RESUMO
Little is known about the effect of language preference, socioeconomic status, and health care access on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. We examined these factors in Hispanic parents of daughters aged 11 to 17 years in California (n = 1090). Spanish-speaking parents were less likely to have their daughters vaccinated than were English speakers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31, 0.98). Adding income and access to multivariate analyses made language nonsignificant (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.35, 1.29). This confirms that health care use is associated with language via income and access. Low-income Hispanics, who lack access, need information about free HPV vaccination programs.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Idioma , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/administração & dosagem , Classe Social , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , California/epidemiologia , Criança , Barreiras de Comunicação , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino/etnologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/economia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/etnologia , Pais , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/economia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/etnologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to provide updated measurements of PBDEs in US food, to estimate possible difference in levels from differing geographical regions, and to provide an improved estimate of current dietary intake. METHODS: Thirty matched food samples for a total of 90 samples were collected from each of three cities (Los Angeles, California; Dallas, Texas; and Albany, New York) and were analyzed for 13 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (BDE 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 203, and 209). Dietary intake of PBDEs was estimated by food type, age, and sex. RESULTS: In this pilot study, we did not note a statistically significant difference in total PBDE levels in food collected from the three locations. The median total PBDE levels (estimating non-detected values as half of the detection limit) in meat, dairy, eggs, and fish were 267 pg/g wet weight (ww) (range 102-3156 pg/g ww), 176 pg/g ww (range 41-954 pg/g ww), 637 pg/g ww (range 193-932 pg/g ww), and 243 pg/g ww (range 36-2161 pg/g ww). PBDE intake from food was estimated to range from 2.7 ng/kg/day for children 2 through 5 years of age to 0.8 ng/kg/day for women aged 60 years and older. This compares closely with our previous study where the intake estimate was 2.7 ng/kg/day for children 2 through 5 years of age and 0.9 ng/kg/day for women aged 60 years and older. CONCLUSION: We did not find a decrease of PBDEs in food since our previous studies which we expected to find due to the declining use of PBDEs in the USA. These findings could be consistent with food contamination from depot sources of PBDEs. A larger, more representative sampling of the US food supply is indicated based on our findings.
Assuntos
Análise de Alimentos , Alimentos/efeitos adversos , Bifenil Polibromatos/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Animais , California , Bovinos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Laticínios/análise , Dieta , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Peixes , Humanos , Masculino , Carne/análise , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New York , Aves Domésticas , Suínos , Texas , Estados Unidos , Verduras/química , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used for lining metal cans and in polycarbonate plastics, such as baby bottles. In rodents, BPA is associated with early sexual maturation, altered behavior, and effects on prostate and mammary glands. In humans, BPA is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and male sexual dysfunction in exposed workers. Food is a major exposure source. We know of no studies reporting BPA in U.S. fresh food, canned food, and food in plastic packaging in peer reviewed journals. We measured BPA levels in 105 fresh and canned foods, foods sold in plastic packaging, and in cat and dog foods in cans and plastic packaging. We detected BPA in 63 of 105 samples, including fresh turkey, canned green beans, and canned infant formula. Ninety-three of these samples were triplicates which had similar detected levels. Detected levels ranged from 0.23 to 65.0 ng/g ww and were not associated with type of food or packaging but did vary with pH. BPA levels were higher for foods of pH 5 compared to more acidic and alkaline foods. Detected levels were comparable to those found by others. Further research is indicated to determine BPA levels in U.S. food in larger, representative sampling.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Estrogênios não Esteroides/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fenóis/análise , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Análise de Alimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Embalagem de Alimentos , Conservação de Alimentos , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Estados UnidosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Child and adolescent overweight is a serious health issue. Both snacking and television watching have been associated with childhood overweight, but the relationships have not been well examined in a multiethnic population. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between weekday television viewing, snack consumption, consumption of foods advertised on television, and overweight status of a multiethnic sample of fourth- and eighth-grade schoolchildren in Texas. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of data from the School Physical Activity and Nutrition monitoring system, a validated survey with objective measures of height and weight. The sample of 11,594 children in the fourth and eighth grades was weighted to provide data representative of children in Texas public schools. Children were categorized on the basis of self-reported daily television viewing, snack consumption, and consumption of foods advertised on television. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze, by grade level, the differences in the prevalence of overweight by category. RESULTS: Television viewing, frequency of snack consumption, and consumption of foods advertised on television were all positively related to one another. In general, both consuming more snacks and foods advertised on television were associated with reduced odds of overweight regardless of the amount of television watched. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the relationships between weekday snacking behaviors and television viewing in a multiethnic population are complicated. When these behaviors are clustered, overweight status may be related more to the number of snacks consumed than to the amount of television watched. To determine the exact relationship, additional research, especially among Hispanic children, is warranted.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar , Atividades de Lazer , Sobrepeso/etnologia , Televisão , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Texas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Little is known about the reliability of self-reported child physical abuse (CPA) or CPA reporting practices. We estimated reliability and prevalence of self-reported CPA and identified factors predictive of inconsistent CPA reporting among 2,256 participants using surveys administered in 1995 and 2000. Reliability of CPA was fair to moderate (kappa = 0.41). Using a positive report from either survey, the prevalence of moderate (61.8%) and severe (12.0%) CPA was higher than at either survey alone. Compared to consistent reporters of having experienced CPA, inconsistent reporters were less likely to be > or = 30 years old (vs. 18-29) or Black (vs. White) and more likely to have < 12 years of education (vs. 12), have no alcohol-related problems (vs. having problems), or report one type (vs. > or = 2) of CPA. These findings may assist researchers conducting and interpreting studies of CPA.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Proteção da Criança/estatística & dados numéricos , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Autorrevelação , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Proteção da Criança/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Although several multi-item scales assess readiness to change alcohol consumption, some researchers have proposed that a small number of single-item rulers may assess readiness nearly as well. PARTICIPANTS: In fall 2006 and spring 2007, the authors assessed 279 participants who reported at least 1 heavy drinking episode in the 2 weeks prior to the survey. METHODS: The authors compared answers from the Readiness to Change Questionnaire with rulers measuring importance and confidence regarding change. RESULTS: Importance correlated strongly with readiness to change, whereas confidence correlated negatively and less strongly with readiness. The validity of the importance ruler as a proxy for readiness was supported by its correlations with several measures of patterns of alcohol use, as well as its precursors and consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Given the strong correlation between the importance ruler and the Readiness to Change score, this method may have practical utility as a brief assessment tool. Adding confidence as a second dimension slightly improved the ability to predict readiness.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Assunção de Riscos , Estudantes , Universidades , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Psicológicos , Psicometria , Risco , Estatística como Assunto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants have recently been found to contaminate humans in the United States and other countries. U.S. human breast milk and blood levels of PBDEs are presently the highest in the world. U.S. cord blood samples tested positive for PBDEs, but until now there have been no peer-reviewed published data concerning levels of PBDEs in human tissue prior to and immediately after birth. Liver tissues were obtained from 4 stillborn fetuses and 7 liveborn infants, ranging from 20.5 to 39 wk gestational age; only 2 of the liveborn infants lived longer than 4 h and none were formula-fed or nursed, so tissue levels reflect intrauterine PBDE intake only. All samples were contaminated with PBDEs. Levels varied from 4 to 98 ppb, lipid. The mean level was 23.1 and the median 15.2 ppb, lipid. PBDE levels did not increase with gestational age. These data document the transfer of PBDEs from maternal to fetal tissue. PBDE concentrations are somewhat lower than those reported in adult blood or breast milk. The health consequences of prenatal contamination are not clear at present.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Fígado/química , Éteres Fenílicos/análise , Éteres Fenílicos/farmacocinética , Bifenil Polibromatos/análise , Bifenil Polibromatos/farmacocinética , Feminino , Feto/química , Éteres Difenil Halogenados , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Troca Materno-Fetal , Gravidez , Natimorto , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Previous studies have suggested that college students who use protective strategies while drinking are at a lower risk for drinking-related consequences. This study evaluated the correlates of protective behavior utilization in a group of 281 heavy-drinking college students. Students who reported heavier drinking were less likely to use protective behaviors, even after adjusting for covariates. Male gender and perceived history of parental alcohol abuse also predicted lower protective behavior score. The most frequently endorsed strategies among females were "Knowing where your drink has been at all times" and "Going home with a friend," whereas the most frequently endorsed strategies among males were "Knowing where your drink has been at all times" and "Using a designated driver." For females, the factor structure of the protective behaviors measure was consistent with previous studies; however, for males, the results suggest a four-factor solution. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications on future research and prevention programming.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Tomada de Decisões , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Estudantes/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Assunção de Riscos , Inquéritos e Questionários , UniversidadesRESUMO
This article examines the cross-sectional association between acculturation, acculturation stress, drinking, and intimate partner violence (IPV) among Hispanic couples in the U.S. The data being analyzed come from a multicluster random household sample of couples interviewed as part of the second wave of a 5-year national longitudinal study. The overall survey response rate for the second wave is 72%. Participants are Hispanic couples 18 years of age or older (N = 387). Results show that, among men, lower acculturation is positively associated with higher acculturation stress, which is directly related to a greater likelihood of involvement in IPV. These associations are also present among women. However, data for women show an additional path linking higher levels of acculturation directly to IPV. Drinking is not associated with IPV, independent of gender. Acculturation, directly or through acculturation stress, increases the likelihood of IPV.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Adulto , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Cônjuges , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Our objectives in this study were to expand a previously reported U.S. market basket survey using a larger sample size and to estimate levels of PBDE intake from food for the U.S. general population by sex and age. METHODS: We measured concentrations of 13 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in food in 62 food samples. In addition, we estimated levels of PBDE intake from food for the U.S. general population by age (birth through > or = 60 years of age) and sex. RESULTS: In food samples, concentrations of total PBDEs varied from 7.9 pg/g (parts per trillion) in milk to 3,726 pg/g in canned sardines. Fish were highest in PBDEs (mean, 1,120 pg/g; median, 616 pg/g; range, 11.14-3,726 pg/g). This was followed by meat (mean, 383 pg/g; median, 190 pg/g; range, 39-1,426 pg/g) and dairy products (mean, 116 pg/g; median, 32.2 pg/g; range, 7.9-683 pg/g). However, using estimates for food consumption (excluding nursing infants), meat accounted for the highest U.S. dietary PBDE intake, followed by dairy and fish, with almost equal contributions. Adult females had lower dietary intake of PBDEs than did adult males, based on body weight. We estimated PBDE intake from food to be 307 ng/kg/day for nursing infants and from 2 ng/kg/day at 2-5 years of age for both males and females to 0.9 ng/kg/day in adult females. CONCLUSION: Dietary exposure alone does not appear to account for the very high body burdens measured. The indoor environment (dust, air) may play an important role in PBDE body burdens in addition to food.
Assuntos
Análise de Alimentos , Produtos da Carne/análise , Bifenil Polibromatos/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coleta de Dados , Éteres/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study seeks to identify changes in perceived barriers to alcohol treatment and predictors of treatment use between 1991-92 and 2001-02, to potentially help understand reported reductions in treatment use at this time. Social, economic, and health trends during these 10 years provide a context for the study. METHODS: Subjects were Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. The data were from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). We conducted two analyses that compared the surveys on: (1) perceived treatment barriers for subjects who thought they should get help for their drinking, and (2) variables predicting past-year treatment use in an alcohol use disorder subsample using a multi-group multivariate regression model. RESULTS: In the first analysis, those barriers that reflected negative beliefs and fears about seeking treatment as well as perceptions about the lack of need for treatment were more prevalent in 2001-02. The second analysis showed that survey year moderated the relationship between public insurance coverage and treatment use. This relationship was not statistically significant in 1991-92 but was significant and positive in 2001-02, although the effect of this change on treatment use was small. CONCLUSIONS: Use of alcohol treatment in the U.S. may be affected by a number of factors, such as trends in public knowledge about treatment, social pressures to reduce drinking, and changes in the public financing of treatment.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/terapia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/tendências , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/epidemiologia , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Prevalência , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Brominated flame retardants have come into common use in the United States during the past 3 decades. This study reports levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in blood from the U.S. population at the present time and 30 years previously and also current human milk levels. This is also the first study to report measured congeners and dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) of dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from archived, 1973, blood and compare them with current levels. The findings indicate there have been significant changes in levels of each class of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in U.S. human blood. Although dioxin, dibenzofuran, and PCB levels are markedly higher in the 1973 blood, the opposite is true for PBDEs. Furthermore, unlike dioxins, dibenzofurans, and PCBs, which increase with age, there was no significant correlation found in our study between PBDE levels and age. Current total PBDE levels in U.S. blood are the highest reported worldwide to date, with 2 pooled samples (N = 100 each) measuring 61.7 and 79.7 parts per billion (ppb) lipid, and in a series of 39 individual analyses, the range was 4.6 to 365.5 ppb with a median of 29 ppb and a mean of 52.6 ppb. The median for women in this study was 43.3 ppb, and for men it was 25.1 ppb. Although women have a higher level of PBDEs in blood than men, in our study, this is not statistically significant. Blood levels are similar to levels in U.S. human milk from 59 women, 6.2 to 418.8 ppb lipid. Levels of PBDE in pooled 2003 serum are far higher at 61.7 ppb than in 1973 archived pooled serum in which almost no PBDEs were quantified, although the estimated level using half the detection limit for nondetects was 0.77 ppb. Although no human health studies have been conducted on PBDEs, they are of concern because in vivo and in vitro animal studies show nervous system, reproductive, developmental, and endocrine effects, as well as cancer in high-dose studies.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Retardadores de Chama/análise , Leite Humano/química , Bifenil Polibromatos/sangue , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Benzofuranos/sangue , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Dioxinas/sangue , Éteres , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Bifenil Polibromatos/análise , Bifenil Polibromatos/história , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Fatores Sexuais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine discrepancies in alcohol consumption estimates between a self-reported standard quantity-frequency measure and an adjusted version based on respondents' typically used container size. METHOD: Using a multistage cluster sample design, 5,224 Hispanic individuals 18 years of age and older were selected from the household population in five metropolitan areas of the United States: Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Houston, and Los Angeles. The survey-weighted response rate was 76%. Personal interviews lasting an average of 1 hour were conducted in respondents' homes in either English or Spanish. RESULTS: The overall effect of container adjustment was to increase estimates of ethanol consumption by 68% for women (range across Hispanic groups: 17%-99%) and 30% for men (range: 14%-42%). With the exception of female Cuban American, Mexican American, and South/Central American beer drinkers and male Cuban American wine drinkers, all percentage differences between unadjusted and container-adjusted estimates were positive. Second, container adjustments produced the largest change for volume of distilled spirits, followed by wine and beer. Container size adjustments generally produced larger percentage increases in consumption estimates for the higher volume drinkers, especially the upper tertile of female drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported alcohol consumption based on standard drinks underreports consumption when compared with reports based on the amount of alcohol poured into commonly used containers.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Hispânico ou Latino/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , América Central/etnologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico/etnologia , América do Sul/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
The authors examined the relationship of alcohol outlet density (AOD) and neighborhood poverty with binge drinking and alcohol-related problems among drinkers in married and cohabitating relationships and assessed whether these associations differed across sex. A U.S. national population couples survey was linked to U.S. Census data on AOD and neighborhood poverty. The 1,784 current drinkers in the survey reported on their binge drinking, alcohol-related problems, and other covariates. AOD was defined as the number of alcohol outlets per 10,000 persons and was obtained at the zip code level. Neighborhood poverty was defined as having a low (<20%) or high (≥20%) proportion of residents living in poverty at the census tract level. We used logistic regression for survey data to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals and tested for differences of associations by sex. Associations of neighborhood poverty with binge drinking were stronger for male than for female drinkers. The association of neighborhood poverty with alcohol-related problems was also stronger for men than for women. We observed no relationships between AOD and binge drinking or alcohol-related problems in this couples survey. Efforts to reduce binge drinking or alcohol-related problems among partners in committed relationships may have the greatest impact if targeted to male drinkers living in high-poverty neighborhoods. Binge drinking and alcohol-related problems, as well as residence in an impoverished neighborhood are risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) and other relationship conflicts.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Relações Interpessoais , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Bebidas Alcoólicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: For > 50 years, polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) have been used worldwide, mainly as surfactants and emulsifiers, and human exposure to some PFCs is widespread. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to report PFC serum concentrations from a convenience sample of Dallas, Texas, children from birth to < 13 years of age, and to examine age and sex differences in PFC concentrations. METHODS: We analyzed 300 serum samples collected in 2009 for eight PFCs by online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were detected in > 92% of participants; the other PFCs measured were detected less frequently. Overall median concentrations of PFOS (4.1 ng/mL) were higher than those for PFOA (2.85 ng/mL), PFNA (1.2 ng/mL), and PFHxS (1.2 ng/mL). For PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, we found no significant differences (p < 0.05) by sex, significantly increasing concentrations for all four chemicals by age, and significantly positive correlations between all four compounds. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant differences in the serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS by sex, but increasing concentrations with age. Our results suggest that these 300 Texas children from birth through 12 years of age continued to be exposed to several PFCs in late 2009, years after changes in production of some PFCs in the United States.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Fluorocarbonos/sangue , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas de Diluição do Indicador , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Extração em Fase Sólida , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , TexasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used in polystyrene foams in thermal insulation and electrical equipment. The HBCD commercial mixture consists mainly of α, ß, and γ stereoisomers. Health concerns of HBCD exposure include alterations in immune and reproductive systems, neurotoxic effects, and endocrine disruption. Stereoisomer-specific levels of HBCD have not been measured previously in U.S. food. OBJECTIVES: We measured HBCD stereoisomer levels in U.S. foods from Dallas, Texas, supermarkets. METHODS: Convenience samples of commonly consumed foods were purchased from supermarkets in Dallas in 2009-2010. Food samples included a wide variety of lipid-rich foods: fish, peanut butter, poultry, pork, and beef. Thirty-six individual food samples were collected in 2010 and analyzed for α-, ß-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten pooled food samples previously collected in 2009 for a study of total HBCD levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were reanalyzed for α-, ß-, and γ-HBCD stereoisomers using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Of the 36 measured individual foods, 15 (42%) had detectable levels of HBCD. Median (ranges) of α- and γ-HBCD concentrations were 0.003 (< 0.005-1.307) and 0.005 (< 0.010-0.143) ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively; ß-HBCD was present in three samples with a median (range) of 0.003 (< 0.005-0.019) ng/g ww. Median levels (range) for α-, ß-, and γ-HBCD, in pooled samples were 0.077 (0.010-0.310), 0.008 (< 0.002-0.070), and 0.024 (0.012-0.170) ng/g ww, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: α-HBCD was detected most frequently and at highest concentrations, followed by γ-, and then ß-HBCD, in food samples from Dallas, Texas. Food may be a substantial contributor to the elevated α-HBCD levels observed in humans. These data suggest that larger and more representative sampling should be conducted.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Retardadores de Chama/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Bromados/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Monitoramento Ambiental , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Estereoisomerismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , TexasRESUMO
This article examines the association between neighborhood characteristics at the census tract-level, couples' perceived neighborhood social cohesion and informal social control, and male-to-female (MFPV) and female-to-male (FMPV) partner violence in the United States. Data come from a second wave of interviews (2000) with a national sample of couples 18 years of age and older who were first interviewed in 1995. The path analysis shows that poverty is associated with perceived social cohesion and perceived social control as hypothesized. However, there is no significant mediation effect for social control or social cohesion on any type of violence. In the path analysis, Black ethnicity is associated with social cohesion, which is associated with MFPV. Intimate partner violence (IPV), as a form of domestic violence, may not be as concentrated in high-poverty neighborhoods as criminal violence. IPV may be more determined by personal and dyadic characteristics than criminal violence.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Áreas de Pobreza , Características de Residência , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/etnologia , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Controle Social Formal , Meio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Branca/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Phthalates are compounds that are used in a wide range of consumer products. However, the contribution of dietary intake to phthalate exposure has not been well defined. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of different food types to phthalate exposure. Phthalates are chemicals of concern because of the high levels measured in people and the environment, as well as the demonstrated toxicity in animal studies and limited epidemiological studies. Previous research, although limited, has suggested that phthalates contaminate food in various countries. METHODS: We conducted an exploratory analysis of data collected as part of the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Associations between dietary intake (assessed by a 24-hr dietary recall) for a range of food types (meat, poultry, fish, fruit, vegetable, and dairy) and phthalate metabolites measured in urine were analyzed using multiple linear regression modeling. RESULTS: We found that metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and high-molecular-weight phthalate metabolites were associated with the consumption of poultry. Monoethyl phthalate, the metabolite of diethyl phthalate (DEP), was associated with vegetable consumption, specifically tomato and potato consumption. DISCUSSION: These results, combined with results from previous studies, suggest that diet is an important route of intake for phthalates. Further research is needed to determine the sources of food contamination with these toxic chemicals and to describe the levels of contamination of U.S. food in a large, representative U.S. sample.
Assuntos
Dieta , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Ácidos Ftálicos/urina , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US professional airline workers. METHODS: We recruited 30 healthy US professional airline workers who lived in the Dallas, Texas, area to test their blood PBDE levels. We examined the relationship between hours worked in an airplane and total PBDE blood levels. RESULTS: Total PBDE blood levels from the 30 volunteers were unremarkable despite minor elevations of certain congeners in a few volunteers. No statistically significant correlations were noted between hours in airplanes in the past 1 or 5 years and levels of individual brominated diphenyl ethers congeners or total PBDEs. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesized that elevated PBDE levels in commercial aviation workers could be found associated with time spent in airliners. Our findings do not support such an association.
Assuntos
Aviação , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/sangue , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , TexasRESUMO
AIMS: Previous research has suggested that alcohol screening and assessment may affect drinking. DESIGN: This study was a randomized test of reactivity to alcohol assessment questionnaires among a group of heavy drinking college students. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 147 university students completed a screening questionnaire and were randomized to either immediate assessment or delayed assessment. The immediate assessment group completed a set of drinking questionnaires at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months, while the delayed assessment group completed questionnaires only at 12 months. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes included overall volume of drinking, risky drinking and use of risk reduction behaviors. FINDINGS: We found a significant effect of assessment on measures of risky drinking and risk reduction behaviors, but not on overall volume of drinking. Specifically, at 12 months, participants who had previously completed drinking assessments had a lower peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) (d = -0.373), were more likely to report a low score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; odds ratio = 2.55) and tended to use more strategies to moderate their alcohol consumption (d = 0.352). Risk reduction behaviors that were affected tended to be those that limited alcohol consumption, rather than those that minimized consequences. CONCLUSIONS: These results may have implications for the development of brief interventions.