cats are often abused within households. Despite this, little research has been developed to know the factors associated with this crime. The objective of this study was to identify the associated factors of companion animal neglect in the family environment. We followed up the records of animal abuse investigations of the Protection Animal Division of the city of Pinhais, Brazil. Socioeconomic factors about the owners and four types of indicators: nutritional, comfort, health and behavioral were considered. A binomial logistic regression model was fitted with the purpose of predicting the presence of animal neglect based on predictor variables. The number of animals in the household, disadvantageous economic conditions, the presence of disabled people and a low educational level of the owners were identified as associated factors of animal neglect. Understanding the factors related to the occurrence of animal neglect is fundamental for the development of multidisciplinary preventive strategies to reduce the occurrence of this crime.

Protocol for expert report on animal welfare in case of companion animal cruelty suspicion / Protocolo de perícia em bem-estar animal para diagnóstico de maus-tratos contra animais de companhia

Animal welfare expert reports may support court decisions when animal abuse or maltreatment is suspected. The objective of this work is to adapt animal welfare assessment protocols to identify companion animal abuse. The proposed protocol includes four indicator categories: nutritional, comfort, health and behavioral. To reach the overall conclusion regarding the situation evaluated, the final decisions for each group of indicators, classified as inadequate, regular and adequate, must be integrated into a single result, which will be the final welfare degree. This protocol employs a simple integration method, based on thresholds for inclusion in each of the five animal welfare degrees reported as overall conclusion for the assessment: very low, low, regular, high or very high welfare. Low and very low degrees are considered non-acceptable and are reported as abuse or maltreatment. Regular welfare is considered acceptable if corrective measures are assured. High and very high degrees are considered desirable for animal welfare. The protocol allows differentiation of animal welfare status to better decide whether an animal is under abuse, maltreatment or negligence. We hope that the refinement of the recognition of crimes against animals, especially considering cases where no physical lesion is present, coupled with a standardized protocol will improve perception of animal suffering, facilitate the field work of those involved in this type of investigation, and offer a contribution to the improvement of animal welfare in our society through proper action and crime reduction.

As decisões judiciais sobre casos de maus-tratos contra animais podem ser subsidiadas por laudos de peritos em bemestar animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi adaptar protocolos de diagnóstico de bem-estar animal para a identificação de maus-tratos contra animais de companhia. O protocolo é composto por quatro conjuntos de indicadores: nutricionais, de conforto, sanitários e comportamentais, os quais devem ser classificados em inadequados, regulares e adequados. As decisões finais para cada conjunto de indicadores devem ser integradas em um único resultado, o qual será o grau final de bem-estar. O protocolo utiliza uma forma de integração simplificada, baseada em limites para a inclusão em cada um dos cinco graus de bem-estar, descritos como: muito baixo, baixo, regular, alto e muito alto. Graus de bem-estar baixo e muito baixo são considerados inaceitáveis e devem ser descritos como maus-tratos. Grau de bem-estar regular é considerado aceitável se medidas corretivas forem asseguradas. Graus de bem-estar alto e muito alto são considerados desejáveis para o bem-estar animal. O protocolo permite a diferenciação do grau de bem-estar em escala compatível para a decisão em relação à ocorrência de maus-tratos. Esperamos que o refinamento das formas de identificação de crimes contra animais, especialmente nos casos nos quais não existem lesões físicas, juntamente com um protocolo padronizado, possam aprimorar a percepção do sofrimento animal, além de facilitar o trabalho de campo das pessoas envolvidas nestas investigações, oferecendo assim uma contribuição para incrementar o bem-estar animal, por meio de ações adequadas e de redução da criminalidade.

O enriquecimento ambiental sobre o bem-estar de frangos de corte / Environmental enrichment on the welfare of industrial broiler chickens

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o bem-estar de frangos de corte em sistemas industriais. Um total de 400 frangos de corte machos, criados de um a 38 dias de idade, foram alojados em 20 boxes de 2m2 com 20 aves unidade-1 experimental, sendo 10 boxes com ambiente controle (AC) e 10 com ambiente enriquecido (AE) com poleiros, caixa de areia, couve, repolho e objetos suspensos. Aos sete, 21 e 35 dias foram avaliados claudicação, desvio valgo-varo e pododermatite (indicadores sanitários) e colhidas amostras sanguíneas. Na primeira, segunda e sexta semanas, o comportamento das aves foi registrado pelo método de varredura durante 13 horas/dia, a cada 20min. Semanalmente, foram avaliados consumo médio, ganho de peso médio e conversão alimentar (desempenho) das aves. Resultados hematológicos e de desempenho foram comparados pelo teste F, comportamentos e indicadores sanitários pelo teste Chi quadrado e mortalidade pelo teste T. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para indicadores sanitários. Não houve diferença para relação heterófilo:linfócito (AC 0,47±0,02/AE 0,45±0,02), sendo que a contagem de basófilos ficou acima da normalidade em ambos os tratamentos (1338±97 µL-1; 1212±106 µL-1). Houve diminuição no comportamento de acocorar (35,0%/31,8%) e dormir (14,6%/13,1%) e aumento do banho de areia (0,9%/1,5%), bicar objetos (0,2%/0,6%), manutenção corporal (12,7%/14,2%) e forragear (8,2%/12,0%) em AE. Não houve diferença para mortalidade (2,5%/4,0%) e desempenho. Os itens de enriquecimento mostraram benefícios em relação ao comportamento das aves, mas problemas sanitários afetaram negativamente seu bem-estar em ambos os tratamentos.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment on the welfare of industrial broiler chickens. Four hundred male broilers, from one to 38 days, were equally distributed in 20 pens of 2m2, being 10 pens controlled no-enriched boxes (CE) and 10 in environment enriched (EE) with perches, sand tray, cabbage, kale and hanging objects. At 7, 21 and 35 days birds were individually scored for lameness, valgus-varus deviation and foot pad dermatitis (health indicators). Blood was collected form hematological analyses. At week one, two and six, in two boxes/treatment, behavior was assessed during 13 hours per day, using the scanning method, every 20min. Average consumption, weight gain and feed conversion (performance indicators) of broilers were weekly assessed. Hematologic and performance results were compared by F test, behavior and health indicators by Chi square and mortality by T test. There was no difference between enriched and no-enriched boxes for health indicators. There was no difference for the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (CE 0.47±0.02/EE 0.45±0.02), but the basophil count was higher than normal values in both treatments (1338±97 µL-1; 1212±106 µL-1). There was a decrease in squatting (35.0%/31.8%) and sleeping (14.6%/13.1%) behaviors and increases in dust-bathing (0.9%/1.5%), pecking objects (0.2%/0.6%), body maintenance (12.7%/14.2%) and foraging (8.2%/12.0%) for enriched boxes. No significant difference in mortality (2.5%/4.0%) and performance were found. The enriched boxes showed benefits on chicken's behavior, however, health problems affected negatively the welfare of broiler chickens in enriched and no-enriched treatments.