Effects of Teriparatide on Bone Mineral Density and Prevention of Fragility Fractures in Saudi Arabian Subjects with Osteoporosis: A Two-Year Clinical Study from a Single Center.

Design: A prospective study was conducted. Setting. This study took place at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Primary and Secondary Outcomes. The study aimed to evaluate changes in BMD and prevention of fragility fractures. Materials and Methods: We followed up 439 patients who were prescribed teriparatide at the King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, and 415 (94.5%) patients completed a 24-month teriparatide course. The data gathered before starting medication were age, sex, previous therapy, history of fractures, and other diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiac disease. At the time of the final assessment after 24 months, a history of fractures if any during the treatment was collected and a DXA scan was done. Results: A total of 415 patients were followed up for 2 years. Three hundred and sixty-five patients (87.9%) were females, and the rest were males. The average age was 68.21 ± 17.6 years. Two hundred and forty-eight patients (59.8%) were treatment naïve, and 167 (40.2%) were on treatment for osteoporosis. Twenty patients (4.8%) sustained fracture on treatment. The pretreatment DXA showed that the mean hip T-score was -3.1 ± 0.79, and after completion of the treatment, it was -1.5 ± 0.62 (P < 0.001), while the T-score of the lumbar spine was 4.4 ± 0.86 versus -3.2 ± 0.87 (P < 0.001). Seventeen (4.09%) had fractures while on teriparatide treatment. The mean significant gain (MSG) for BMD for the hip was 0.095 g/cm2, and for the lumbar spine, it was was 0.109 g/cm2 with P < 0.001 at 95% CI. Conclusions: Our study shows that 94.5% completed the treatment duration, and there was an increase in the BMD. The decrease in T-scores of the lumbar spine and hip was significant so was the reduction in the number of fractures.

An integrated framework with machine learning and radiomics for accurate and rapid early diagnosis of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray.

The objective of the research article is to propose and validate a combination of machine learning and radiomics features to detect COVID-19 early and rapidly from chest X-ray (CXR) in presence of other viral/bacterial pneumonia and at different severity levels of diseases. It is vital to assess the performance of any diagnosis method on an independent data set and at very early stage of the disease when the disease severity of is very low. In such cases, most of the diagnosis methods fail. A total of 378 CXR images containing both normal lung and pneumonia (both COVID-19 and others lung conditions) were collected from publically available data set. 71 radiomics features for each lung segment were chosen from 100 extracted features based on Z-score heatmap and one way ANOVA test that can detect COVID-19. Three best performing classical machine learning algorithms during the training phase - 1) fine Gaussian support vector machine (SVM), 2) fine k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and 3) ensemble bagged model (EBM) trees were chosen for further evaluation on an independent test data set. The independent test data set consists of 115 COVID-19 CXR images collected from a local hospital and 100 CXR images collected from publically available data set containing normal lung and viral/bacterial pneumonia. Severity was scored between 0 to 4 by two experienced radiologists for each lung with pneumonia (both COVID-19 and non COVID-19) for the test data set. Ensemble Bagging Model Trees (EBM) with the selected radiomics features is the most suitable to distinguish between COVID-19 and other lung infections with an overall sensitivity of 87.8% and specificity of 97% (95.2% accuracy and 0.9228 area under curve) and is robust across severity levels. The method also can detect COVID-19 from CXR when two experienced radiologists were unable to detect any abnormality in the lung CXR (represented by severity score of 0). Once the CXR is acquired and lung is segmented, it takes less than two minutes for extracting radiomics features and providing diagnosis result. Since the proposed method does not require any manual intervention (e.g., sample collection etc.), it can be straightway integrated with standard X-ray reporting system to be used as an efficient, cost-effective and rapid early diagnosis device.

Concomitant bilateral elastofibroma in the infrascapular and gluteal regions: a report of a rare case.

BACKGROUND: Elastofibroma is a benign soft tissue tumor characterized by the presence of elastic fibers in a stroma of collagen and mature adipose tissue. It is reported to have a prevalence of 2.73%, as shown by a study through computed tomography (CT) images. However, multiple elastofibromas are uncommon. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of concomitant bilateral elastofibroma in the infrascapular and gluteal regions. A 63-year-old male patient presented with a 6-month history of gradually increasing painless swellings in the upper back. On physical examination, firm, painless bilateral infrascapular masses were identified; these masses were more noticeable on forward arm flexion. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed well-defined bilateral infrascapular masses deep to the serratus anterior muscles as well as poorly defined bilateral gluteal masses with attenuation similar to that of the adjacent skeletal muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed heterogenous masses with internal fatty streaks, consistent with elastofibroma. The histopathological diagnosis of elastofibroma was established based on the results of image-guided core-needle biopsy. The patient underwent surgical excision of both infrascapular elastofibromas with no post-operative complications. As the gluteal masses were incidental, surgical management was not warranted. CONCLUSION: The presence of multiple elastofibromas is unusual. This report describes a rare case of multiple elastofibromas and its typical imaging features, and alerts us that elastofibromas are not exclusive to the periscapular region.

Painful type II os naviculare: introduction of a standardized, reproducible classification system.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a novel MRI classification system for the symptomatic type II os naviculare by creating a standardized grading of associated bone marrow edema (BME) and correlating with patient symptoms. METHODS: BME was classified on an ordinal scale: grade 1, faint signal immediately adjacent to the synchondrosis; grade 2, intermediate signal within the os and navicular tuberosity without extending to the navicular body; grade 3, intense signal extending to the navicular body. BME on 59 MRIs was independently graded by three radiologists. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient. Univariate and multivariate analyses assessed for patient and imaging characteristics predictive of subjective pain score. A cohort of 82 patients without BME represented a control group. RESULTS: Inter-observer agreement of BME grade was 0.95 (CI 0.93-0.97) and intra-observer was 0.92 (CI 0.87-0.96), indicating excellent agreement. In patients with BME, predictors of more severe pain were longer duration of pain (p = 0.02) and presence of soft tissue edema overlying the os naviculare (p < 0.001). One hundred percent of subjects with BME localized their pain to the medial midfoot (59/59) versus 25.6% (21/82) of controls (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This novel grading system provides reliable quantification of BME associated with os naviculare, which is a specific cause of medial foot/ankle pain. Early diagnosis is important as pain severity worsens with longer duration of symptoms. Pain severity is correlated with soft tissue edema overlying the os, which may be secondary to extrinsic compression, reactive to biomechanical stress, or reflect direct trauma.

Sports Injuries about the Hip: What the Radiologist Should Know.

Injuries of the hip and surrounding structures represent a complex and commonly encountered scenario in athletes, with improper diagnosis serving as a cause of delayed return to play or progression to a more serious injury. As such, radiologists play an essential role in guiding management of athletic injuries. Familiarity with hip anatomy and the advantages and limitations of various imaging modalities is of paramount importance for accurate and timely diagnosis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is often the modality of choice for evaluating many of the injuries discussed, although preliminary evaluation with conventional radiography and use of other imaging modalities such as ultrasonography (US), computed tomography, and bone scintigraphy may be supplementary or preferred in certain situations. Stress fractures, thigh splints, and posterior hip dislocations are important structural injuries to consider in the athlete, initially imaged with radiographs and often best diagnosed with MR imaging. Apophyseal injuries are particularly important to consider in young athletes and may be acute or related to chronic repetitive microtrauma. Femoroacetabular impingement has been implicated in development of labral tears and cartilage abnormalities. Tear of the ligamentum teres is now recognized as a potential cause of hip pain and instability, best evaluated with MR arthrography. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome encompasses a group of conditions leading to lateral hip pain, with US playing an increasingly important role for both evaluation and image-guided treatment. Muscle injuries and athletic pubalgia are common in athletes. Lastly, snapping hip syndrome and Morel-Lavallée lesions are two less common but nonetheless important considerations. ©RSNA, 2016.

Proposing Multiregional Diagnostic Reference Levels for Common CT Angiography Examinations in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are crucial tools for optimizing radiation exposure during different radiological examinations. This study aimed to establish preliminary DRLs for commonly performed computed tomographic angiography (CTA) examinations in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Data for three types of CTA examinations (cerebral, pulmonary, and lower-extremity) were collected from six medical cities across Saudi Arabia. Data sets related to 723 CTAs with a mean patient weight of 75 kg were analysed in detail. The DRL values were determined based on the 75th, median, and 25th CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) values. RESULTS: The established DRLs were 1221 mGy cm for cerebral CTAs, 475 mGy cm for pulmonary CTAs, and 1040 mGy cm for lower-extremity CTAs. These values were comparable to those reported in other studies. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary DRLs for three common CTA procedures in Saudi Arabia. The widespread implementation of a low kVp and a high level of image reconstruction (IR) presents an opportunity for further dose reduction. These findings can serve as a foundation for future nationwide DRL surveys and the optimization of CTA imaging protocols in Saudi Arabia.

Cam-type hip morphology in asymptomatic patients.

BACKGROUND: The alpha angle has been widely used in the assessment of cam-type of impingement, but recent studies have shown that this angle may also be high in asymptomatic patients. The aim of this study is to report the prevalence of cam-type morphology in asymptomatic volunteers and explore its correlation with hip clinical and radiological parameters. METHODS: This single-centre prospective study included 48 asymptomatic male volunteers (96 hips). All candidates fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Physical examination and 1.5 -T MRI imaging were done for bilateral hips on the same day. Alpha angle measurements were obtained from 4 different positions and cam-type morphology was considered positive using 2 different cut points >55° and >60°. Descriptive statistics were analysed and correlations were performed where appropriate and p-value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of cam-type morphology using alpha angle >55° was 68.8%, 87.5%, 50% and 34.4% in the 12, 1, 2 and 3 o'clock positions respectively. While it was 38.5%, 69.8%, 26% and 12.5% in the 12, 1, 2 and 3 o'clock positions of the studied hips respectively using alpha angle >60°. The maximum alpha angle was more frequently prevalent at the 1 o'clock position in 71 (74%). Labral tear was detected in 26 (27.1%) hips and impingement test was positive in 12 (12.5%) hips. There was no correlation between the presence of cam-type morphology and range of motion of the hip, presence of positive impingement test nor labral tears. CONCLUSIONS: Cam-type morphology prevalence is high among asymptomatic males, and mostly pronounced at the 1 o'clock position. A correlation between high alpha angle and positive impingement test or labral tear was not found in our cohort. Future studies are required to determine the natural history of asymptomatic cam-type morphology and risk of hip derangement.

Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Radiological Findings, and Treatment Strategies.

Hydroxyapatite deposition disease (HADD) represents a multifaceted condition characterized by the accumulation of hydroxyapatite crystals in soft tissues, leading to subsequent inflammation and discomfort. The intricate etiology of HADD is the subject of this comprehensive review, which encompasses an in-depth analysis of the four proposed pathogenic mechanisms and a deliberation on the predisposing factors that instigate the development of this disease. In order to provide a thorough understanding of the disease's progression, this manuscript delineates the stages of HADD-those preceding calcification, occurring during calcification, and following calcification-in meticulous detail. This chronology forms the basis of a complete portrayal of the evolution of HADD. Moreover, this review encompasses an examination of the radiological findings associated with HADD, furnishing an extensive discourse on imaging characteristics. The potential of HADD to mimic other diseases, thereby posing diagnostic challenges, is also articulated. The discourse continues with an investigation of HADD's differential diagnosis. This section furnishes a robust framework for distinguishing HADD from other conditions based on imaging results. To enrich the understanding of this diagnostic process, case studies illustrating real-world applications are provided. An overview of treatment modalities for HADD, including both conservative and interventional approaches, forms the concluding discussion. The pivotal role of imaging specialists in the diagnosis and management of HADD is emphasized, highlighting their vital contribution to image-guided procedures and disease monitoring.

Osteoid Osteoma of the Proximal Humerus: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Osteoid osteoma is a common benign primary bone tumor, but it is very uncommon in the proximal humerus. This case report describes the clinical course and treatment of a patient with shoulder pain and osteoid osteoma of the proximal humerus and provides a review of the literature. A 22-year-old healthy male patient presented to our clinic with a 2-year history of constant throbbing right shoulder pain. The patient was referred for orthopedic consultation. A series of plain radiographs, bone scintigraphy, and a magnetic resonance imaging were done and revealed an osseous lesion at the medial aspect of the proximal meta diaphyseal region of the right proximal humerus, with a diagnosis of osteoid osteoma. The patient underwent radiofrequency ablation of the tumor nidus, which was successful and resulted in resolution of symptoms with minimal pain at follow up. This case demonstrates that osteoid osteoma can present with clinical features that mimic various causes for shoulder pain.

The Impact of Data Management on the Achievable Dose and Efficiency of Mammography and Radiography During the COVID-19 Era: A Facility-Based Cohort Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of using computational data management resources and analytical software on radiation doses in mammography and radiography during the COVID-19 pandemic, develop departmental diagnostic reference levels (DRLs), and describe achievable doses (ADs) for mammography and radiography based on measured dose parameters. Patients and Methods: This ambispective cohort study enrolled 795 and 12,115 patients who underwent mammography and radiography, respectively, at the King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar City, Saudi Arabia between May 25 and November 4, 2021. Demographic data were acquired from patients' electronic medical charts. Data on mammographic and radiographic dose determinants were acquired from the data management software. Based on the time when the data management software was operational in the institute, the study was divided into the pre-implementation and post-implementation phases. Continuous and categorical variables were compared between the two phases using an unpaired t-test and the chi-square test. Results: The median accumulated average glandular dose (AGD; a mammographic dose determinant) in the post-implementation phase was three-fold higher than that in the pre-implementation phase. The average mammographic exposure time in the post-implementation phase was 16.3 ms shorter than that in the pre-implementation phase. Furthermore, the median values of the dose area product ([DAP], a radiographic dose determinant) were 9.72 and 19.4 cGycm2 in the pre-implementation and post-implementation phases, respectively. Conclusion: Although the data management software used in this study helped reduce the radiation exposure time by 16.3 ms in mammography, its impact on the mean accumulated AGD was unfavorable. Similarly, radiographic exposure indices, including DAP, tube voltage, tube current, and exposure time, were not significantly different after the data management software was implemented. Close monitoring of patient radiation doses in mammography and radiography, and dose reduction will become possible if imaging facilities use DRLs and ADs via automated systems.

Review of Soft Tissue Masses of the Foot and Ankle: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features.

A large number of soft tissue masses affect the foot and ankle, with the majority being benign. Benign and malignant soft tissue lesions usually present as lumps, and it is important to differentiate between them to allow for optimal management. Imaging, in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can contribute to narrow the differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses of the foot and ankle by describing its exact location, internal signal characteristics, presence of enhancement, and its relation to adjacent structures. In this review, we review the literature to describe the most common soft tissue masses around the foot and ankle, focusing on the MRI features of the lesions.

A case of neonatal osteofibrous dysplasia with novel CDK12 and DDR2 mutations.

Osteofibrous dysplasia [OFD] is a rare, benign pediatric fibro-osseous lesion that exclusively arises in the lower limbs. Apart from the limited number of familial OFD cases with MET mutation, no other genetic aberrations have been identified. Herein, we report a case of OFD in a four-month- old girl's leg with novel cyclin-dependent kinase 12 and discoidin domain receptor 2 gene mutations. Further studies to understand their role in the pathogenesis and clinical utility are needed.

Treatment of bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of jaw in rats using an angiogenesis factor (A-Heal) and ABMDO (Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Osteoblasts).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to create Bisphonates Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) in rats and treat them with an angiogenesis factor (A-Heal) and ABMDO (Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Osteoblasts). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty female Wistar rats were procured. Rats were labeled as Group I to III. Group I = Osteoblast group, Group II = A-Heal and Group III Control group. In Groups I-III, BRONJ was created and treated in Group I with ABMDO, Group II with A-Heal and Group III was the control group. At the end of the four weeks post treatment, all the animals were humanely killed. The intact maxillae were removed in total. Histopathological and radiological examinations were carried out with physicians blinded to the groups. RESULTS: Computerized tomography revealed that Groups I and II demonstrated the presence of dense osteosclerosis, intralesional calcifications, and adequate healing of the overlying soft tissues compared to Group III, which showed the presence of bone erosions at the alveolar ridge with a lack of intralesional calcifications and ulceration of the overlying soft tissues. Histologically, H&E staining Group 1 and Group 2 both showed marked reactive bone formation. Group 2 additionally revealed the most prominent vascular proliferation (also highlighted by Factor VIII, an endothelial cell marker) among all groups. Group 3 showed cartilaginous proliferation with less reactive bone formation, implicating decreased endochondral ossification compared to Groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: This study shows that angiogenesis factor (A-Heal) and ABMDO were successful in the treatment of experimentally created BRONJ in an animal model.

The Impact of Data Management on the Achievable Dose and Efficiency of Computed Tomography During the COVID-19 Era: A Facility-Based Ambispective Study.

Purpose: This study primarily aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of computational data management and analytical software for establishing departmental diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for computed tomography (CT) scanning in clinical settings, and monitor achievable doses (ADs) for CT imaging, particularly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era. Secondarily, it aimed to correlate these standards with national and international benchmarks. Patients and Methods: This ambidirectional cohort study enrolled 4668 patients (6419 CT-based examinations) who visited King Fahd Hospital of the University from May 25, 2021, to November 4, 2021. Participants' demographic data were acquired from their electronic medical charts, in addition to all corresponding CT-dose determinant parameters. The study was divided into two phases (pre- and post-data management) based on the implementation of digital data management software. Results: In both phases of the study, the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) was the most significant confounder of dose determination compared to the dose-length product (DLP) and computed tomography dose index (CTDI) (P = 0.003). The head was the most frequently imaged body region (pre-implementation, 1051 examinations [35.1%]; post-implementation, 1071 examinations [31.3%]; P = 0.001), followed by the abdominal region (pre-implementation, 616 examinations [20.6%]; post-implementation, 256 examinations [7.48%]; P = 0.001). Based on the SSDE, DLP, and volume CTDI, the average per-section radiation exposure among organ-based scanning type was highest for the lumbar spine during the pre- and post-implementation periods. Conclusion: Data management software enabled the establishment of DRLs and reduction of ADs in CT examinations, which consequently improved key performance indicators, despite the ergonomic complexities of COVID-19. Institutions are encouraged to apply DRLs and ADs via automatic systems that monitor patient dose indices to evaluate aggregate results.

Sciatic nerve excursion during neural mobilization with ankle movement using dynamic ultrasound imaging: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Ankle movement is used as a sensitizing maneuver for sciatica during neurodynamic techniques. In vivo studies on the sciatic nerve biomechanics associated with ankle movement during different positions of neighboring joints are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate sciatic nerve excursion during ankle dorsiflexion in different positions in a healthy population. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. High-resolution dynamic ultrasound imaging was used to measure longitudinal excursion of the sciatic nerve in the posterior thigh of 27 healthy participants during ankle dorsiflexion in six positions of the neck, hip, and knee. Both the long and short distance of the nerve excursion were measured. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for data analysis, and Eta squared (r) was used to quantify the effect size. RESULTS: Ankle dorsiflexion resulted in distal sciatic nerve excursion that was significantly higher in positions in which the knee was extended (median 0.7-1.6 mm) than in positions in which the knee was flexed (median 0.5-1.4 mm) (P ≤ 0.049, r ≥ 0.379). There were no significant differences in nerve excursion between positions where the neck was neutral compared with positions where the neck was flexed (P ≥ 0.710, r ≤ 0.072) or between positions where the hip was neutral compared with positions where the hip was flexed (P ≥ 0.456, r ≤ 0.143). CONCLUSION: The positions of adjacent joints, particularly the knee, had an impact on the excursion of the sciatic nerve in the thigh during ankle movement.

The clinical and radiological effectiveness of autologous bone marrow derived osteoblasts (ABMDO) in the management of avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH) in sickle cell disease (SCD).

PURPOSE: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a common issue faced by orthopaedic surgeons that ranges between 10 and 18%, but in patients with SCD, the incidence reaches 30%. There is no definite treatment except joint arthroplasty. Regenerative medicine is an option to cure or delay joint arthroplasty. We report here our experience with the injection of ABMDO to manage ANFH and report our medium-term results, the progression of the ANFH if any and the delay in total hip arthroplasty. (THA). METHODS: Sixty-Three (63) patients with SCD and ANFH were examined and thoroughly investigated, and those who had ANFH < grade II were consented to receive ABMDO. Patients were clinically assessed preoperatively using the Visual analogue scale (VAS), Modified Harris Hips Score (MHHS) and Azam-Sadat Score (ASS) for Quality of Life Score for Chronic Hip Disease. Ten millilitres of bone marrow were aspirated under local anaesthesia and placed in 20 CC of culture media. Osteoblasts were cultured from the aspirated bone marrow. Under anaesthesia, the osteonecrosed lesion was drilled using a 3-mm cannulated drill, and 5 million osteoblasts were injected at the lesion site. Patients were evaluated in the outpatient clinic after 2 weeks. At 4 months, a repeat MRI was done, and patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 25.93 ± 5.48 years. There were 41 (65%) females and 22 (35%) males. The mean hemoglobin S was 83.2 ± 5.1%. The average follow-up was 49.05 ± 12.9 (range: 24-60) months. TheVAS significantly improved from 7.79 ± 1.06 initially to 4.07 ± 1.08 (p < 0.0001) at 2 weeks and continued to improve for the next 24 months, when it was 2.38 ± 0.55 (p < 0.0001). The MHHS improved from 41.77 ± 5.37 initially to 73.19 ± 6.48 at 4 months (p < 0.001), and at 24 months, it was 88.93 ± 3.6 (p < 0.001). The ASS also significantly improved from 2.76 ± 0.49 preoperatively to 7.92 ± 0.09 (p < 0.0001) at 24 months. A comparison of the MRI's from before and after the osteoblast implantation revealed new bone formation and amelioration of the avascular lesions. Three patients were unsatisfied with their outcomes. and one patient suffered a repeat attack of the vaso-occlusive crisis within 6 months of the osteoblast injection. CONCLUSIONS: The results give credence to our earlier short follow-up results showing that osteoblast transplantation has great potential in the healing of avascular lesions. Our study fits the criteria of a Phase II clinical trial, and we believe a larger study equivalent to Phase III numbers should be conducted and include patients with not only SCD but also steroid-induced and idiopathic avascular necrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Chondrocytes for Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

RESULTS: There were a total of 60 patients who were followed up. Three patients in Group II were removed from the analysis as they underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A notably significant improvement was noticed in the ABMDC group on all scores of VAS and MKSSSF with P < 0.0001. The control group continued to be dissatisfied with the treatment they were taking. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that a single injection of 5 million of ABMDC was efficient in reducing the symptoms, improving the functional score and betterment of QOL.

Anonychia congenita in different generations of a single Saudi family.

Anonychia refers to the absence of nail plates owing to an autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. Congenital anonychia is a rare condition that may be associated with other ectodermal or mesodermal malformations like epidermolysis bullosa, (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, and mental retardation) syndrome and Iso-Kikuchi syndrome. Here, we report 3 cases with anonychia congenita appearing in different generations of a single family in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Retroperitoneal cystic masses: magnetic resonance imaging features.

The objective of this review is to discuss the clinical and histopathologic features, MRI characteristics, and management options of retroperitoneal cystic masses. Radiologists should be familiar with the MR imaging characteristics of retroperitoneal cystic masses to allow for a refined differential diagnosis, assist with lesion management, and prevent unnecessary invasive procedures.

Time of appearance of ossification centers in carpal bones. A radiological retrospective study on Saudi children.

OBJECTIVES: To find reference data for the time of appearance of ossification centers in carpal bones and the lower ends of the radius and ulna in the Saudi population. In addition, to check the sequence of appearance of carpal bones and the relation of this sequence to the appearance of distal epiphyses of the radius and ulna. Methods: A retrospective radiological study was carried out between 2012 to 2020 at King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. A sample of 279 hand/wrist plain radiographs of Saudi children was analyzed. RESULTS: The first bones at the wrist region to appear in Saudi children are the capitate, hamate, and distal epiphysis of the radius, and these appear during the first year of life. The other bones develop subsequently at yearly intervals, and the last one to appear is the pisiform, which arises at the end of the first decade of life. CONCLUSION: The sequence of appearance of carpal bones in the Saudi population is similar to what is described in the literature. However, the time of appearance of some of these bones is earlier than that in other populations.