Effects of Thymbra spicata extract and Thymol on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice (insights to the liver function, antioxidant, and behavioral responses).

Safe chemicals for drug withdrawal can be extracted from natural sources. This study investigates the effects of clonidine and Thymbra spicata extract (TSE) on mice suffering from morphine withdrawal syndrome. Thymol, which is the active constituent in TSE, was also tested. A total of 90 mice were divided into nine groups. Group 1 was the control group, while Group 2 was given only morphine, and Group 3 received morphine and 0.2 mg/kg of clonidine. Groups 4-6 were given morphine along with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of TSE, respectively. Groups 7-9 received morphine plus 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg of Thymol, respectively, for 7 days. An oral naloxone challenge of 3 mg/kg was used to induce withdrawal syndrome in all groups. Improvement of liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine transaminase) (p < .01) and behavioral responses (frequencies of jumping, frequencies of two-legged standing, Straub tail reaction) (p < .01) were significantly observed in the groups receiving TSE and Thymol (Groups 4-9) compared to Group 2. Additionally, antioxidant activity in these groups was improved compared to Group 2. Nitric oxide significantly decreased in Groups 4 and 6 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Superoxide dismutase increased dramatically in Groups 5, 8, and 9 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Groups 5-9 were significantly different from Group 2 in terms of malondialdehyde levels (p < .01). Certain doses of TSE and Thymol were found to alleviate the narcotics withdrawal symptoms. This similar effect to clonidine can pave the way for their administration in humans.

Orthogonal Light-Dependent Membrane Adhesion Induces Social Self-Sorting and Member-Specific DNA Communication in Synthetic Cell Communities.

Developing orthogonal chemical communication pathways in diverse synthetic cell communities is a considerable challenge due to the increased crosstalk and interference associated with large numbers of different types of sender-receiver pairs. Herein, the authors control which sender-receiver pairs communicate in a three-membered community of synthetic cells through red and blue light illumination. Semipermeable protein-polymer-based synthetic cells (proteinosomes) with complementary membrane-attached protein adhesion communicate through single-stranded DNA oligomers and synergistically process biochemical information within a community consisting of one sender and two different receiver populations. Different pairs of red and blue light-responsive protein-protein interactions act as membrane adhesion mediators between the sender and receivers such that they self-assemble and socially self-sort into different multicellular structures under red and blue light. Consequently, distinct sender-receiver pairs come into the signaling range depending on the light illumination and are able to communicate specifically without activation of the other receiver population. Overall, this work shows how photoswitchable membrane adhesion gives rise to different self-sorting protocell patterns that mediate member-specific DNA-based communication in ternary populations of synthetic cells and provides a step towards the design of orthogonal chemical communication networks in diverse communities of synthetic cells.

Recent Advances in the Support Layer, Interlayer and Active Layer of TFC and TFN Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN) Membranes: A Review.

Although separation of solutes from organic solutions is considered a challenging process, it is inevitable in various chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. OSN membranes are the heart of OSN technology that are widely utilized to separate various solutes and contaminants from organic solvents, which is now considered an emerging field. Hence, numerous studies have been attracted to this field to manufacture novel membranes with outstanding properties. Thin-film composite (TFC) and nanocomposite (TFN) membranes are two different classes of membranes that have been recently utilized for this purpose. TFC and TFN membranes are made up of similar layers, and the difference is the use of various nanoparticles in TFN membranes, which are classified into two types of porous and nonporous ones, for enhancing the permeate flux. This study aims to review recent advances in TFC and TFN membranes fabricated for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) applications. Here, we will first study the materials used to fabricate the support layer, not only the membranes which are not stable in organic solvents and require to be cross-linked, but also those which are inherently stable in harsh media and do not need any cross-linking step, and all of their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we will study the effects of fabricating different interlayers on the performance of the membranes, and the mechanisms of introducing an interlayer in the regulation of the PA structure. At the final step, we will study the type of monomers utilized for the fabrication of the active layer, the effect of surfactants in reducing the tension between the monomers and the membrane surface, and the type of nanoparticles used in the active layer of TFN membranes and their effects in enhancing the membrane separation performance.

Face-to-face, online, or blended: which method is more effective in teaching electrocardiogram to medical students.

BACKGROUND: Electrocardiogram (ECG) remains an important medical diagnostic and screening tool. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of online classes instead of traditional face-to-face or blended methods in medical students' ECG learning. METHODS: Two hundred and fifteen medical students (including 105 (48.8%) males and 110 (51.2%) females) were studied from February 2021 to February 2022. Regardless of their grade, participants were divided into three groups: online, face-to-face, and blended. Then all participants sat for an ECG interpretation exam, and their results were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-six (12.1%) participants were residents, and 189 (87.9%) were interns. Thirty-five (16.3%), 85 (39.5%), and 95 (44.2%) participants were taught ECG through face-to-face, online, and blended methods, respectively. Regarding participants' preferences on teaching methods, 118 (54.9%) preferred face-to-face learning, and the remaining 97 (45.1%) chose online learning (p < 0.001). The blended method seemed more promising in almost half of the exam questions regarding teaching method effectiveness. The mean total exam score was also significantly higher in participants who were taught blended than in the others (7.20 ± 1.89, p = 0.017). Face-to-face (5.97 ± 2.33) and online teaching methods (6.07 ± 2.07) had similar efficacy according to the mean total score (p = 0.819). CONCLUSION: While most students preferred face-to-face learning to online learning, a blended method seemed more promising regarding students' skill enhancement to interpret ECG.

An Enhanced RIME Optimizer with Horizontal and Vertical Crossover for Discriminating Microseismic and Blasting Signals in Deep Mines.

Real-time monitoring of rock stability during the mining process is critical. This paper first proposed a RIME algorithm (CCRIME) based on vertical and horizontal crossover search strategies to improve the quality of the solutions obtained by the RIME algorithm and further enhance its search capabilities. Then, by constructing a binary version of CCRIME, the key parameters of FKNN were optimized using a binary conversion method. Finally, a discrete CCRIME-based BCCRIME was developed, which uses an S-shaped function transformation approach to address the feature selection issue by converting the search result into a real number that can only be zero or one. The performance of CCRIME was examined in this study from various perspectives, utilizing 30 benchmark functions from IEEE CEC2017. Basic algorithm comparison tests and sophisticated variant algorithm comparison experiments were also carried out. In addition, this paper also used collected microseismic and blasting data for classification prediction to verify the ability of the BCCRIME-FKNN model to process real data. This paper provides new ideas and methods for real-time monitoring of rock mass stability during deep well mineral resource mining.

Boosted crow search algorithm for handling multi-threshold image problems with application to X-ray images of COVID-19.

COVID-19 is pervasive and threatens the safety of people around the world. Therefore, now, a method is needed to diagnose COVID-19 accurately. The identification of COVID-19 by X-ray images is a common method. The target area is extracted from the X-ray images by image segmentation to improve classification efficiency and help doctors make a diagnosis. In this paper, we propose an improved crow search algorithm (CSA) based on variable neighborhood descent (VND) and information exchange mutation (IEM) strategies, called VMCSA. The original CSA quickly falls into the local optimum, and the possibility of finding the best solution is significantly reduced. Therefore, to help the algorithm avoid falling into local optimality and improve the global search capability of the algorithm, we introduce VND and IEM into CSA. Comparative experiments are conducted at CEC2014 and CEC'21 to demonstrate the better performance of the proposed algorithm in optimization. We also apply the proposed algorithm to multi-level thresholding image segmentation using Renyi's entropy as the objective function to find the optimal threshold, where we construct 2-D histograms with grayscale images and non-local mean images and maximize the Renyi's entropy on top of the 2-D histogram. The proposed segmentation method is evaluated on X-ray images of COVID-19 and compared with some algorithms. VMCSA has a significant advantage in segmentation results and obtains better robustness than other algorithms. The available extra info can be found at https://github.com/1234zsw/VMCSA.

A simple fluorescent assay for the detection of peptide nucleic acid-directed double strand duplex invasion.

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a mimic of nucleic acids that is able to bind complementary oligonucleotides with high affinity and excellent selectivity. As such, the use of PNA has been proposed in numerous applications in biochemistry, medicine, and biotechnology. Sequences of pseudo-complementary PNAs containing diaminopurine (D)-2-thiouracil (S U) base pairs bind to complementary regions within double-stranded DNA targets. This type of binding is termed "double duplex invasion" and involves unwinding of the duplex accompanied by simultaneous hybridization of both DNA strands by the two pseudo-complementary PNAs. In this study, a simple method of assaying DNA strand invasion by pseudo-complementary PNAs was developed. This method is based on the incorporation of a single fluorescent cytidine analog, phenylpyrrolocytidine (PhpC), into the double-stranded DNA target such that upon invasion by PNA, the PhpC is displaced to a single-stranded region resulting in the turn-on of fluorescence emission. This fluorescent assay is applicable to studies both at equilibrium and approach-to-equilibrium (time-dependent) conditions.

Green two-echelon closed and open location-routing problem: application of NSGA-II and MOGWO metaheuristic approaches.

Nowadays organizations outsource transportation of goods or services to reduce cost which leads to a particular type of problem called open location-routing. Also, each logistic organization possesses a limited number of specific vehicles that may not be enough in certain circumstances. This issue indicates the importance of simultaneously considering both open and closed routs. On the other hand, the growing concerns about the detrimental environmental impacts of human activities reveal the necessity of paying attention to environmental issues in logistics. In this study, a bi-objective mathematical programming model is proposed for two-echelon close and open location-routing problem (2E-COLRP) including two echelons of factories, depots and customers to minimize costs and CO2 emissions. The proposed model finds the optimal routs, optimal number of vehicles and facilities as well as the locations of facilities. The augmented epsilon constraint method is used as an exact method to solve the small-sized problems. Due to complexity of model, two metaheuristic algorithms named MOGWO and NSGA-II are utilized to tackle the problems. The efficiency of two aforementioned algorithms is evaluated in terms of several indices considering 22 problem instances with various sizes. The results show that MOGWO performs better than NSGA-II.

Dental caries experience in primary school-age children following "Students' Oral Health Promotion Program," Iran.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at determining the changes in dental caries experience in elementary school-age children following 5 years of the Students' Oral Health Promotion Program implementation. METHODS: In the present study, totally 2920 elementary school students participated and were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Based on the WHO Oral Health Survey Methods manual (4th edition), dental caries indices in primary and permanent teeth were assessed by clinical examination in schools. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and dental factors were collected through interviews based on questionnaire. The logistic and linear regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the elementary school children was 9.45 (1.71) years, and 1481 (50.7%) were boys. There was a significant difference between genders, age, dental pain experience and student's parent supervision with dmft, DMFT and their caries status. For 1-year increase in age, 1.67 times increase in DMFT and 0.33 decrease in dmft were predicted. Girls had higher odds of DMFT. In contrast, the odds of dmft for girls were significantly lower compared with boys. Students with dental pain experience had significantly higher odds of DMFT and dmft. The Significant Caries Index (SiC) score for permanent dentition in 12-year-old children was 5.47. Sex was significantly correlated with SiC index. The odds of developing Sic was 0.98 times lower in girls than in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Dental caries was identified as a major public health problem among the elementary school students despite the implementation of the national project for oral health promotion.

Generation and Characterization of a Polyclonal Human Reference Antibody to Measure Anti-Drug Antibody Titers in Patients with Fabry Disease.

Male patients with Fabry disease (FD) are at high risk for the formation of antibodies to recombinant α-galactosidase A (AGAL), used for enzyme replacement therapy. Due to the rapid disease progression, the identification of patients at risk is highly warranted. However, currently suitable references and standardized protocols for anti-drug antibodies (ADA) determination do not exist. Here we generate a comprehensive patient-derived antibody mixture as a reference, allowing ELISA-based quantification of antibody titers from individual blood samples. Serum samples of 22 male patients with FD and ADAs against AGAL were pooled and purified by immune adsorption. ADA-affinities against agalsidase-α, agalsidase-ß and Moss-AGAL were measured by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). AGAL-specific immune adsorption generated a polyclonal ADA mixture showing a concentration-dependent binding and inhibition of AGAL. Titers in raw sera and from purified total IgGs (r2 = 0.9063 and r2 = 0.8952, both p < 0.0001) correlated with the individual inhibitory capacities of ADAs. QCM-D measurements demonstrated comparable affinities of the reference antibody for agalsidase-α, agalsidase-ß and Moss-AGAL (KD: 1.94 ± 0.11 µM, 2.46 ± 0.21 µM, and 1.33 ± 0.09 µM, respectively). The reference antibody allows the ELISA-based ADA titer determination and quantification of absolute concentrations. Furthermore, ADAs from patients with FD have comparable affinities to agalsidase-α, agalsidase-ß and Moss-AGAL.

Recent Development of Polyolefin-Based Microporous Separators for Li-Ion Batteries: A Review.

Secondary Li-ion batteries have been paid attention to wide-range applications of power source for the portable electronics, electric vehicle, and electric storage reservoir. Generally, lithium-ion batteries are comprised of four components including anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator. Although separators do not take part in the electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, they conduct the critical functions of physically separating the positive and negative electrodes to prevent electrical short circuit while permitting the free flow of lithium ions through the liquid electrolyte that fill in their open porous structure. Hence, the separator is directly related to the safety and the power performance of the battery. Among a number of separators developed thus far, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) porous membrane separators have been the most dominant ones for commercial Li-ion batteries over the decades because of their superior properties such as cost-efficiency, good mechanical strength and pore structure, electrochemical stability, and thermal shutdown properties. However, there are main issues for vehicular storage, such as nonpolarity, low surface energy and poor thermal stability, although the polyolefin separators have proven dependable in portable applications. Hence, in this review, we decide to provide an overview of the types of polyolefin microporous separators utilized in Li-ion batteries and the methods employed to modify their surface in detail. The remarkable results demonstrate that extraordinary properties can be exhibited by mono- and multilayer polyolefin separators if they are modified using suitable methods and materials.

Graphene and Graphene/Polymer Composites as the Most Efficient Protective Coatings for Steel, Aluminum and Copper in Corrosive Media: A Review of Recent Studies.

The metal corrosion is considered as a severe threat to the national economy and industry structure, capable of triggering significant economic losses and severe damages, involving innumerable fields in daily life and industries. This review provides an overview of the physioelectrochemical studies on anticorrosive properties of various types of graphene coatings. Required electrochemical techniques for the investigation of anticorrosive efficiency, various types of graphene-based materials coatings along with different routes to provide desirable coated layers are discussed in detail. After all, we intend to show that the modified graphene nanosheets can be regarded as effective protective layers against metal corrosion not only because of their extraordinary mechanical strength and toughness, which can be reached with a vastly thin layer, but also for their high transparency, cost-efficiency and stability.

Fluorescent Biaryl Uracils with C5-Dihydro- and Quinazolinone Heterocyclic Appendages in PNA.

There has been much effort to exploit fluorescence techniques in the detection of nucleic acids. Canonical nucleic acids are essentially nonfluorescent; however, the modification of the nucleobase has proved to be a fruitful way to engender fluorescence. Much of the chemistry used to prepare modified nucleobases relies on expensive transition metal catalysts. In this work, we describe the synthesis of biaryl quinazolinone-uracil nucleobase analogs prepared by the condensation of anthranilamide derivatives and 5-formyluracil using inexpensive copper salts. A selection of modified nucleobases were prepared, and the effect of methoxy- or nitro- group substitution on the photophysical properties was examined. Both the dihydroquinazolinone and quinazolinone modified uracils have much larger molar absorptivity (~4-8×) than natural uracil and produce modest blue fluorescence. The quinazolinone-modified uracils display higher quantum yields than the corresponding dihydroquinazolinones and also show temperature and viscosity dependent emission consistent with molecular rotor behavior. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers possessing quinazolinone modified uracils were prepared and incorporated into oligomers. In the sequence context examined, the nitro-substituted, methoxy-substituted and unmodified quinazolinone inserts resulted in a stabilization (∆Tm = +4.0/insert; +2.0/insert; +1.0/insert, respectively) relative to control PNA sequence upon hybridization to complementary DNA. All three derivatives responded to hybridization by the "turn-on" of fluorescence intensity by ca. 3-to-4 fold and may find use as probes for complementary DNA sequences.

Efficacy of new scoring system for diagnosis of abdominal injury after blunt abdominal trauma in patients referred to emergency department.

PURPOSE: The blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) is a common emergency and is significantly associated with morbidity and mortality. Our study was conducted to achieve the goal that a new scoring system could be used for the BAT patients. METHODS: The statistical population of this study was 1000 patients with BAT referred to emergency department of Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Sampling was carried out in a convenience non-random manner and continued to reach the required sample size. All the patients with BAT due to road traffic accidents, falls, and other direct blunt traumas such as punctures and kickbacks were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were after 3 months of pregnancy, under the age of 18, warfarin taking, no reliable medical history providing and penetrating trauma. The study questionnaire was based on BAT scoring system. The data were analyzed by SPSS V20 software. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the effectiveness of the new scoring system in predicting the BAT patients' outcome. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients (n = 1000) was (35.79 ± 13.09) years. The mean score of patients was (6.29 ± 5.80). Based on this scoring system, the patients were divided into three categories. The first group was patients at low risk with score of less than 8, the second group was patients at moderate risk with score of 8-12 and the third group was patients at high risk with score of 12-24. The score of 661 (66.1%) patients were low, 109 (10.9%) were moderate and 230 (23%) had a high score. The association between hip fracture and abdominal tenderness with abdominal injury was significant (p < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha was 0.76 showing the reliability of this questionnaire to predict the future of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study tool has a sensitivity to predict the BAT patients' outcome, and has a proper specificity that can be used to reduce the use of harmful modalities such as computed tomography scan.

Electrochemical Pseudocapacitors Based on Ternary Nanocomposite of Conductive Polymer/Graphene/Metal Oxide: An Introduction and Review to it in Recent Studies.

This review gives an overview of the synthesis, surface and electrochemical investigations over ternary nanocomposite of conductive polymers in the development of new supercapacitors. They utilize both Faradaic and non-Faradaic procedures to store charge, leading to higher specific capacitance and energy density, higher cell voltage, longer life cycle and moderated power density. Owing to a unique combination of features such as superb electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance in aqueous electrolytes, highly modifiable nanostructures, long cycle life and the large theoretical specific-surface area, the use of ternary nanocomposites as a supercapacitor electrode material has become the focus of a significant amount of current scientific researches in the field of energy storage devices. In these nanocomposites, graphene not only can be utilized to provide a substrate for growing nanostructured polymers in a polymer-carbon nanocomposite structure in order to overcome the insulating nature of conductive polymers at dedoped states, but also is capable of providing a platform for the decoration of metal oxide nanoparticles to avoid their agglomeration. In this regard, synthesis, characterization and performance of different ternary nanocomposites of conductive polymer/graphene/metal oxide are discussed in detail. These remarkable results demonstrate the exciting commercial potential for high performance, environmentally friendly and low-cost electrical energy storage devices based on ternary nanocomposite of conductive polymer/graphene/metal oxide.

On the Necessity of Nucleobase Protection for 2-Thiouracil for Fmoc-Based Pseudo-Complementary Peptide Nucleic Acid Oligomer Synthesis.

A selection of benzyl-based protecting groups for thiouracil (SU) for the synthesis of pseudo-complementary peptide nucleic acid (PNA) has been evaluated. The 4-methoxybenzyl-protecting group that has found use for SU during Boc-based oligomerization is also suitable for Fmoc-based oligomerization. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that SU protection is unnecessary for the successful synthesis of thiouracil-containing PNA. The new 2-thiothymine (ST) PNA monomer has also been prepared and incorporated into an oligomer and its binding to complementary PNA evaluated.

Photoactivation of LOV domains with chemiluminescence.

Optogenetics has opened new possibilities in the remote control of diverse cellular functions with high spatiotemporal precision using light. However, delivering light to optically non-transparent systems remains a challenge. Here, we describe the photoactivation of light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domains (LOV domains) with in situ generated light from a chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and H2O2. This activation is possible due to the spectral overlap between the blue chemiluminescence emission and the absorption bands of the flavin chromophore in LOV domains. All four LOV domain proteins with diverse backgrounds and structures (iLID, BcLOV4, nMagHigh/pMagHigh, and VVDHigh) were photoactivated by chemiluminescence as demonstrated using a bead aggregation assay. The photoactivation with chemiluminescence required a critical light-output below which the LOV domains reversed back to their dark state with protein characteristic kinetics. Furthermore, spatially confined chemiluminescence produced inside giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) was able to photoactivate proteins both on the membrane and in solution, leading to the recruitment of the corresponding proteins to the GUV membrane. Finally, we showed that reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophil like cells can be converted into sufficient chemiluminescence to recruit the photoswitchable protein BcLOV4-mCherry from solution to the cell membrane. The findings highlight the utility of chemiluminescence as an endogenous light source for optogenetic applications, offering new possibilities for studying cellular processes in optically non-transparent systems.

A Sustainable Multi-Objective Model for Capacitated-Electric-Vehicle-Routing-Problem Considering Hard and Soft Time Windows as Well as Partial Recharging.

Due to the high pollution of the transportation sector, nowadays the role of electric vehicles has been noticed more and more by governments, organizations, and environmentally friendly people. On the other hand, the problem of electric vehicle routing (EVRP) has been widely studied in recent years. This paper deals with an extended version of EVRP, in which electric vehicles (EVs) deliver goods to customers. The limited battery capacity of EVs causes their operational domains to be less than those of gasoline vehicles. For this purpose, several charging stations are considered in this study for EVs. In addition, depending on the operational domain, a full charge may not be needed, which reduces the operation time. Therefore, partial recharging is also taken into account in the present research. This problem is formulated as a multi-objective integer linear programming model, whose objective functions include economic, environmental, and social aspects. Then, the preemptive fuzzy goal programming method (PFGP) is exploited as an exact method to solve small-sized problems. Also, two hybrid meta-heuristic algorithms inspired by nature, including MOSA, MOGWO, MOPSO, and NSGAII_TLBO, are utilized to solve large-sized problems. The results obtained from solving the numerous test problems demonstrate that the hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm can provide efficient solutions in terms of quality and non-dominated solutions in all test problems. In addition, the performance of the algorithms was compared in terms of four indexes: time, MID, MOCV, and HV. Moreover, statistical analysis is performed to investigate whether there is a significant difference between the performance of the algorithms. The results indicate that the MOSA algorithm performs better in terms of the time index. On the other hand, the NSGA-II-TLBO algorithm outperforms in terms of the MID, MOCV, and HV indexes.

Advancing forensic-based investigation incorporating slime mould search for gene selection of high-dimensional genetic data.

Modern medicine has produced large genetic datasets of high dimensions through advanced gene sequencing technology, and processing these data is of great significance for clinical decision-making. Gene selection (GS) is an important data preprocessing technique that aims to select a subset of feature information to improve performance and reduce data dimensionality. This study proposes an improved wrapper GS method based on forensic-based investigation (FBI). The method introduces the search mechanism of the slime mould algorithm in the FBI to improve the original FBI; the newly proposed algorithm is named SMA_FBI; then GS is performed by converting the continuous optimizer to a binary version of the optimizer through a transfer function. In order to verify the superiority of SMA_FBI, experiments are first executed on the 30-function test set of CEC2017 and compared with 10 original algorithms and 10 state-of-the-art algorithms. The experimental results show that SMA_FBI is better than other algorithms in terms of finding the optimal solution, convergence speed, and robustness. In addition, BSMA_FBI (binary version of SMA_FBI) is compared with 8 binary algorithms on 18 high-dimensional genetic data from the UCI repository. The results indicate that BSMA_FBI is able to obtain high classification accuracy with fewer features selected in GS applications. Therefore, SMA_FBI is considered an optimization tool with great potential for dealing with global optimization problems, and its binary version, BSMA_FBI, can be used for GS tasks.

Kernel extreme learning with harmonized bat algorithm for prediction of pyrene toxicity in rats.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants and manufactured substances conferring toxicity to human health. The present study investigated whether pyrene, a type of PAH, harms rats. Our research provides an effective feature selection strategy for the animal dataset from Wenzhou Medical University's Experimental Animal Center to thoroughly examine the impacts of PAH toxicity on rat features. Initially, we devised a high-performance optimization method (SCBA) and added the Sobol sequence, vertical crossover and horizontal crossover mechanisms to the bat algorithm (BA). The SCBA-KELM model, which combines SCBA with the kernel extreme learning machine model (KELM), has excellent accuracy and high stability for selecting features. Benchmark function tests are then used in this research to verify the overall optimization performance of SCBA. In this paper, the feature selection performance of SCBA-KELM is verified using various comparative experiments. According to the results, the features of the genes PXR, CAR, CYP2B1/2 and CYP1A1/2 have the most impact on rats. The SCBA-KELM model's classification performance for the gene dataset was 100%, and the model's precision value for the public dataset was around 96%, as determined by the classification index. In conclusion, the model utilized in this research is anticipated to be a reliable and valuable approach for toxicological classification and assessment.