Serum T3 level can predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality rates in CKD patients with proteinuria.

BACKGROUND: Patients with proteinuria frequently show changes in thyroid hormone levels. Serum T3 depression predicts a negative outcome in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and may be associated with cardiovascular complications or chronic inflammation. Few studies have explored the relationship between thyroid hormone dysregulation and clinical outcome in patients with proteinuria. METHODS: We reviewed thyroid function test results obtained from 211 patients with 24 h urinary protein excretion greater than 150 mg/day and found a correlation of thyroid hormone level with cardiovascular events and mortality. RESULTS: T3 decreased with age (p = 0.001) and 24 h urine albumin (p = 0.028). Free T4 decreased in accordance with 24 h urine protein and serum creatinine (p = 0.034 and p = 0.033, respectively). In the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, lower cumulative survival, higher cardiovascular events, and mortality were found in the low T3 group compared with the normal T3 group (p = 0.000, p = 0.013, and p = 0.001, respectively). In Cox regression analysis, we observed that, with low T3, decreased sodium, and old age, the incidence of cardiovascular complications (p = 0.000, p = 0.016, and p = 0.000, respectively), cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.000, p = 0.048, and p = 0.001, respectively), and all-cause mortality (p = 0.000, p = 0.017, and p = 0.000, respectively) increased. CONCLUSION: In CKD patients with proteinuria, low T3 concentration predicted all-cause mortality and cardiovascular event independently of the severity of proteinuria.

Relationship between serum brain natriuretic peptide and heart function in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are known to be elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and normal heart function. Therefore, the present study was performed to examine the effectiveness of BNP level in diagnosing heart failure in patients with CKD and to determine its effects on survival rate and prognosis. METHODS: A total of 182 patients with CKD who visited the hospital due to dyspnea of NYHA class II were included in the study. BNP levels were measured and echocardiography was performed to divide the subjects into groups with and without heart failure. Their BNP levels, clinical courses, and survival rates were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: When BNP level was >/=858.5 pg/mL in CKD patients, heart failure could be diagnosed with sensitivity and specificity of 77% and 72%, respectively. Survival rate of the group with BNP levels of >/=858.8 pg/mL was significantly lower than that of the group with BNP level below this threshold (p=0.012) and multivariate analysis showed that BNP level, age, and sex affected survival rate in the group with BNP level >/=858.8 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: BNP levels of patients with CKD showed a positive correlation with creatinine levels, and the critical point of BNP level for diagnosis of heart failure was 858.5 pg/mL. As the survival rate in patients with BNP level above the critical point was significantly low, this level was a useful indicator for predicting their prognosis. Care should be taken in interpreting BNP level because patients with stage 5 CKD may show a high concentration of BNP without heart failure.

Coagulopathy in patients who experience snakebite.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Coagulopathy is a common complication of snakebite, but there is little information on the clinical importance of coagulopathy. We analyzed the characteristics of coagulopathy after envenomation. METHODS: Ninety-eight patients who experienced snakebite were enrolled in this study. We divided all the patients into three groups by the ISTH DIC scoring system: the normal, simple coagulopathy and DIC groups. The coagulopathy group included both the simple coagulopathy and DIC groups. We then conducted a case-control study. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the Hct, protein, albumin, ALP and cholesterol levels in the coagulopathy group, and only the cholesterol level was deceased in the DIC group (0<0.05). Leukocytosis and rhabdomyolysis were significantly associated with coagulopathy, and hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis were associated with DIC (p<0.05). The presence of rhabdomyolysis was considered a risk factor for coagulopathy (p<0.05). These conditions continued for up to six to seven days after the snakebite. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of coagulopathy with using these characteristics is helpful to properly manage the patients who experience snakebite.