RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for treatment failure. However, their identification and roles in resistance are not well established in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS: Three HNSCC cell lines (FaDu, Detroit562 and BICR6) were treated with cisplatin or radiation. Cell surface antigens were analysed by LyoPlate, a novel cell surface antigen array. The expression levels of antigens highly expressed after treatments were further compared between cisplatin-resistant Detroit562 cells and its parental line. Association of the candidate antigen with CSCs properties, namely sphere formation and in vivo tumourigenicity, was also examined. RESULTS: CD10, CD15s, CD146 and CD282 were upregulated across the treated cell lines, while the increased expression of CD10 was prominent in the cisplatin-resistant cell line. Isolation mediated by FACS revealed that the CD10-positive subpopulation was more refractory to cisplatin, fluorouracil and radiation than the CD10-negative subpopulation. It also showed an increased ability to form spheres in vitro and tumours in vivo. Moreover, the CD10-positive subpopulation expressed the CSC marker OCT3/4 at a higher level than that in the CD10-negative subpopulation. CONCLUSIONS: CD10 is associated with therapeutic resistance and CSC-like properties of HNSCC. CD10 may serve as a target molecule in the treatment of refractory HNSCC.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Neprilisina/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G1 do Ciclo Celular , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos da radiação , Fator 3 de Transcrição de Octâmero/genética , Fator 3 de Transcrição de Octâmero/metabolismo , Tolerância a Radiação , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Regulação para Cima , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We demonstrated previously that GATA-3 overexpression markedly enhanced allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway remodelling, including subepithelial fibrosis, and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, in transgenic mice. OBJECTIVE: Because cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) have been shown to be involved in such structural changes, the effects of a specific cysLT1 receptor antagonist, montelukast, were evaluated in a mouse model of chronic asthma. METHODS: GATA-3-overexpressing mice and wild-type Balb/c mice were sensitized and repeatedly challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) or saline. The effects of montelukast on the development of airway remodelling were compared between the two mouse genotypes. RESULTS: CysLTs in the lung were increased after repeated allergen challenges, and significantly enhanced in GATA-3-overexpressing mice. The enhanced cysLT levels were accompanied by the development of eosinophilia, smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 gene expression with a small increase in pro-collagen gene expression in OVA-challenged GATA-3-overexpressing mice, but not in wild-type mice. Montelukast significantly decreased lung cysLT levels and inhibited the GATA-3-overexpression-related airway remodelling, potently preventing smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, but partially suppressed the increased pro-collagen gene expression and eosinophilic inflammation. Increases in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in bronchial lavage and TGF-ß gene expression in the lungs were induced by OVA in both mouse genotypes. Montelukast treatment also significantly reduced these levels to the levels seen after saline challenges in GATA-3-overexpressing mice. CONCLUSION: Montelukast efficaciously prevented airway inflammation and remodelling in a GATA-3-overexpression antigen challenge mouse model by decreasing the cysLT-driven Th2 cytokine cycle of amplification of airway pathologies.
Assuntos
Remodelação das Vias Aéreas/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Transcrição GATA3/genética , Receptores de Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacologia , Animais , Ciclopropanos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Transgênicos , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Sulfetos , Células Th2/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th2/imunologiaRESUMO
Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a microtubule depolymerase that is essential for proper kinetochore-microtubule attachment during spindle formation. Overexpression of MCAK has been correlated with aggressive forms of carcinoma, resulting in poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. The purpose of this study was to quantify MCAK expression in malignant and benign colorectal tissues and to determine if MCAK expression levels correlate with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Paired colorectal tissue samples from tumours and the corresponding normal tissues were obtained from 120 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgical resection. The real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to analyse mRNA and protein expression status with respect to various clinicopathological factors. MCAK expression was higher in colorectal cancer tissue (P<0.01) than in corresponding normal tissue, and this elevated expression level was markedly associated with factors such as lymph node metastasis (P=0.0023), venous invasion (P=0.019), peritoneal dissemination (P=0.021) and Dukes' classification (P=0.0023). Patients with high MCAK mRNA expression also showed a far poorer survival rate than those with low MCAK mRNA expression (P<0.01). Elevated MCAK expression was an independent predictor of overall survival and lymph node metastasis. These data suggest that MCAK expression may serve as a good marker of prognosis and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Cinesinas/genética , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Colorretais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Cinesinas/análise , Metástase Linfática , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide has cardioprotective effects through several mechanisms. However, nitric oxide may have deleterious effects in the presence of superoxide because it is converted to peroxynitrite, which then initiates lipid peroxidation. Using a canine model of orthotopic heart transplantation, we examined whether adding an organic nitric oxide donor, nitroglycerin, to preservation solution elicits lipid peroxidation after reperfusion and causes deleterious effects on coronary endothelial function and left ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS: The donor heart was preserved for 24 hours in cold University of Wisconsin solution with nitroglycerin (0.1 mg/mL) supplementation (group NTG, n = 8) or in standard University of Wisconsin solution (group C, n = 8). After reperfusion, changes of coronary resistance were measured during the infusion of acetylcholine (0.1 mg/min) and of sodium nitroprusside (1 mg/min), and percent coronary relaxation was calculated. Left ventricular function was evaluated by pressure-volume relations with the use of a conductance catheter, thereby deriving the slopes of end-systolic pressure-volume relation, stroke work-end-diastolic volume relation, and maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure-end-diastolic volume relation. Serum lipid peroxide level was measured. Percent coronary relaxation was similar for the 2 groups. The slopes of end-systolic pressure-volume relation, stroke work-end-diastolic volume relation, and maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure-end-diastolic volume relation in group NTG were significantly higher than those in group C. On the other side, serum lipid peroxide level in group NTG was significantly higher than that in group C. CONCLUSIONS: Nitroglycerin may have detrimental effects evidenced by the increase in lipid peroxidation, which implied peroxynitrite formation. However, the overall effect of nitroglycerin was cardioprotective. Although the exact mechanism is yet to be clarified, the superb cardioprotective effect of nitroglycerin overwhelms the exaggeration of lipid peroxidation.
Assuntos
Transplante de Coração/fisiologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Nitroglicerina/farmacologia , Vasodilatadores/farmacologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Água Corporal/metabolismo , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Vasos Coronários/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasos Coronários/metabolismo , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Cães , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Isoenzimas , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Contração Miocárdica/efeitos dos fármacos , Preservação de Órgãos , Consumo de Oxigênio , Distribuição Aleatória , Volume Sistólico/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Vascular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A system for simultaneously recording mandibular position in the sagittal plane together with masticatory muscle activity was designed and tested in rabbits. Two small magnetic sensors were implanted in the maxillary bone and a powerful magnet made of a rare earth metal attached to the mandibular central incisors. The magnetic sensors detected the mandibular movements in the sagittal plane by movement of the magnet. Masseter EMG was recorded by fine wire electrodes and amplified by a specially designed amplifier. The necessary preamplifiers were assembled as an integrated circuit (IC) chip in a small housing. The signals from the preamplifier were then passed through a signal processing unit and taped on an instrumentation tape. The system was applied to the freely moving rabbit supplied with food and water during the night. It worked without any trouble for more than 24 h. Since the implanted magnetic sensors were stable for more than 4 months, long-term recording could be done by merely reimplanting the magnet, the cables and the EMG electrodes, which was simple.
Assuntos
Eletromiografia/instrumentação , Mandíbula/fisiologia , Mastigação , Músculos da Mastigação/fisiologia , Animais , Eletromiografia/métodos , CoelhosRESUMO
Reflex changes in masticatory muscles were investigated in naturally behaving rabbits while chewing soft food (bread) and hard food (raw rice). To study peripheral control mechanisms of mastication, reflex changes in masticatory muscles were correlated with the jaw movement trajectories. When the hard food was tested, the closing muscle was activated isometrically and the antagonist activity was evident during closure. Under such conditions, the so-called masseteric inhibitory periods (MIPs) and digastric short bursts (DSBs) were found in the closing phase, which was not the case with soft food. The reflex changes in the masticatory muscles were similar to those in an unloading reflex or in a reflex after tooth tap. Precise comparison of the EMG and the movement orbit showed that DSB with MIP was preceded by a trough in the closing velocity which bottomed at 8 +/- 1 ms (mean +/- S.D.: n = 9) before the DSB onset. These results suggest that the DSB with MIP may be a reflex change generated by periodontal mechanoreceptor stimulation after the upper and lower teeth come together with hard food, which have a role in regulatory mechanisms of mastication when the teeth are suddenly loaded by hard food.
Assuntos
Alimentos , Mastigação/fisiologia , Músculos da Mastigação/fisiologia , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Reflexo/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Eletromiografia , Masculino , Mecanorreceptores/fisiologia , Coelhos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
To understand the modulation of periodontal mechanoreceptor activity on mastication, the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) evoked by electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) was studied during chewing in freely behaving rabbits. Spontaneous chewing movements were intact from the IAN stimulation below two times the threshold (T) which was measured at rest. As the stimulus intensity was increased to more than 2.5 T, the amplitude of the masseter activity decreased or it was abolished; however, the chewing rhythm was still maintained up to 3.0 T. When the low-threshold primary afferents were tested while the rabbit chewed pellets rhythmically, the amplitude in the JOR was inhibited below the prior control level. The inhibitory effect on the JOR was larger in the opening phase than that in the closing phase. In conclusion, the JOR was tonically depressed during the masticatory cycle and the inhibition of the JOR was rhythmically modulated in a phase-linked manner that was larger in the opening phase than in the closing phase.
Assuntos
Arcada Osseodentária/fisiologia , Mastigação/fisiologia , Mecanorreceptores/fisiologia , Reflexo/fisiologia , Animais , Estimulação Elétrica , Masculino , CoelhosRESUMO
Jaw movements and masticatory muscle activity were recorded in freely moving rabbits during limb-licking, chewing, and drinking. The limb-licking movement was characterized by rhythmical jaw movement and digastric burst and relatively small masseter activity. The mean cycle time was 292 ms +/- 11.0 (mean +/- SE: n = 7) and was longer than that in chewing (267 ms +/- 20.8, p < 0.01) or drinking (208 ms +/- 15.2, p < 0.01). Jaw movements in the frontal plane of the ingestive behaviors coincided with those reported in previous studies; however, that of the licking movements was featured here. The basic cycle included; a) an opening stroke in which the mandible moved downward and laterally, b) a lateral excursion stroke in which the mandible moved medially and either upward or downward, and c) a closing stroke in which the mandible moved upward to the closing position. During opening, the digastric activity on the working side was determined to be larger than that on the other side (p < 0.001).
Assuntos
Asseio Animal/fisiologia , Arcada Osseodentária/inervação , Músculo Masseter/inervação , Neurônios Motores/fisiologia , Músculos do Pescoço/inervação , Animais , Ingestão de Líquidos/fisiologia , Eletromiografia/instrumentação , Masculino , Mastigação/fisiologia , Coelhos , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador/instrumentação , Comportamento Estereotipado/fisiologiaRESUMO
Masseter and digastric muscle activities and jaw movement trajectories were recorded in freely moving rabbits during eating. The patterns in these trajectories and activities were similar to those described in previous studies on restrained animals. Although the duration of masticatory sequences, which started with food intake followed by grinding movements and ended by swallowing, varied, the total number of chewing cycles in a chain of masticatory sequences was consistent (1043 +/- 51, mean +/- SD; n = 5, for chow pellets) among the animals tested. When animals ate hard foods, extra bursts in the digastric electromyograms occurred frequently in the jaw-closing phase. The digastric activities were rather short (6.1 +/- 1.0 ms; n = 100) and the amplitude of these digastric short bursts (DSBs) was much larger (1.69 +/- 0.81 mV; n = 100) than in the opening phase (0.56 +/- 0.33 mV; n = 100), which actually depressed the jaw. When a soft food (bread) was tested, this activity was not observed. The proportion of occurrences of the DSB in a chewing cycle was high at the slow-closing phase, indicating that the DSBs were due to tooth contacts during food crushing. Of 1035 chewing cycles examined in the five animals, 124 were associated with a DSB and 415 cycles with a masseter inhibitory period (MIP). The proportion of the occurrences of the MIP was significantly larger than that of the DSBs. Of 124 DSBs, 85 (68.5 per cent) coincided with an MIP. Four were not associated with clear MIPs, although there was masseter activity at the time of the DSBs. The other 35 DSBs were out of phase with the masseter bursts, although still in a closing phase. The durations of the MIPs accompanied by a DSB were significantly longer than those not so associated. The DSB may be a reflex response mediated by periodontal mechanoreceptors when the upper and lower teeth come together while chewing hard food. The reflex arc for the DSB may be independent of that for the MIP, and the threshold for the DSB may be higher.
Assuntos
Eletromiografia , Mandíbula/fisiologia , Músculo Masseter/fisiologia , Mastigação/fisiologia , Músculos do Pescoço/fisiologia , Animais , Deglutição/fisiologia , Ingestão de Líquidos/fisiologia , Período de Latência Psicossexual , Masculino , Movimento , Coelhos , Reflexo/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We report two new radiographic projections for evaluating avulsion fractures at the lateral malleolus. We used seven freshly amputated legs with simulated avulsion fractures and radiopaque markers to assess their value. The projections allow accurate assessment of the displacement of fragments without superimposition, and also show whether they affect the anterior talofibular or the calcaneofibular ligament or both.
Assuntos
Fíbula/lesões , Fraturas Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Amputação Cirúrgica , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcâneo/diagnóstico por imagem , Calcâneo/lesões , Criança , Meios de Contraste , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Fíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Luxações Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ligamentos Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ligamentos Articulares/lesões , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radiografia , Rotação , Tálus/diagnóstico por imagem , Tálus/lesões , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
We present herein two patients who suffered life-threatening ischemic heart attacks following the preoperative discontinuation of aspirin. Since their cardiac conditions were stable in the long-term while under medication, the cessation of aspirin was highly suspected to have caused or at least to have contributed to their ischemic events. We thus discuss the appropriate timing for discontinuation of aspirin before surgery in patients with ischemic heart disease.
Assuntos
Aspirina/administração & dosagem , Ponte de Artéria Coronária , Infarto do Miocárdio/etiologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/prevenção & controle , Cuidados Pré-OperatóriosRESUMO
AIMS: LAMB3 and COL7A1 genes code for the laminin-5beta3 chain and type VII collagen, respectively. They constitute the major components of the basement membrane zone. The aim of the current study was to clarify the clinical significance of LAMB3 and COL7A1 mRNA expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESC). METHODS: We quantitated the expression of LAMB3 mRNA and COL7A1 mRNA in malignant esophageal tissues (T) and corresponding normal tissues (N) by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. The clinicopathologic significance of LAMB3 and COL7A1 expression was also determined. Paired T and N tissues were obtained from 66 patients who underwent curative esophagectomy. RESULTS: The expression levels of LAMB3 and COL7A1 mRNAs were higher in malignant tissues than in the corresponding normal tissues. The level of LAMB3 expression was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion and venous invasion (p=0.007 and 0.001, respectively). COL7A1 expression was significantly correlated with depth of tumor invasion and lymphatic invasion (p=0.046, 0.013, respectively). The five-year survival rate was better in the 22 patients with relatively low expression of both LAMB3 and COL7A1 in comparison with the other 44 cases (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of LAMB3 and COL7A1 mRNA expression is useful for predicting the malignant properties of ESC and may prove valuable in predicting the future course of the disease.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/genética , Colágeno Tipo VIII/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Western Blotting , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/metabolismo , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Colágeno Tipo VIII/metabolismo , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Modelos Lineares , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica/genética , Prognóstico , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , CalininaRESUMO
Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a microtubule (MT) depolymerase necessary for ensuring proper kinetochore MT attachment during spindle formation. To determine MCAK expression status and its clinicopathological significance, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used in 65 cases of gastric cancer. MCAK gene expression in cancer tissue was significantly higher than expression in non-malignant tissue (P<0.05). Elevated MCAK expression was significantly associated with lymphatic invasion (P=0.01) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.04). Furthermore, patients with high MCAK expression had a significantly poorer survival rate than those with low MCAK expression (P=0.008). Immunohistochemical study revealed that expression of MCAK was primarily observed in cancer cells. Additionally, a gastric cancer cell line (AZ521) that stably expressed MCAK was established and used to investigate the biological effects of the MCAK gene. In vitro results showed that cells transfected with MCAK had a high rate of proliferation (P<0.001) and increased migratory ability (P<0.001) compared to mock-transfected cells. This study demonstrated that elevated expression of MCAK may be associated with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. These characteristics may be due in part to the increased proliferative and migratory ability of cells expressing MCAK.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Cinesinas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica , Prognóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Análise de Sobrevida , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Glomerular mesangial expansion is a characteristic feature of diabetic nephropathy, and the accumulation of AGE in the mesangial lesion has been implicated as one of its potential causes. However, the route for the AGE accumulation in mesangial lesions in diabetic patients is poorly established. METHODS: Glycolaldehyde-modified BSA (GA-BSA) and methylglyoxal-modified BSA (MG-BSA) were prepared as model AGE proteins, and their in vivo plasma clearance was examined in mice, and renal uptake by in vitro studies with isolated renal mesangial cells. RESULTS: Both (111)In-GA-BSA and (111)In-MG-BSA were rapidly cleared from the circulation mainly by both the liver and kidney. Immunohistochemical studies with an anti-GA-BSA antibody demonstrated that intravenously injected GA-BSA accumulated in mesangial cells, suggesting that such cells play an important role in the renal clearance of circulating AGE proteins. Binding experiments at 4 degrees C using mesangial cells isolated from mice showed that (125)I-GA-BSA and (125)I-MG-BSA exhibited specific and saturable binding. Upon incubation at 37 degrees C, (125)I-GA-BSA and (125)I-MG-BSA underwent endocytic degradation by these cells. The binding of the ligands to these cells was inhibited by several ligands for scavenger receptors. The endocytic degradation of GA-BSA by mesangial cells from class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) knock-out mice was reduced by 80% when compared with that of wild-type cells. The glomerular accumulation of GA-BSA after its intravenous administration was attenuated in SR-A knock-out mice, as evidenced by immunohistochemical observations. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These results raise the possibility that circulating AGE-modified proteins are subjected to renal clearance by mesangial cells, mainly via SR-A. This pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of AGE-induced diabetic nephropathy.
Assuntos
Acetaldeído/análogos & derivados , Acetaldeído/farmacocinética , Mesângio Glomerular/fisiologia , Proteínas/metabolismo , Aldeído Pirúvico/farmacocinética , Receptores Imunológicos/fisiologia , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Fator VIII/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Queratinas/metabolismo , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Camundongos , Receptores Depuradores , Receptores Depuradores Classe A , Soroalbumina Bovina/metabolismo , Vimentina/metabolismoRESUMO
Electrical stimuli were applied to subjects' upper and/or lower gingivae around the right canines; (i) during maintained relaxation of masticatory muscles; (ii) at an active opening position; (iii) while clenching in an incisal edge-to-edge contact (IEC) position; and (iv) at the wide-open position. Reflex responses of the suprahyoid and jaw-closing muscles were obtained using surface electrodes. The electrical stimulation produced segmented reflex excitation(s) in the suprahyoid muscle and conventional reflex excitation and/or inhibition in the jaw-closing muscles when some background activity was maintained in the muscle(s). The excitatory reflex in the suprahyoid muscle responded to multiple site electrical stimulation which was delivered on both the upper and lower jaw simultaneously rather than to single site stimulation. Also, the responses depended on the intensity of the electrical stimulation. In particular, stronger intensities resulted in longer latencies. The results support the suggestions in our previous studies with mechanical stimuli, i.e. that the human jaw-opening reflex can be obtained only when some background activity is maintained in the jaw openers, perhaps due to low threshold afferent input, and that spatial summation may be effective for the reflex.
Assuntos
Músculo Masseter/fisiologia , Músculos da Mastigação/fisiologia , Músculos/fisiologia , Músculos do Pescoço/fisiologia , Adulto , Oclusão Dentária Central , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Eletromiografia , Humanos , Masculino , Contração Muscular , Tempo de Reação , ReflexoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the possibility of using sevoflurane for inhalation sedation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five volunteers were divided randomly into two groups: sevoflurane group (n = 20) and nitrous oxide (N2O) group (n = 15). At the beginning of the sedation they all inhaled 100% O2, then a 0.1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane or 10% N2O with oxygen, a 0.2 MAC of sevoflurane or 20% N2O with oxygen, and 0.3 MAC of sevoflurane or 30% N2O with oxygen for 10 minutes each. RESULTS: The respiratory and cardiovascular functions were stable during inhalation of the gas mixtures. There were five negative comments about breathing N2O, but none about breathing sevoflurane. CONCLUSION: All subjects in the sevoflurane group stated they would be willing to submit to the same inhalation procedure again.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária , Anestesia por Inalação , Anestésicos Inalatórios/administração & dosagem , Éteres/administração & dosagem , Éteres Metílicos , Óxido Nitroso/administração & dosagem , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletrocardiografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Oxigênio/administração & dosagem , Satisfação do Paciente , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacos , Sevoflurano , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
To evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in an infant with adrenal hypoplasia congenita, we measured the serum levels of testosterone and performed a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation test. The diagnosis was made because of the presence of a mutation, A300V, in the DAX-1 gene. The results demonstrated an active hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, with adult-level testosterone of 266 ng/dl on day 0, and maintenance of testosterone concentration in the 100 to 250 ng/dl range for 140 days as expected. The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone lest was compatible with an active pituitary gland with a luteinizing hormone peak of 13.1 IU/L and a follicle-stimulating hormone of 5.0 IU/L We conclude that the DAX-1 mutation does allow a normal reproductive axis at birth. We speculate that sometime between infancy and puberty this mutation in the DAX-1 gene leads to an inability to activate the reproductive axis from its childhood suppression; thus puberty will not develop in this infant.