Low serum albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and body mass are risk factors for frailty in elderly people with diabetes-a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is broadly characterized by vulnerability and decline in physical, mental and social activities and is more common in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Frailty is closely associated with nutrition, muscle strength, inflammation, and hormones etc. In hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol are suggested to be such candidates affecting frailty. Little investigation has been performed using a wider range of measures of frailty to clarify risk factors for frailty including the above two hormones. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the risk factors for frailty in elderly T2DM patients (n = 148; ≥65 years), using a broad assessment, the clinical frailty scale. We compared parameters between the non-frail and frail groups using the unpaired t and Mann-Whitney U tests. The Jonckheere-Therpstra test was used to identify relationships with the severity of frailty, and risk factors were identified using binary regression analysis. RESULTS: Simple regression analysis identified a number of significant risk factors for frailty, including DHEAS < 70 µg/dL and cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥ 0.2. Multiple regression analysis showed that low albumin (< 4.0 g/dl) (odds ratio [OR] = 5.79, p < 0.001), low aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (< 25 IU/L) (OR = 4.34, p = 0.009), and low body mass (BM) (< 53 kg) (OR = 3.85, p = 0.012) were independent risk factors for frailty. A significant decrease in DHEA-S and a significant increase in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio occurred alongside increases in the severity of frailty. DHEA-S concentration positively correlated with both serum albumin and BM. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoalbuminemia, low AST, and low BM are independent risk factors for frailty in elderly T2DM patients, strongly implying relative malnutrition in these frail patients. DHEA-S may be important for the maintenance of liver function and BM. A decrease in DHEA-S and an increase in the cortisol/DHEAS ratio may be involved in the mechanism of the effect of malnutrition in elderly T2DM patients.

Palbociclib enhances activin-SMAD-induced cytostasis in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK6 inhibitors are effective therapeutic options for hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer. Although CDK4/6 inhibitors mainly target the cyclin D-CDK4/6-retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) axis, little is known about the clinical impact of inhibiting phosphorylation of other CDK4/6 target proteins. Here, we focused on other CDK4/6 targets, SMAD proteins. We showed that a CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib and activin-SMAD2 signaling cooperatively inhibited cell cycle progression of a luminal-type breast cancer cell line T47D. Palbociclib enhanced SMAD2 binding to the genome by inhibiting CDK4/6-mediated linker phosphorylation of the SMAD2 protein. We also showed that cyclin G2 plays essential roles in SMAD2-dependent cytostatic response. Moreover, comparison of the SMAD2 ChIP-seq data of T47D cells with those of Hs578T (triple-negative breast cancer cells) indicated that palbociclib augmented different SMAD2-mediated functions based on cell type, and enhanced SMAD2 binding to the target regions on the genome without affecting its binding pattern. In summary, palbociclib enhances the cytostatic effects of the activin-SMAD2 signaling pathway, whereas it possibly strengthens the tumor-promoting aspect in aggressive breast cancer.

[A case of recurrent lung cancer with bone metastases treated with tegafur-uracil and zoledronic acid for long-term survival].

We present the case of an 84-year-old man with lumbago due to bone metastases from lung cancer that recurred three years after surgery. The patient received carboplatin-paclitaxel combination as first-line chemotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer, and palliative radiotherapy for the treatment of bone metastases. Gemcitabine was administered as second-line chemotherapy. However, disease progression was observed after three years, and he developed pulmonary metastases. The general condition of the patient worsened, and tegafur-uracil chemotherapy was initiated. Zoledronic acid was also administered. The tegafur-uracil treatment resulted in the disappearance of pulmonary metastases, and a stabilization of the bone metastases. Disease progression was observed after 6 years with a recurrence of pulmonary metastases; however, this did not have a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. Although slow progression may be inherent to lung cancers, it is also possible that the tegafur-uracil and zoledronic acid combination might have contributed to the patient's improved performance.

[A case of long-term survival after resection of metastatic lymph nodes along the superior mesenteric vein from early gastric cancer].

A 63-year-old man underwent distal gastrectomy and D1 + beta lymph node dissection for type II c early gastric cancer in the posterior wall of the antrum. In the fifth postoperative month, a mass appeared in the epigastric region, and serum tumor marker levels rose. Abdominal CT revealed a 4-cm mass anterior to the superior mesenteric vein. He was diagnosed with recurrence in the lymph nodes along the superior mesenteric vein (No. 14v). Since there was no evidence of recurrence elsewhere, the patient underwent resection of the lymph nodes and transverse colectomy, followed by five courses of chemotherapy with S-1 + cisplatin. At present, more than 38 months after surgery, he is alive without recurrence. Generally, chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for recurrent gastric cancer; however, surgery appears to be a treatment option if the tumor is localized and resectable.

Exploring Predictive Risk Factors of Infusion Reactions with First Pertuzumab Administration in HER2-positive Breast Cancer Patients: A Single Institution Experience.

Introduction: Pertuzumab and trastuzumab are monoclonal antibodies used for treating HER2-positive breast cancer. These anti-HER2 antibodies may induce infusion reactions (IR), mainly upon first administration. We investigated factors predicting IR in the initial pertuzumab treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 57 patients who first received pertuzumab-containing treatment in our hospital from January 2014 to February 2021. The frequency of IR during or immediately after pertuzumab administration was examined. We also analyzed patient characteristics that may represent possible risk factors for IR. Results: The incidence rate of IR was 44% (25/57). Red blood cell count (P < 0.001), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (P = 0.0011), and hematocrit (P < 0.001) immediately before pertuzumab administration were significantly lower in patients with IR than in those without. In patients with IR, erythrocyte levels immediately before pertuzumab treatment were significantly lower than baseline when having received anthracycline-containing chemotherapy within three months. Logistic regression analysis showed that a decrease in Hb levels was a significant risk factor for IR (log odds ratio = -17). According to the receiver-operating characteristic analysis, a 10% decrease in Hb after anthracycline-containing treatment was the best cut-off value for predicting IR (sensitivity: 88%; specificity: 77%; area under the curve: 0.87). Conclusions: Our study showed a higher incidence of IR after pertuzumab treatment than in clinical trials. There was a strong association between IR occurrence and erythrocyte levels lower than baseline in the group that received anthracycline-containing chemotherapy immediately before.

Dosimetric effect of set-up error in accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy for head and neck cancer.

The dosimetric effect of set-up error in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for head and neck cancer remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the tendency of dose error by treatment location when simulating the set-up error of patients. We also determined the tolerance level of the set-up error in BNCT for head and neck cancer. As a method, the distal direction was shifted with an interval of 2.5 mm, from 0.0 mm to +20.0 mm and compared with the dose at the reference position. Similarly, the horizontal direction and vertical direction were shifted, with an interval of 5.0 mm, from -20.0 mm to +20.0 mm. In addition, cases with 3.0 mm and 5.0 mm simultaneous shifts in all directions were analyzed as the worst-case scenario. The dose metrics of the minimum dose of the tumor and the maximum dose of the mucosa were evaluated. From unidirectional set-up error analysis, in most cases, the set-up errors with dose errors within ±5% were Δdistal < +2.5 mm, Δhorizontal < ±5.0 mm and Δvertical < ±5.0 mm. In the simulation of 3.0 mm shifts in all directions, the errors in the minimum tumor dose and maximum mucosal dose were -3.6% ±1.4% (range, -5.4% to -0.6%) and 2% ±1.4% (range, 0.4% to 4.5%), respectively. From these results, if the set-up error was within ±3.0 mm in each direction, the dose errors of the tumor and mucosa could be suppressed within approximately ±5%, which is suggested as a tolerance level.

MRI Grading Scale Predicts Ambulatory Function After Radiotherapy for Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: A Prospective Single-Institution Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important modality for the diagnosis of metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC), there are only a few reports on MSCC findings and symptoms after radiotherapy. We aimed to reveal the factors related to ambulatory function after treatment, including the MRI findings, in a prospective observational study. METHODS: Patients with suspected MSCC who were treated with radiotherapy were included in this study. Orthopedic surgeons evaluated the neurological function according to the Frankel grade. All patients underwent spinal MRI, and the degree of spinal cord compression was assessed by a radiologist and a radiation oncologist using an MRI grading scale. One month after treatment, orthopedic surgeons reassessed the Frankel grade. Twenty-three patients who were evaluated 1 month after radiotherapy were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Before radiotherapy, 17 patients were ambulatory and six were unable to walk. Furthermore, 13 patients were diagnosed with grade 3 compression on MRI (spinal cord compression with no cerebrospinal fluid seen on axial T2-weighted imaging). Patients with grade 3 MSCC were significantly more likely to be non-ambulatory at 1 month. CONCLUSIONS: The MRI grading scale for MSCC may be a prognostic factor for ambulatory function after radiotherapy. MRI findings could aid in determining the indication for radiotherapy.

Subcutaneous axillary primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: report of a rare case.

BACKGROUND: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare and slow-growing malignant vascular neoplasm composed of epithelioid endothelial cells within a distinctive myxohyaline stroma. It most commonly involves somatic soft tissue, lungs, liver and bone. Herein, we describe a case of EHE arising in the axillary region. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61-year-old man was under observation for multiple hepatic hemangiomas. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed specific uptake in a right axillary tumor. The patient was referred to our department for further investigation of the axillary tumor. An elastic-soft and poorly mobile tumor was palpable in the right axilla. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a right axillary tumor and enlarged hepatic hemangiomas. In addition, multiple nodules in both lungs, a left renal angiomyolipoma, and left adrenal adenoma were revealed. Ultrasonography showed masses in both lobes of the thyroid gland, and a 30-mm lobulated hypoechoic mass in the axilla with well-defined and rough borders, showing internal heterogeneity. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed on the thyroid and axillary tumors: the thyroid tumor was class V, raising suspicion of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC); the left superior internal jugular node was class V, raising suspicion of metastasis of PTC; and the axillary tumor was class III, raising suspicion of a mesenchymal tumor with few epithelioid cells. The multiple lung nodules were diagnosed as metastatic tumors derived from thyroid cancer. We diagnosed these diseases as PTC of T1b(m)N1bM1(lung) Stage IVB and a right axillary tumor of unclear origin. However, it was assumed to be a primary mesenchymal tumor or a lymph node metastasis from lung cancer or occult breast cancer. We performed total thyroidectomy, left cervical lymph node dissection, and right axillary tumor excision. Histopathologic examination revealed the thyroid tumor as a PTC and the axillary tumor as an EHE. The EHE showed nuclear atypia, necrosis and high mitotic figures. Hence, it was considered to be a high-risk EHE. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a rare primary subcutaneous axillary EHE with metastatic thyroid cancer in the lung. Since our case was classified as a high-risk EHE, a close follow-up would be appropriate.

Prediction of the minimum spacer thickness required for definitive radiotherapy with carbon ions and photons for pelvic tumors: an in silico planning study using virtual spacers.

We aimed to predict the minimum distance between a tumor and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that can satisfy the dose constraint by creating simulation plans with carbon-ion (C-ion) radiotherapy (RT) and photon RT for each case assuming insertion of virtual spacers of various thicknesses. We enrolled 55 patients with a pelvic tumor adjacent to the GI tract. Virtual spacers were defined as the overlap volume between the GI tract and the volume expanded 7-17 mm from the gross tumor volume (GTV). Simulation plans (70 Gy in 35 fractions for at least 95% of the planning target volume [PTV]) were created with the lowest possible dose to the GI tract under conditions that meet the dose constraints of the PTV. We defined the minimum thickness of virtual spacers meeting D2 cc of the GI tract <50 Gy as 'MTS'. Multiple regression was used with explanatory variables to develop a model to predict MTS. We discovered that MTSs were at most 9 mm and 13 mm for C-ion RT and photon RT plans, respectively. The volume of overlap between the GI tract and a virtual spacer of 14 mm in thickness (OV14)-PTV was found to be the most important explanatory variable in the MTS prediction equation for both C-ion and photon RT plans. Multiple R2 values for the regression model were 0.571 and 0.347 for C-ion RT and photon RT plans, respectively. In conclusion, regression equations were developed to predict MTS in C-ion RT and photon RT.

In silico comparison of the dosimetric impacts of a greater omentum spacer for abdominal and pelvic tumors in carbon-ion, proton and photon radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare carbon-ion (C-ion), proton and photon radiotherapy (RT) plans with regard to dose reduction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by using a greater omentum spacer (GO spacer). METHODS: We retrospectively retrieved data for ten patients who received the GO spacer as surgical spacer placement for abdominal and pelvic tumors. Simulation plans were created on pre-spacer Computed Tomography (CT) and post-spacer CT for C-ion RT, proton RT and photon RT to compare the dose of the GI tract. The plans were normalized so that at least 95% of the planning target volume (PTV) received 70 Gy (relative biological effectiveness equivalent) delivered in 35 fractions. All plans were created with the lowest possible dose to the GI tract under conditions that meet the dose constraints for the PTV and spinal cord (maximum dose < 45 Gy). The part of the GI tract to be evaluated was defined as that most adjacent to the PTV. C-ion RT plans and proton RT plans were calculated by a spot scanning technique, and photon RT plans were calculated employing by fixed-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy. RESULTS: D2 cc and V10-70 of the GI tract were significantly lower on post-spacer plans than on pre-spacer plans for all three RT modalities. Regarding post-spacer plans, D2 cc of the GI tract was significantly lower on C-ion RT plans and proton RT plans than on photon RT plans (C-ion vs photon p = 0.001, proton vs photon p = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference between C-ion RT plans and proton RT plans for D2 cc of the GI tract (C-ion vs proton p = 0.992). In the photon RT plan for one patient, D2 cc of the GI tract did not meet < 50 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: The GO spacer shows a significant dose reduction effect on the GI tract.

A case of primary breast angiosarcoma with multiple discontinuous small lesions.

BACKGROUND: Angiosarcoma of the breast is rare. It carries a poor prognosis because of its high risk of local recurrence and distant metastases. Presently, there are still no established systemic therapies. Thus, the main treatment strategy for breast angiosarcoma is complete resection. This underscores the importance of closely monitoring the spread of the tumor lesion, particularly for multifocal angiosarcoma, and to plan an optimal operative procedure. We herein present the successful surgical treatment of a rare case of multifocal primary breast angiosarcoma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 43-year-old woman visited our hospital with a growing lump on her right breast accompanied by pain. Clinical and radiological examinations revealed a well-circumscribed 40-mm-diameter tumor at the inner lower quadrant of her right breast. Histological examination of a needle biopsy specimen revealed angiosarcoma. Based on a precise evaluation of the tumor by contrast-enhanced MRI and contrast-enhanced CT scan, a wide local excision with sufficient margins was performed. In the resected specimen, three discontinuous small lesions of angiosarcoma were observed around the main tumor. Therefore, total mastectomy was additionally performed. Pathological examination revealed two other small nodules of angiosarcoma in the remnant right breast, which appeared to be close but not continuous to the defective part of the initial resection. Postoperative follow-up at 1 year showed no signs of recurrence or distant metastasis. Multifocal primary breast angiosarcoma is extremely rare with only two previous reports describing its multifocality. CONCLUSIONS: Owing to its rarity, a standardized surgical treatment for breast angiosarcoma remains controversial. Our case suggests that primary breast angiosarcoma may occasionally present with multifocal tumor. Thus, it is important to keep in mind the multifocality of breast angiosarcoma when assessing its spread by diagnostic imaging and when planning the surgical strategy.

A High Serum Cortisol/DHEA-S Ratio Is a Risk Factor for Sarcopenia in Elderly Diabetic Patients.

CONTEXT: Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a high prevalence of frailty and/or sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is thought to be related to discordant secretions of the adrenal hormones cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), as well as the sulfate ester of DHEA (DHEA-S). The current study sought to evaluate the risk factors for sarcopenia in elderly patients with T2DM. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: We enrolled 108 consecutive elderly patients aged ≥65 years with T2DM (mean age, 76.2 ± 7.3 years; 43.5% males). Sarcopenia was assessed and diagnosed based on the Asian version of the diagnostic criteria regarding muscular strength, physical function, and muscle mass. We assessed various physical parameters, blood tests, and atherosclerosis markers and statistically determined the risk factors for sarcopenia. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for sarcopenia were a serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥0.2, diastolic blood pressure <70 mm Hg, Hb concentration <13 g/dL, and an ankle brachial index <1.0. The strongest risk factor for sarcopenia was a serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥0.2. An increase in the serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio reflected higher cortisol values and lower DHEA-S values in patients with sarcopenia compared with those in nonsarcopenic patients. The concentrations of cortisol and DHEA-S, as well as the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio, changed in accordance with the severity of sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: A relative increase in cortisol may reflect the presence of stress and stimulate muscle catabolism, whereas a relative decrease in DHEA-S may cause a decrease in the anabolic action of DHEA on muscle; the combination of these factors may lead to sarcopenia.

Low glycated hemoglobin level is associated with severity of frailty in Japanese elderly diabetes patients.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Previously, a study using a narrowly defined (physical base) frailty scale reported that both good and bad (U-shaped curve) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were frailty risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, no such studies in Japan have shown this. We aimed to evaluate the frailty risk factors including HbA1c in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a broadly defined (both physical and psychosocial base) frailty scale, the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We randomly enrolled 132 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (aged ≥65 years) and categorized the patients into nine stages of frailty using CFS. Because no patient had CFS 9, patients with a CFS score of 1-4 and 5-8 were defined as non-frail and frail, respectively. We attempted to identify the risk factors of frailty by investigating the association between CFS stage and various patient factors. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that an increase in age, low levels of albumin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, total cholesterol, and bodyweight were statistically significant and strong independent risk factors for frailty, suggesting that reverse metabolism owing to malnutrition in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients might be involved. CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c level was not a U-shaped risk for frailty, suggesting that relatively good glycemic control might be more important for frailty than poor control in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

ZEB1-regulated inflammatory phenotype in breast cancer cells.

Zinc finger E-box binding protein 1 (ZEB1) and ZEB2 induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and enhance cancer progression. However, the global view of transcriptional regulation by ZEB1 and ZEB2 is yet to be elucidated. Here, we identified a ZEB1-regulated inflammatory phenotype in breast cancer cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing, followed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of ZEB1-bound genes. Knockdown of ZEB1 and/or ZEB2 resulted in the downregulation of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines related to poor prognosis in patients with cancer, including IL6 and IL8, therefore suggesting that ZEB1 and ZEB2 have similar functions in terms of the regulation of production of inflammatory cytokines. Antibody array and ELISA experiments confirmed that ZEB1 controlled the production of the IL-6 and IL-8 proteins. The secretory proteins regulated by ZEB1 enhanced breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. ZEB1 expression in breast cancer cells also affected the growth of fibroblasts in cell culture, and the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumors in vivo. These findings provide insight into the role of ZEB1 in the progression of cancer, mediated by inflammatory cytokines, along with the initiation of EMT.

One shot of carbon-ion radiotherapy cured a 6-cm chemo-resistant metastatic liver tumor: a case of breast cancer.

The standard treatment for metastatic liver tumor from breast cancer is systemic medical treatment, and there is controversy regarding the value of local treatment. However, there are some exceptional cases that do benefit from local therapy. We describe the case of a 54-year-old woman with systemic therapy-resistant liver metastasis from breast cancer successfully treated with a single shot of 36-GyE carbon-ion radiotherapy and surviving more than 8 years without local recurrence. This case represents a good example of the usefulness and safety of carbon-ion radiotherapy, and who might benefit from local therapy.

Modified simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy for unresectable locally advanced breast cancer: preliminary results of a prospective clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of modified simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) radiotherapy for patients with extensive breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with macroscopic tumor and histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the breast were enrolled in the study. Patients were included whether they had or did not have previous surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or molecular targeted therapy; patients with past history of thoracic radiotherapy were excluded. Under conditions of not exceeding the tolerance dose for normal tissue, irradiation to the tumor was increased to the maximum possible extent using the modified SIB technique. RESULTS: Three breast cancer patients were treated with the modified SIB technique. All patients were diagnosed as T4b (median maximum diameter of the tumor: 16 cm; range, 15.5-22 cm), and all patients exhibited symptoms because of the extremely large tumor. The median total dose to the part of tumor tissue was 128.8 Gy (range, 110-140 Gy). Total dose to normal tissue was < 72 Gy in all patients. Although large tumors were radio-resistant, it was macroscopically confirmed that all tumors eventually disappeared. Although skin defects persisted because of tumor disappearance, there were no Grade ≥ 3 toxicities due to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Although much care is required in delivering extremely high doses of radiotherapy to the tumor, modified SIB radiotherapy was shown to be effective against extremely large tumors that could not be controlled using conventional radiotherapy. In future, an increase in the number of study patients and establishment of the technique will be required.

Modified simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy for large retroperitoneal malignant tumor: A case report.

The current study reports the case of a large retroperitoneal tumor treated with modified simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) radiotherapy. A 45-year-old female presented to the emergency department complaining of left abdominal pain and fever. A computed tomography scan detected a retroperitoneal tumor of 12×16×16 cm, and a biopsy revealed a poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with a large adenocarcinoma originating from the left ureter, with no distant metastasis. Due to the patient's poor physical condition, surgery was not recommended, and the patient was referred to the Department of Radiation Oncology (Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan). Modified SIB radiotherapy was administered following the acquisition of written consent from the patient. The total irradiation dose to the center of the tumor and to the surrounding healthy tissue was ∼96 Gy/33 fractions and <60 Gy/33 fractions, respectively. At the end of the radiotherapeutic course, the tumor volume was reduced by ≥80%, and the residual tumor was surgically resected. As a result of the resection, a complete pathological response was confirmed; the patient has been recurrence-free for >3 years with no complications. Modified SIB radiotherapy may be safely administered, with favorable outcomes. Complete recovery can be achieved with this technique, even in a patient with a large radioresistant tumor.

Relationship between serum reactive oxidative metabolite level and skin reaction in an irradiated rat model.

PURPOSE: Ionizing radiation generates free radicals and reactive oxygen species that induce DNA damage in vivo. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) levels and skin reaction after irradiation in a rat model. METHODS AND MATERIALS: I. Female Wistar rats were classified into 0 Gy (control), 2 Gy, and 30 Gy groups; serum ROM levels were measured in the very acute phase. II. Other female Wistar rats were classified into 0 Gy (control), 30 Gy, 50 Gy, and 70 Gy groups; serum ROM levels were measured before and 3, 7, 16, 24, 31, and 38 days after irradiation. Skin reaction was evaluated according to the SRS (0-5) twice every week. RESULTS: Serum ROM levels in the subacute phase were significantly higher in the 50 and 70 Gy groups than in the 0 and 30 Gy groups [p = 0.029, repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. As expected, SRSs increased in the order of the 0 Gy, 30 Gy, 50 Gy, and 70 Gy groups and differed significantly among these groups (p < 0.001, repeated-measure ANOVA). Peak serum ROM levels were observed 16 days after irradiation in all irradiated groups and corresponded with the appearance of visible skin reaction after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Serum ROM levels may be useful for evaluating radiation damage in mammals. Further investigations are required to investigate changes in intracellular metabolism after irradiation at gene and protein levels.

Modified simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy for an unresectable huge refractory pelvic tumor diagnosed as a rectal adenocarcinoma.

A clinical trial of radiotherapy with modified simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique against huge tumors was conducted. A 58-year-old male patient who had a huge pelvic tumor diagnosed as a rectal adenocarcinoma due to familial adenomatous polyposis was enrolled in this trial. The total dose of 77 Gy (equivalent dose in 2 Gy/fraction) and 64.5 Gy was delivered to the center of the tumor and the surrounding area respectively, and approximately 20% dose escalation was achieved with the modified SIB technique. The tumor with an initial maximum size of 15 cm disappeared 120 d after the start of the radiotherapy. Performance status of the patient improved from 4 to 0. Radiotherapy with modified SIB may be effective for patients with a huge tumor in terms of tumor shrinkage/disappearance, improvement of QOL, and prolongation of survival.