High intensity functional training for people with spinal cord injury & their care partners.

STUDY DESIGN: Non-randomized clinical trial. OBJECTIVES: Examine the feasibility, physical and psychosocial effects of a high intensity functional training (HIFT) exercise program for people with spinal cord injury (pSCI) and their care partners (CPs). SETTING: Community fitness center in a Medically Underserved Area (Fort Smith, USA.) METHODS: A single-group design with three assessment points (before the program, at midpoint (13 weeks), and post-program (25 weeks) was used to examine the effects of up to 49 HIFT sessions over 25-weeks. Sessions were 60 to 75 min in duration and adapted to the abilities of participants. Feasibility measures included recruitment, retention, attendance, safety and fidelity (exercise intensity rated via session-Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Physical measures included cardiovascular endurance, anaerobic power, and muscular strength. Psychosocial measures included perceived social support for exercise, exercise self-efficacy and health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Fourteen pSCI (7 with paraplegia and 7 with tetraplegia, 2 females) and 6 CPs (4 females) were included (median age = 60) (IQR = 15.8). Recruitment rates were 40% for pSCI and 32% for CPs. On average, participants attended 73% (22%) of exercise sessions with a median session-RPE of 5 (IQR = 1). Retention rates were 83% and 67% for pSCI and CPs, respectively. For pSCI and their CPs, large effect sizes were observed for cardiovascular endurance, anaerobic power, muscular strength, and social support for exercise. CONCLUSIONS: For pSCI and their CPs, HIFT appears feasible and potentially leads to improvements in physical and psychosocial health for both groups.

Measuring Gait Parameters from Structural Vibrations.

Measuring gait parameters (e.g. speed, cadence, step duration) accurately is invaluable for evaluation during treatment of older adults who struggle with disability onset, disease progression, balance, and injurious falls. Traditionally stopwatches or timing gates are used to measure gait speed in clinical settings, and these are limited to measuring gait speed. Other wearable and non-wearable technologies offer the ability to measure additional gait parameters though patients are known to walk differently with the devices and even tend to slow down before engaging with a non-wearable such as a floor mat. Floor vibrations are a promising option to measuring gait parameters while not being intrusive and not requiring line-of-sight to the patient for measurements. This paper presents methodology for extracting gait parameters using vibrations with comparisons to APDM Wearable Technologies Mobility Lab sensors and stopwatch measurements. Performance is examined across 97 participants for self-selected speed forward, full speed forward, and backwards walks at three different testing sites for a total of 1039 walks. Gait speed vibrations measurements demonstrated excellent reliability with APDM Mobility Lab (ICC: 0.98; 99% CI: 0.01±0.01 m/s) and stopwatch (ICC: 0.97; 99% CI: -0.01±0.01 m/s) measurements. Similar excellent results are reported for cadence, gait cycle duration, step duration, and stride length parameters.

Predictors of Daily Steps at 1-Year Poststroke: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background and Purpose: Walking has the potential to improve endurance and community participation after stroke. Obtaining ≥6000 daily steps can decrease subsequent stroke risk. Early identification of those prone to low daily steps could facilitate interventions that lead to increased walking and improved health. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine which factors at 2 months poststroke can predict daily step counts at 1 year and (2) determine what step count at 2 months corresponds to obtaining ≥6000 daily steps at 1-year poststroke. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from the Locomotor Experience Applied Post Stroke trial, which enrolled participants with walking speeds <0.80 m/second at 2 months poststroke. Daily steps were assessed at 2 months and 1-year poststroke. Linear regression was used to predict daily step counts at 1 year based on factors including age, sex, race and/or ethnicity, stroke severity, walking speed, endurance, fitness, motor function, balance, and balance confidence. A receiver operating characteristic curve determined which step count corresponded to reaching ≥6000 steps at 1 year. Results: Data from 206 participants, mean age=63 (13) years, 43% female, mean baseline daily step count=2922 (2749) steps, were analyzed. The final model to predict daily steps at 1 year poststroke contained daily steps at 2 months and balance (Berg Balance Scale score); these factors explained 38% of the variability in daily steps at 1 year (P≤0.001). Participants obtaining ≥1632 daily steps at 2 months were 1.86 (95% CI, 1.52­2.27) times more likely to reach ≥6000 daily steps at 1-year poststroke. Conclusions: Daily steps and balance at 2 months poststroke were the strongest predictors of future daily steps. Improving daily physical activity and targeting balance early after stroke may be necessary to increase physical activity at 1-year poststroke.

Factors Contributing to Physical Therapist Attrition: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Physical therapists (PTs) report job satisfaction when delivering autonomous, high-quality care, but they also experience work-related stress, burnout, and emotional exhaustion. Retaining experienced and skilled clinicians is important. However, a subset of PTs are choosing to voluntarily leave clinical practice (i.e., experience attrition). PT attrition may negatively impact patient care, increase organizational costs, and negatively impact the profession. PURPOSE: This study examined the nature of the experiences of PTs voluntarily leaving clinical practice in order to understand factors contributing to PT attrition. METHOD: A pragmatic qualitative approach with individual, semi-structured interviews conducted with PTs who left clinical practice was used. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using deductive thematic analyses. DISCUSSION: Nineteen US-based PTs who left clinical practice were interviewed. Participants were predominately female (n=15), Doctors of Physical Therapy (n=10), with a median of 6 years working in clinical practice as a PT. Analyses revealed five key themes contributing to leaving clinical practice subdivided into Herzberg's Theory: 1) lack of career advancement opportunities; 2) rising productivity requirements reducing the quality of patient care; 3) financial concerns due to imbalance between cost of PT education and compensation; 4) physical demands either contributing to attrition or seen as a benefit of the profession; and 5) emotional burden contributing to attrition or emotional connection seen as professional value. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the factors contributing to PT attrition is important to guide future strategies to address these factors. Further research may identify opportunities to address these concerns in entry-level education, workplace environments, and professional continuing education.

High Intensity Functional Training for People with Parkinson's & Their Care Partners: A Feasibility Study.

PURPOSE: Various forms of exercise have proven health benefits for people with Parkinson's (pwPD) yet high intensity functional training (HIFT) has yet to be studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility, physical and psychosocial impacts of a HIFT program for pwPD and their care partners (CPs). DESIGN: A single group, pre-post design with assessments before, in the middle (13 weeks), and after the 25-week intervention. SETTING: Community fitness facility. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen pwPD (10 at Hoehn Yahr Stage ≤2, 4 females) and 10 CPs (5 females) were included (mean age = 71.5 (6.1)). INTERVENTION: A 25-week HIFT program (≤49 exercise sessions, ≤75 min long). MEASURES: Recruitment, retention, attendance, safety and exercise intensity (measured via session-Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)) was assessed in addition to cardiovascular endurance, lower extremity strength, walking speed, balance, exercise self-efficacy, balance confidence, social support for exercise and health-related quality of life. ANALYSIS: Descriptive data was used to describe feasibility measures. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and post-program data. Effect size, r, was calculated. RESULTS: Recruitment rates were ≥40% for pwPD and CPs and retention rates were 80% for pwPD and 62.5% for CPs. Average session attendance was 71.2% with 15 adverse events reported, including 7 non-injurious falls. Median session-RPE was 5 (IQR = 1) out of 10. PwPD demonstrated significant improvements in cardiovascular endurance, self-selected and fast walking speeds, balance and social support for exercise. CPs demonstrated significant improvements in cardiovascular endurance and lower extremity strength. Exercise self-efficacy, balance confidence and health-related quality of life did not significantly change for pwPD or CPs. CONCLUSION: High intensity functional training appears feasible for pwPD and their CPs and may lead to health benefits. Healthcare providers should consider HIFT as another option to engage pwPD in community-based exercise.

A Scoping Review of the Predictive Qualities of Walking Speed in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Walking speed (WS) is an easily assessable and interpretable functional outcome measure with great utility for the physical therapist providing care to older adults. Since WS was proposed as the sixth vital sign, research into its interpretation and use has flourished. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify the current prognostic value of WS for the older adult. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus to find relevant articles highlighting the predictive capabilities of WS for older adults. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to identify relevant articles. Articles were excluded based on the following criteria: sample included both younger and older adults without separate analyses, sample was focused on a particular disease, if the study was published before 2017, or if the study did not report relevant cut points for interpretation of WS. The search returned 1064 results. Following removal of articles not meeting inclusion criteria and critical appraisal, relevant cut points were extracted from 47 original research publications. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A preliminary review of the included articles showed that WS is a valuable prognostic tool across many health domains, including mental health, mortality, disability, pain, bone and joint health, falls, cognition, physical activity, metabolic health, risk for cardiovascular disease, socialization, and metabolic health. The fastest WS of 1.32 meters per second (m/s) served as a cutoff for decreased risk for incident development of type 2 diabetes, while the slowest WS of less than 0.2 m/s was associated with increased duration of hospitalization. Multiple studies reported on the prognostic value of WS slower than 1.0 m/s. CONCLUSION: Although the reported range of predictive WS values was broad, multiple studies found WS of approximately 1.0 m/s to be a useful marker for delineating risk or decline across a variety of health domains. Clinicians may find it useful to use a WS slower than 1.0 m/s as a "yellow flag" to guide evaluation and intervention for their older adult clients.

Active Participation of Care Partners in a Physical Activity Intervention Alongside People with Stroke: A Feasibility Study.

Purpose: This study investigated the feasibility of a physical activity intervention for people with stroke and their care partners and the role social support plays in physical activity adherence. Method: The study used a single-group, pretest-posttest design with follow-up. Participants were adults with chronic stroke and their care partners. The intervention consisted of 8 weeks of structured, group-based physical activity classes, followed by 19 weeks of self-directed physical activity. Recruitment, adherence, safety, and retention were assessed. Familial social support was assessed before and after the 8-week structured portion and again 19 weeks later. Results: A total of 21 participants (15 people with stroke, 6 care partners), mean age 67.6 (SD 11.6) years, were recruited; 19 (90.5%) completed the 19-week assessment. No adverse events were experienced during the programme. Attendance during the 8-week portion was better than during the 19-week portion (mean difference 0.95; p < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.19 visits/wk). No relationship was found between social support and physical activity adherence (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Involvement of care partners in a physical activity intervention is feasible and safe. Both people with stroke and their care partners may require ongoing support to participate in long-term physical activity. The relationship between social support and physical activity adherence requires further study.

Objectif : explorer la faisabilité d'une intervention d'activité physique pour les personnes ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) et leurs partenaires de soins, de même que le rôle du soutien social dans l'adhésion à l'activité physique. Méthodologie : test avant-après à groupe unique comportant un suivi auprès d'adultes ayant un AVC chronique et de leurs partenaires de soins. L'intervention se composait d'un cours d'activité physique de groupe structuré sur huit semaines, suivi d'activité physique autonome sur 19 semaines. Les chercheurs ont évalué le recrutement, l'adhésion, la sécurité et la rétention, de même que le soutien social familial avant et après la partie structurée de huit semaines, puis de 19 semaines. Résultats : au total, 21 participants (15 personnes ayant un AVC, six partenaires de soins) d'un âge moyen (ÉT) de 67,6 ans (11,6) ont été recrutés, et 19 (90,5 %) ont terminé l'évaluation de 19 semaines. Aucun événement indésirable n'a été ressenti pendant le programme. La participation a été plus élevée pendant le volet de huit semaines que pendant celui de 19 semaines (différence moyenne = 0,95; p < 0,001; IC à 95 % : 0,71, 1,19 visite par semaine). Il n'y avait pas relation entre le soutien social et l'adhésion à l'activité physique (p > 0,05). Conclusion : la participation des partenaires de soins à une intervention d'activité physique est faisable et sécuritaire. Les personnes ayant un AVC et leurs partenaires de soins peuvent avoir besoin d'un soutien continu pour faire de l'activité physique à long terme. La relation entre le soutien social et l'adhésion à l'activité physique devra faire l'objet d'études plus approfondies.

Feasibility of integrating survivors of stroke into cardiac rehabilitation: A mixed methods pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of stroke are often deconditioned and have limited opportunities for exercise post-rehabilitation. Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR), a structured exercise program offered post-cardiac event in the United States (U.S.), may provide an opportunity for continued exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of integrating survivors of stroke into an existing, hospital-based CR program through an assessment of (1) recruitment, uptake and retention, (2) adherence and fidelity, (3) acceptability and (4) safety. METHODS: A mixed methods design combined a single group, pre-post design, pilot feasibility study with an imbedded qualitative inquiry. Survivors of stroke were recruited into a standard 12-week, 36 visit CR program. RESULTS: Fifty-three survivors were referred, 29 started and 24 completed the program. Program uptake rate was 55% and completion rate was 83%. Eleven completers and one non-completer participated in the qualitative interviews. Program completers attended an average of 25.25 (SD 5.82) sessions with an average of 38.93 (SD 5.64) exercise minutes per session while reaching targeted rate of perceived exertion levels. Qualitative themes included perceived benefits of an individualized program in a group setting, positive interactions with qualified staff, opportunities for socialization, and regular monitoring and staff attentiveness promoting feelings of safety. CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of stroke were able to meet Medicare standard dosage (frequency and session duration) and rate of perceived intensity goals, and perceived the program as needed regardless of their mobility limitations or previous exercise experience. Primary challenges included managing referrals and uptake. Results support feasibility and benefit for survivors to integrate into U.S. CR programs.

Integrating Survivors of Stroke Into Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Improves Endurance and Functional Strength.

Background Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a structured exercise program prevalent in the United States for people with cardiovascular disease that has been shown to increase cardiovascular endurance and improve quality of life. Despite similar cardiovascular risk factors, stroke is not among the covered diagnoses for CR. The purpose of this study was to examine the participant impact of integrating survivors of stroke into the exercise portion of an existing hospital-based CR program through measures of physical function and other health impacts and through qualitative evaluation of participant perception. Methods and Results Subacute and chronic survivors of stroke were integrated into a standard 12-week, 3 sessions per week, exercise-based CR program. A total of 29 began the program, 24 completed the program, and 18 were available for 6-month follow-up. Quantitative measures were compared preprogram with postprogram with t-test or equivalent, and preprogram with postprogram to 6-month follow-up with ANOVA or equivalent. Semistructured interviews were completed with 11 participants postprogram. Exercise-based CR had significant impacts on cardiovascular endurance preprogram to postprogram, with maintenance at 6-month follow-up. The participants improved on the 6-minute walk test on average by 61.92 m(95% CI, 33.99-89.84 m), and maximum metabolic equivalents improved by a median of 3.6 (interquartile range, 2.35). Five times sit to stand (functional strength) improved preprogram to postprogram by a median of 2.85 s (interquartile range, 4.03 s). Qualitative findings highlight additional health improvements. Most participants (83% [15/18]) reported continued exercise at follow-up. Conclusions Exercise-based CR has the potential to improve cardiovascular endurance, health status, and quality of life for survivors of stroke. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03706105.

Physical Activity in De Novo Parkinson Disease: Daily Step Recommendation and Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Physical Activity.

OBJECTIVE: People with Parkinson disease (PD) have low physical activity (PA) levels and are at risk for cardiovascular events. The 3 purposes of this study were to determine a step threshold that corresponds to meeting aerobic PA guidelines, determine effects of treadmill exercise on PA, and quantify the relationship between changes in daily steps and fitness. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the Study in Parkinson's Disease of Exercise trial, which randomized participants to high-intensity treadmill exercise, moderate-intensity treadmill exercise, or usual care for 6 months. Daily steps and moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) were assessed at baseline and once each month using an activity monitor. Fitness was assessed via graded exercise test at baseline and at 6 months. A step threshold that corresponds to meeting PA guidelines was determined by receiver operating characteristic curves. The effect of treadmill exercise on PA was examined in those below the step threshold (ie, the least active participants). Pearson r correlations determined the relationship between daily steps and fitness. RESULTS: Individuals with de novo PD (n = 110) were included. Those with ≥4200 steps were 23 times more likely (95% CI = 7.72 to 68) to meet PA guidelines than those with <4200 steps. For those with <4200 steps at baseline (n = 33), only those in the high-intensity exercise group increased daily steps (median of differences = 1250 steps, z = -2.35) and MVPA (median of differences = 12.5 minutes, z = -2.67) at 6 months. For those with <4200 steps, changes in daily steps were not associated with changes in fitness (r = .183). CONCLUSION: In people with PD and <4200 daily steps at baseline, high-intensity treadmill exercise increased daily steps and MVPA, but these changes were not associated with changes in fitness. IMPACT: People with PD should be encouraged to take ≥4200 daily steps to meet PA guidelines through walking.

We Don't Know Our Own Strength: A Survey of Strength Training Attitudes, Behaviors, and Knowledge in Physical Therapists and Physical Therapist Students.

OBJECTIVE: Strength training is frequently utilized by physical therapists; however, there has been discussion about whether physical therapists utilize strength training adequately. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the strength training attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge of physical therapists and physical therapy students and to determine how participant characteristics influenced knowledge scores. METHODS: An anonymous survey was created in 3 rounds. For round 1, researchers used textbooks to create items assessing demographics, attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge regarding strength training. Rounds 2 and 3 consisted of feedback from 7 content experts until 80% consensus was reached; items were added, removed, or edited based on feedback. The final survey was distributed through social media, list servs, and email targeting physical therapists and students based in the United States. Response frequencies for all items were reported. Overall knowledge scores were calculated by summing correct responses for each item, with a maximum score of 13; scores <70% were considered low. Binomial logistic regression determined which characteristics (demographics, attitudes, or behaviors) influenced whether participants adequately utilized strength training principles (scored ≥70% on knowledge items). RESULTS: There were 777 physical therapist and 648 student participants. Nearly 90% of therapists and students reported frequently prescribing strength training. Over 48% of therapists felt their professional education did not prepare them to apply strength training (compared with 24% of students), and 68% believed that strength training is inadequately applied in physical therapy (compared with 40% of students). Sixty-two percent of therapists and 55% of students scored ≥70% for knowledge items. Additional strength training education and regular participation in strength training increased the odds of scoring ≥70% on knowledge items. CONCLUSION: Physical therapists and physical therapy students frequently prescribe strength training despite similarly low knowledge scores. To increase knowledge, greater emphasis on strength training in professional education, continuing education, participation in strength training, or all 3 is warranted. IMPACT: Strength training is an important intervention used in physical therapy and must be used appropriately to improve the health of patients. According to these findings, strength training education may not currently be optimal, as demonstrated by low knowledge scores by both therapists and students. Further work is needed to determine how knowledge of strength training relates to patient outcomes and also how best to implement strength training in physical therapy education and practice.

Stepping After Stroke: Walking Characteristics in People With Chronic Stroke Differ on the Basis of Walking Speed, Walking Endurance, and Daily Steps.

BACKGROUND: What contributes to free-living walking after stroke is poorly understood. Studying the characteristics of walking may provide further details that guide interventions. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to examine how the walking characteristics of bouts per day, median steps per bout, maximum steps per bout, and time spent walking differ in individuals with various walking speeds, walking endurance, and daily steps and to identify cutoffs for differentiating ambulators who were active versus inactive. DESIGN: This study involved a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Locomotor Experience Applied Post-Stroke trial. METHODS: Participants were categorized by walking speed, walking endurance (via the 6-minute walk test), and daily steps (via 2 consecutive days of objective activity monitoring). Differences in walking characteristics were assessed. Linear regression determined which characteristics predicted daily step counts. Receiver operating characteristic curves and areas under the curve were used to determine which variable was most accurate in classifying individuals who were active (≥5500 daily steps). RESULTS: This study included 252 participants with chronic stroke. Regardless of categorization by walking speed, walking endurance, or daily steps, household ambulators had significantly fewer bouts per day, steps per bout, and maximum steps per bout and spent less time walking compared with community ambulators. The areas under the curve for maximum steps per bout and bouts per day were 0.91 (95% confidence interval = 0.88 to 0.95) and 0.83 (95% confidence interval = 0.78 to 0.88), respectively, with cutoffs of 648 steps and 53 bouts being used to differentiate active and inactive ambulation. LIMITATIONS: Activity monitoring occurred for only 2 days. CONCLUSIONS: Walking characteristics differed based on walking speed, walking endurance, and daily steps. Differences in daily steps between household and community ambulators were largely due to shorter and fewer walking bouts. Assessing and targeting walking bouts may prove useful for increasing stepping after stroke.

Are Aerobic Programs Similar in Design to Cardiac Rehabilitation Beneficial for Survivors of Stroke? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Survivors of stroke face movement disability and increased cardiovascular disease and stroke risk. Treatment includes rehabilitation focused on functional movement with less emphasis on aerobic capacity. After rehabilitation, survivors of stroke must self-manage activity with limited appropriate community programs. Lack of structured activity contributes to sedentary behavior. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to review aerobic programs for stroke survivors similar in activity and dosage to cardiac rehabilitation programs to determine their efficacy for improving aerobic and walking capacity. Methods and Results Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to review 5 databases. Group interventions for survivors of stroke with a primary aerobic component and dosage from 18 to 36 visits over 8 to 18 weeks (matching cardiac rehabilitation requirements in the United States) were included. The 6-minute walk test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) peak, and walking speed were included as measures of aerobic capacity. Summary effect sizes and outcome measure mean differences were calculated for preintervention to postintervention, and summary effect sizes were calculated for preintervention to follow-up. Activity type and initial 6-minute walk test moderator analyses were performed. Nineteen studies with 23 eligible groups were selected. Survivors of stroke improved their composite aerobic capacity with an effect size of 0.38 (95% CI, 0.27-0.49). Studies including 6-minute walk test demonstrated a pooled difference in means of 53.3 m (95% CI, 36.8-69.8 m). Follow-up data were inconclusive. Conclusions Survivors of stroke benefit from aerobic programs with similar dosing to cardiac rehabilitation in the United States. The potential integration into existing programs could expand the community exercise options.

The Neurological Exercise Training (NExT) program: A pilot study of a community exercise program for survivors of stroke.

BACKGROUND: Many survivors of stroke face chronic disability and increased risk for recurrent stroke. Regular physical activity can reduce these risk factors and improve cardiovascular fitness. Most survivors of stroke face barriers to exercise, including lack of access to programs; as a result, most are sedentary. OBJECTIVE: Pilot the Neurological Exercise Training (NExT) program or survivors of stroke for attendance, safety, and effectiveness. METHODS: The NExT program was designed to promote self-directed exercise in a safe, accessible environment. Six participants attended as desired during open gym hours over two exercise periods per week totalling 19 weeks. After, participants were encouraged to continue exercise away from the gym for 20 weeks. Practicability of the program was assessed through safety, attendance, exercise intensity, and perception of the program. Pilot effectiveness measures were performed at five time points and effect sizes were generated. RESULTS: Attendance averaged 76% (SD12%) of possible sessions with an average duration of 62 (SD 11.3) minutes. Effectiveness measures had positive effect sizes after 19 weeks of the NExT program, but these benefits were lost after 20-weeks (cohen's d, mobility = 0.67 to -0.22, balance = 0.57 to -1.22, strength = 0.41 to -0.30, endurance = 0.09 to -0.19 and fatigue = 1.02 to -0.57). CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that a community-based gym that is accessible for survivors of stroke will be well attended and perceived as beneficial. Pilot data suggests positive changes in multiple health domains regardless of the type of exercise self-selected by participants. Offering the gym on a continual basis may maintain gains.