Risk of Illness with Salmonella Spp. and Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella sp. due to Consumption of Lettuce Irrigated with Water from La Ramada Irrigation District.

Despite heavy contamination of the Bogotá River with domestic and industrial waste, it remains vital for various purposes, including agricultural use at La Ramada Irrigation District. There are important concerns regarding pathogen concentrations in irrigation water at La Ramada, including the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. This study aimed to estimate the risk of Salmonella-related illness from consuming lettuce irrigated with Bogotá River water at La Ramada. We collected lettuce samples from 4 different sites, all irrigated with water from La Ramada. The methodology involved a process to detach Salmonella spp. from lettuce leaves, quantification through plate counts on SS agar, and establishment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria concentrations through growth on media supplemented with ampicillin or ciprofloxacin. The results showed concentrations of Salmonella spp. of 103.59,102.66, and 104.56 CFU/g lettuce at sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and ampicillin-resistant Salmonella spp. of 101.93, 101.31, and 102.07 CFU/g lettuce at sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. No colonies were obtained from lettuce samples collected from site 4. Notably, we detected no isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin at any of the sites. Salmonella spp. concentrations varied greatly among sampling sites. Salmonella spp. concentrations were used to predict the daily probability of illness, with a probability of 0.59 (0.33 to 0.78, CI 95%) for Salmonella spp. and 0.3 (0.03 to 0.53, CI 95%) for ampicillin-resistant Salmonella spp.

Genomes of four Streptomyces strains reveal insights into putative new species and pathogenicity of scab-causing organisms.

Genomes of four Streptomyces isolates, two putative new species (Streptomyces sp. JH14 and Streptomyces sp. JH34) and two non thaxtomin-producing pathogens (Streptomyces sp. JH002 and Streptomyces sp. JH010) isolated from potato fields in Colombia were selected to investigate their taxonomic classification, their pathogenicity, and the production of unique secondary metabolites of Streptomycetes inhabiting potato crops in this region. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value calculated between Streptomyces sp. JH34 and its closest relatives (92.23%) classified this isolate as a new species. However, Streptomyces sp. JH14 could not be classified as a new species due to the lack of genomic data of closely related strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on 231 single-copy core genes, confirmed that the two pathogenic isolates (Streptomyces sp. JH010 and JH002) belong to Streptomyces pratensis and Streptomyces xiamenensis, respectively, are distant from the most well-known pathogenic species, and belong to two different lineages. We did not find orthogroups of protein-coding genes characteristic of scab-causing Streptomycetes shared by all known pathogenic species. Most genes involved in biosynthesis of known virulence factors are not present in the scab-causing isolates (Streptomyces sp. JH002 and Streptomyces sp. JH010). However, Tat-system substrates likely involved in pathogenicity in Streptomyces sp. JH002 and Streptomyces sp. JH010 were identified. Lastly, the presence of a putative mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase, homologous to the virulence factor scabin, was confirmed in Streptomyces sp. JH002. The described pathogenic isolates likely produce virulence factors uncommon in Streptomyces species, including a histidine phosphatase and a metalloprotease potentially produced by Streptomyces sp. JH002, and a pectinesterase, potentially produced by Streptomyces sp. JH010. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) showed the presence of clusters associated with the synthesis of medicinal compounds and BGCs potentially linked to pathogenicity in Streptomyces sp. JH010 and JH002. Interestingly, BGCs that have not been previously reported were also found. Our findings suggest that the four isolates produce novel secondary metabolites and metabolites with medicinal properties.

Effectors from a Bacterial Vector-Borne Pathogen Exhibit Diverse Subcellular Localization, Expression Profiles, and Manipulation of Plant Defense.

Climate change is predicted to increase the prevalence of vector-borne disease due to expansion of insect populations. 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited pathogen associated with multiple economically important diseases in solanaceous crops. Little is known about the strategies and pathogenicity factors 'Ca. L. solanacearum' uses to colonize its vector and host. We determined the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector repertoire by predicting proteins secreted by the general secretory pathway across four different 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotypes, investigated effector localization in planta, and profiled effector expression in the vector and host. The localization of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors in Nicotiana spp. revealed diverse eukaryotic subcellular targets. The majority of tested effectors were unable to suppress plant immune responses, indicating they possess unique activities. Expression profiling in tomato and the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli indicated 'Ca. L. solanacearum' differentially interacts with its host and vector and can switch effector expression in response to these environments. This study reveals 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors possess complex expression patterns, target diverse host organelles and the majority are unable to suppress host immune responses. A mechanistic understanding of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector function will reveal novel targets and provide insight into phloem biology. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Gene co-expression analysis reveals transcriptome divergence between wild and cultivated chickpea under drought stress.

Ancestral adaptations in crop wild relatives can provide a genetic reservoir for crop improvement. Here we document physiological changes to mild and severe drought stress, and the associated transcriptome dynamics in both wild and cultivated chickpea. Over 60% of transcriptional changes were related to metabolism, indicating that metabolic plasticity is a core and conserved drought response. In addition, changes in RNA processing and protein turnover were predominant in the data, suggestive of broad restructuring of the chickpea proteome in response to drought. While 12% of the drought-responsive transcripts have similar dynamics in cultivated and wild accessions, numerous transcripts had expression patterns unique to particular genotypes, or that distinguished wild from cultivated genotypes and whose divergence may be a consequence of domestication. These and other comparisons provide a transcriptional correlate of previously described species' genetic diversity, with wild accessions well differentiated from each other and from cultivars, and cultivars essentially indistinguishable at the broad transcriptome level. We identified metabolic pathways such as phenylpropanoid metabolism, and biological processes such as stomatal development, which are differentially regulated across genotypes with potential consequences on drought tolerance. These data indicate that wild Cicer reticulatum may provide both conserved and divergent mechanisms as a resource in breeding for drought tolerance in cultivated chickpea.

Ethylene signaling mediates potyvirus spread by aphid vectors.

Plant pathogens can influence host characteristics such as volatile emissions, nutrient composition or plant color, modulating vector and non-vector insect dynamics in the ecosystem. While previous research has focused on insect attraction and dispersal to infected plants, little is known about mechanisms mediating these interactions. Here, we investigate the role of ethylene in green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) attraction to potyvirus-infected plants. In our experiments, we utilized two different potyviruses, Potato virus Y (PVY) and Turnip mosaic virus, in lab and field experiments. Consistent with previous studies, we show that greater numbers of aphids settle on potyvirus-infected plants in the lab and greater numbers of aphids are found in PVY-infected potato (Solanum tuberosum) fields compared to controls. In laboratory experiments, inhibition of ethylene signaling in plants either chemically or genetically prevented aphids from preferentially settling on potyvirus-infected plants. Virus spread was reduced in lab arenas by over 80% when ethylene signaling was inhibited chemically. Despite this, ethylene inhibition had no significant impact on virus spread in field mesocosms. Our results indicate that induction of ethylene signaling by potyviruses mediates aphid attraction to infected plants and virus spread; however, additional factors may contribute to plant-vector dynamics in complex communities. Specific components of ethylene signaling may be important targets for future management of vector-borne viruses and research on mechanisms mediating plant-vector-virus interactions.

Assessment of buccal mucosa genotoxicity in insecticide-exposed urban fumigators in Cali, Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate cytogenetic damage in the buccal mucosa of non-exposed subjects (N = 33) and insecticide-exposed fumigators (N = 31) in the urban area of Cali, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Through a questionnaire sociodemographic data, anthropometric measurements, state of health, and lifestyle were collected. Buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay was using for evaluate cytogenetic damage. RESULTS: The study showed that all fumigators used adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and had low alcohol consumption. The authors did not find significant differences in BMCyt biomarkers between the groups (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed a 13% increase in micronucleus (MN) frequency for every year of increasing age (OR = 1.13, p = 0.029), and higher MN with the decrease in daily fruit consumption (OR = 4.71, p = 0.084), without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The results between groups could be related to healthy habits and PPE use among the subjects. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(1):128-37.

[Leptospirosis in pediatrics, a diagnosis to be considered]. / Leptospirosis en pediatría, un diagnóstico a tener en cuenta.

Human leptospirosis is an important cause of acute febrile disease that most frequently affects tropical areas. Its main reserve is rodents, so the infection is limited by factors of poverty, health deficit, recreational and work activities that favor contact with the urine of infected animals, contaminated water or soil. Leptospira spp infections have a non-specific presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to multisystem compromise with high mortality; being the clinical suspicion and the presence of risk factors the initial variables for the diagnosis of the disease. Among the available methods for microbiological diagnosis, direct observation, culture, polymerase chain reaction and serology that allows confirmation of this are highlighted. The treatment of leptospirosis in children is based on clinical support measures and the antibiotic initiation of ß-lactams or macrolides. Disease prevention measures are fundamental in the population exposed to risk being essential resources general interventions, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. The knowledge, diagnostic consideration, and timely treatment in pediatric patients accelerate recovery and limit the appearance of complications that can impact the quality of life.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms as the only acute manifestation of a stroke in the left hemisphere. Case report.

We report the case of a 60-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, who suddenly presented with a clinical picture of emotional lability, disorientation, complex visual hallucinations and persecutory delusions. There were no associated neurological findings in her initial physical examination. At a local hospital she was initially diagnosed with late-onset bipolar disorder and a manic episode with psychotic features, then referred to the mental health unit, where nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of the brain revealed an acute ischemic stroke in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA) with haemorrhagic reperfusion to the occipital cortex. Complete and spontaneous resolution of her clinical condition was achieved after approximately 15 days.

Disinfection by-products formation and ecotoxicological effects of effluents treated with peracetic acid: A review.

Peracetic acid (PAA) has gained increasing attention over the last decades as a suitable and environmentally-friendly alternative to chlorine-based compounds for wastewater disinfection, claiming limited disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed and no persistent residues in the environment. The present work aims at presenting a comprehensive and updated review of the ecotoxicological effects of effluents treated with PAA, to be ascribed to residual PAA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and DBP formation. Modest concentrations of DBPs have been observed after PAA treatment, mainly carboxylic acids, which are not recognized as genotoxic. Moreover, there is no evidence of any endocrine disruption potential of PAA in human health or in the ecotoxicological studies. The associated H2O2 fraction can potentially minimize the formation of halogenated DBPs and also contribute to the acute toxic effects of treated effluents. Effluents disinfected with PAA at concentrations typical of the wastewater treatment field have displayed limited toxic, mutagenic and genotoxic effects on different aquatic organisms, particularly low compared to chlorine-based disinfectants.

Effect of suspended solids on peracetic acid decay and bacterial inactivation kinetics: Experimental assessment and definition of predictive models.

The work addresses the effect of total suspended solids (TSS) on disinfection by peracetic acid (PAA) concerning both PAA decay and bacterial inactivation kinetics. The effect of TSS on PAA decay was evaluated at five TSS concentrations (5, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/L), obtained from stock TSS solutions prepared from activated sludge samples. The influence of the soluble matter associated to the suspended solids on PAA decay was evaluated separately, using the same stock TSS solution after the removal of solids by filtration. The contributions of suspended and soluble fractions were found to be independent, and a predictive model formed by two additive sub-models was proposed to describe the overall PAA decay kinetics. Moreover, an uncertainty analysis was performed by a series of Monte Carlo simulations to propagate the uncertainties associated to the coefficients of the model. Then, the disinfectant dose (mg/L min) was highlighted as the main parameter determining disinfection efficiency on a pure culture of E. coli and an inactivation kinetic model was developed based on the response of E. coli to various PAA doses. Finally, the effect of TSS (40 and 160 mg/L) on the inactivation of free-swimming E. coli was investigated at two PAA doses (5 and 20 mg/L min). TSS reduced inactivation extent an average of 0.4 logs at 5 mg/L min and 1.5 logs at 20 mg/L min. It was hypothesized that this might be due to the formation of bacteria aggregates as defense mechanism against disinfection, enhanced by the presence of solids.

Síndrome de Moebius y ortotropía en posición primaria: ¿es infrecuente esta asociación? (Colombia) / Moebius syndrome and orthotropia in primary position: is this association uncommon? (Colombia) / Síndrome de Moebius e ortotropia em posição primária: é uma associação incomum? (Colômbia)

El síndrome de Moebius es una enfermedad congénita poco común que se caracteriza por el compromiso unilateral o bilateral del VI y VII par craneal, lo que compromete los músculos que controlan la oculomotricidad, produciendo una parálisis en la abducción del globo ocular y los músculos involucrados en la expresión facial. Su presentación clínica y grados de severidad son variables, puede presentar compromiso simétrico o asimétrico. Adicionalmente, gran parte de los casos se relacionan con trastornos del lenguaje, anomalías musculoesqueléticas y orofaciales. En el presente artículo se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 3 años producto de un embarazo trigemelar con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Moebius al nacer, confirmado por neuroimagen en la que se evidencia la ausencia bilateral del nervio facial en ángulos pontocerebelosos, adicionalmente con un defecto completo en los movimientos oculares de abducción y aducción lo que impide el estrabismo convergente común en estos pacientes.

Moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disease characterized by unilateral or bilateral involvement of the VI and VII cranial nerves, which compromises the muscles that control ocular motricity with paralysis in the abduction of the eyeball and the muscles involved in the facial expression. Its clinical presentation and degrees of severity are variable, and it can be symmetric or asymmetric. Additionally, most of the cases are related to language disorders, musculoskeletal and orofacial anomalies. This paper presents the case of a 3-year-old female patient, product of a trigemellar pregnancy with a clinical diagnosis of Moebius syndrome at birth, confirmed by neuroimaging, which shows the bilateral absence of the facial nerve in point-lateral angles. Additionally she has a complete defect in abduction and adduction eye movements, which prevents the common convergent strabismus in these patients.

A síndrome de Moebius é uma doença congênita rara caracterizada pelo envolvimento unilateral ou bilateral dos nervos cranianos VI e VII, que compromete os músculos que controlam a oculomotricidade com paralisia na abdução do globo ocular e dos músculos envolvidos na expressão facial. Sua apresentação clínica e graus de gravidade são variáveis, podendo ser um comprometimento simétrico ou assimétrico. Além disso, a maioria dos casos está relacionada a distúrbios de linguagem, anomalias musculoesqueléticas e orofaciais. Este paper apresenta o caso de uma paciente de 3 anos de idade, fruto de uma gravidez trigêmea com diagnóstico clínico de Síndrome de Moebius ao nascimento, confirmado por neuroimagem em que é evidente a ausência bilateral do nervo facial nos ângulos ponto-cerebelares. Além disso, ela tem um defeito completo nos movimentos oculares de abdução e adução, o que impede o estrabismo convergente comum nesses pacientes.

Integración y consolidación disciplinar en la biología y la psicología. Una perspectiva comparada / Disciplinary Integration and consolidation in Biology and Psychology. A comparative Approach

Resumen En su proceso de definición y consolidación, las ciencias de la vida se enfrentaron con la dicotomía sobre si la mejor manera de aproximarse a su objeto de estudio era seguir el modelo de la física -considerado el modelo científico por excelencia- o desligarse de este. La manera en la que este debate se decantó en cada disciplina tuvo consecuencias en el desarrollo posterior y en los alcances epistemológicos de las nuevas ciencias en consolidación. La comparación de la manera en la que se dio este debate en la biología y la psicología resulta relevante para entender la trayectoria de estas ciencias y sus posibilidades de integración disciplinar: la biología consiguió la unificación disciplinar integrándose alrededor de la teoría evolutiva, mientras que la psicología no consiguió exitosamente esa integración. Esto fue en parte por el intento de conectarse con las ciencias naturales a través de la fisiología, lo que, además, supuso un obstáculo para la comprensión e integración del principio unificador de la biología.

Abstract During the XIX century, different sciences were structured or consolidated in their modern form. Until then, biology, earth sciences, social sciences, and even physics, chemistry, and mathematics did not exist as autonomous disciplines as we know them today. In that century, the notion of "science" was utterly separated from natural philosophy, theology, and other forms of traditional knowledge. The consolidation of scientific disciplines was characterized by deep debates on the possibilities and methods of knowing the natural and human worlds. In their process of consolidation, all life sciences faced a dichotomy related to the best way to approach their object of study: should they follow the model of physics -considered the scientific model par excellence- or not take that model into account? This dichotomy provoked intense debates in all disciplines. The way this debate was resolved had lasting consequences in the subsequent development and the epistemological scope of the new sciences in consolidation. Comparing how this debate took place in biology and psychology is relevant to understanding the disciplinary trajectory followed by each science and the possibilities of integration in each field of knowledge. There is a generalized assumption in the history of psychology that the experimental paradigm adopted extensively in psychology at the end of the XIX century would have placed the discipline under the scientific status of natural sciences. However, in biology and psychology, there was a tension between a physiological-experimental paradigm and a historical-evolutionary paradigm. Understanding those debates within biology, and the comprehension of how biology achieved its disciplinary integration, shows why the experimental connection of psychology with physiology did not mean an explicit connection with the whole of the natural sciences. Disciplinary integration in biology was possible because of adopting the evolutionary principle under a historic paradigm instead of a physical-chemical one. That is why the experimental connection of psychology with physiology eventually became an obstacle for psychology in adopting the unifying principle of biology, the Theory of Evolution, as their basis for disciplinary integration. The first part of this article describes how two branches emerged in the process of consolidation of biology: physiological-experimental and historical-evolutionary. Each one had a different approach to its object of study, but both were necessary to form what is now modern biology. The second part focuses on unifying biology as a field of scientific knowledge, bringing the two branches of this science together under the evolutionary paradigm. The third part outlines the central debates in the consolidation of psychology as a scientific discipline at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the 20th century. It introduces implications of how these debates on knowledge in psychology developed, as opposed to how it happened in biology. Finally, the difficulties of psychology connecting with the theory of evolution are addressed, as are the impossibility of integrating the different branches of the discipline.

Assessment of a colorimetric method for the measurement of low concentrations of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water.

The recent growing interest in peracetic acid (PAA) as disinfectant for wastewater treatment demands reliable and readily-available methods for its measurement. In detail, the monitoring of PAA in wastewater treatment plants requires a simple, accurate, rapid and inexpensive measurement procedure. In the present work, a method for analyzing low concentrations of PAA, adapted from the US EPA colorimetric method for total chlorine, is assessed. This method employs N,N-diethyl-p-phenylelnediamine (DPD) in the presence of an excess of iodide in a phosphate buffer system. Pink colored species are produced proportionally to the concentration of PAA in the sample. Considering that PAA is available commercially as an equilibrium solution of PAA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a measurement method for H2O2 is also investigated. This method, as the one for the determination of PAA, is also based on the oxidation of iodide to iodine, with the difference that ammonium molybdate Mo(VI) is added to catalyze the oxidation reaction between H2O2 and iodide, quantifying the total peroxides (PAA+ H2O2). The two methods are suitable for concentration ranges from about 0.1-1.65 mg L-1 and from about 0.3-3.3 mg L-1, respectively for PAA and H2O2. Moreover, the work elucidates some relevant aspects related to the operational conditions, kinetics and the possible interference of H2O2 on PAA measurement.

Scimitar syndrome with late presentation / El síndrome de la cimitarra con presentación tardía

Abstract Introduction: Scimitar syndrome is a congenital malformation with an incidence of 1-3 per 100,000 live births, consisting of abnormal drainage of the right pulmonary veins. The age of diagnosis varies according to the severity of the pathology, which depends on the degree of cardiac and pulmonary malformation. The case of a patient with a late diagnosis of the syndrome due to a silent course is reported despite severe anatomical alterations. Clinical Case: A 76-year-old female was admitted due to a 6-month clinical picture of progressive dyspnea to minimal efforts. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed showing severe pulmonary hypertension of 96 mmHg with abnormal communication between the right pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava, confirmed by CT angiography. Discussion: The late clinical course in relation to severe anatomical malformations has not been described in the scientific literature due to its high mortality in childhood.

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de la cimitarra es una malformación congénita con una incidencia de 1 a 3 por cada 100,000 nacidos vivos, que consiste en un drenaje anormal de las venas pulmonares derechas. La edad en el momento del diagnóstico varía según la severidad de la patología, la cual depende del grado de malformación cardíaca y pulmonar. Se reporta el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico tardío del síndrome dado por un curso silencioso a pesar de tener alteraciones anatómicas severas. Caso clínico: mujer de 76 años de edad quien se hospitaliza por un cuadro clínico de seis meses de evolución consistente en disnea progresiva de mínimos esfuerzos. Se le practica un ecocardiograma transtorácico evidenciando hipertensión pulmonar severa de 96 mmHG con una comunicación anormal entre las venas pulmonares derechas y la vena cava inferior, confirmada por angiografía por TC. Discusión: El curso clínico tardío con relación a las malformaciones anatómicas severas no se ha descrito en la literatura científica dada su alta mortalidad en la infancia.

Vector-Borne Bacterial Plant Pathogens: Interactions with Hemipteran Insects and Plants.

Hemipteran insects are devastating pests of crops due to their wide host range, rapid reproduction, and ability to transmit numerous plant-infecting pathogens as vectors. While the field of plant-virus-vector interactions has flourished in recent years, plant-bacteria-vector interactions remain poorly understood. Leafhoppers and psyllids are by far the most important vectors of bacterial pathogens, yet there are still significant gaps in our understanding of their feeding behavior, salivary secretions, and plant responses as compared to important viral vectors, such as whiteflies and aphids. Even with an incomplete understanding of plant-bacteria-vector interactions, some common themes have emerged: (1) all known vector-borne bacteria share the ability to propagate in the plant and insect host; (2) particular hemipteran families appear to be incapable of transmitting vector-borne bacteria; (3) all known vector-borne bacteria have highly reduced genomes and coding capacity, resulting in host-dependence; and (4) vector-borne bacteria encode proteins that are essential for colonization of specific hosts, though only a few types of proteins have been investigated. Here, we review the current knowledge on important vector-borne bacterial pathogens, including Xylella fastidiosa, Spiroplasma spp., Liberibacter spp., and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.'. We then highlight recent approaches used in the study of vector-borne bacteria. Finally, we discuss the application of this knowledge for control and future directions that will need to be addressed in the field of vector-plant-bacteria interactions.

Redes comunitarias de cuidadores: acompañamiento a la movilización ciudadana para el cuidado compasivo / Community networks: facilitating the community empowerment towards compassionate care

RESUMEN Objetivo Presentar un proceso de aproximación y movilización de la comunidad para la creación de una red barrial de cuidadores en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos La sistematización de la promoción de la red barrial de cuidadores se realizó siguiendo las fases de acompañamiento según la clínica comunitaria: aproximación a la comunidad, generación de formas terapéuticas clínico-comunitarias y comprensión del proceso desde esta perspectiva. Se empleó la rehabilitación basada en la comunidad como método de trabajo. Resultados La necesidad de formación para el cuidado y la organización familiar son los mayores retos de los cuidadores de la comunidad. Los participantes tienen presente la importancia de crear redes de apoyo y han adquirido conocimientos prácticos que les son útiles en la cotidianidad y que sientan las bases para la futura construcción de red. Conclusiones La experiencia de construcción de una red barrial genera reflexiones e interrogantes alrededor de las metodologías utilizadas y de las necesidades comunitarias reales alrededor del cuidado. A pesar de las dificultades en relación con la acción colectiva, la cohesión grupal y la asistencia a los encuentros, el acompañamiento que se realizó ha dejado reflexiones para los cuidadores y conocimientos prácticos en torno al cuidado.

ABSTRACT Objective To present the process of contact and mobilization of a community, seeking to facilitate the development of a caregiving network in Medellín, Colombia. Method The systematization process of the caregiving network's promotion was conducted according to the phases of clinical community involvement: contact with the community, clinical-community therapeutic modalities and analysis of the process. The method emplo-yed was community-based rehabilitation. Results Training needs and family organization towards caregiving are the caregivers' major challenges are. The participants are aware of the relevance of creating support networks and have acquired practical knowledge useful to fulfill their daily needs, which are the foundations for future network development. Conclusions The experience of promoting the development of a community network brings insights and concerns regarding the methods used and the actual caregiving needs of the community. Despite the difficulties encountered with collective actions, group cohesion and assistance to community gatherings, caregivers were able to reflect upon and learn about caregiving networks.

Diferencia entre los signos y síntomas del consumo y la abstinencia por Basuco y Cocaína: estudio piloto en Manizales, Colombia / Difference between the signs and symptoms of consumption and abstinence by Basuco y cocaine: Pilot study in Manizales, Colombia

Objetivo: el Basuco es una sustancia psicoactiva derivada de la hoja de coca; hasta ahora no se ha descrito la sintomatología que genera su consumo ni su síndrome de abstinencia, por lo que suele incluirse en el mismo grupo sindromático de la cocaína. En este estudio se pretende determinar si existen signos y síntomas característicos del Basuco. Materiales y métodos: etudio piloto de carácter descriptivo y transversal, empleando una encuesta heteroaplicada a pacientes que consumieran exclusivamente Basuco, donde se les preguntaba si habían presentado determinados signos y síntomas durante su consumo o durante el síndrome de abstinencia por Basuco. Resultados: en el consumo se encontró predominio del insomnio, hiporexia, disminución de la sensación del cansancio, delirios y aislamiento social, mientras que durante la abstinencia predominó la depresión, irritabilidad, hipersominia e hiperfagia, asociado a sensación de deterioro y deseo de abandonar el consumo. Conclusiones: la sintomatología tanto del consumo como del síndrome de abstinencia por Basuco parece tener diferencias respecto a la generada por la cocaína..(AU)

Objetive: the Basuco is a psychoactive substance derived from the coca leaf, which has not been described the symptoms that generate the consumption or withdrawal syndrome, so they are included in the same syndromic group of cocaine. This study aims to identify if there are signs and symptoms characteristic of Basuco to improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate syndromic management. Materials and methods: bservational and cross-sectional study, using a hetero-applied survey of patients who exclusively consumed Basuco, in which they were asked if they had presented certain signs and symptoms during the intoxication or during the withdrawal syndrome by Basuco. Results: during the consumption, the insomnia, hyporexia, decreased sensation of tiredness, delusions and social isolation were predominant, while during depression abstinence, irritability, hypersomnia and hyperphagia, associated with a sense of deterioration and desire to abandon the consume were more representative. Conclutions: the symptomatology of both intoxication and withdrawal syndrome by Basuco has important differences with respect to those generated by cocaine..(AU)

Efecto del componente arbóreo sobre la dinámica de crecimiento y calidad nutricional de una pradera mixta en trópico alto / Effect of tree component on the growth dynamics and nutritional quality of a mixed grassland in the high tropic

Resumen Los sistemas ganaderos se basan en el monocultivo de gramíneas. El pastoreo comúnmente no tiene en cuenta la fisiología de las especies, lo que afecta la persistencia y calidad del forraje. Los sistemas silvopastoriles favorecen la producción y calidad del forraje. Por eso es importante conocer la dinámica de crecimiento de la pastura para determinar el momento óptimo de pastoreo. Con base en esto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de Acacia melanoxilum sobre la producción y calidad nutricional de una pradera mixta en trópico alto. La investigación se desarrolló en el Centro de Investigación y Capacitación "Santa María del Puyón", ubicado en Sopo, Colombia. Se evaluó una pradera de Cenchrus clandestinum y Lolium perenne, en pasturas en callejones se establecieron parcelas bajo y fuera de los árboles, y se evaluó el crecimiento (15, 30, 45 y 60 días) durante nueve meses. Luego se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo, la altura sin disturbar del pasto, el número de hojas, el índice de área foliar y la producción y calidad de forraje. Después se utilizó un diseño al azar, y se realizó estadística descriptiva y análisis de varianza, mediante el programa Infostat® para el análisis de datos. Bajo los árboles se observó mayor pH, materia orgánica, minerales y capacidad de intercambio catiónico, mayor altura sin disturbar (p = 0,0001), diferencias en producción de forraje verde (p = 0,0128), composición botánica y mayor proteína cruda (p = 0,0061). Los árboles de A. melanoxilum favorecen el crecimiento y la calidad nutricional de praderas mixtas en trópico alto.

Abstract Livestock systems are based on the monoculture of grasses, grazing does not usually take into account the physiology of the species, this affects the persistence and quality of the forage. Silvopastoral systems favor forage production and quality, it is important to know the growth dynamics of the pasture to determine the optimal grazing moment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Acacia melanoxilum on the production and nutritional quality of a mixed meadow in the high tropics. The research was carried out at the "Santa María del Puyón" Research and Training Center, located in Sopo, Colombia. A meadow of Cenchrus clandestinum and Lolium perenne was evaluated, in alley pastures, plots were established under and outside the trees, the growth was evaluated (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) for nine months. The physicochemical properties of the soil, undisturbed height, number of leaves, leaf area index, production and quality of forage were determined. A random design was used, descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were performed. The Infostat® program was used for data analysis. Under the trees there is a higher ph, organic matter, minerals and cation exchange capacity, higher undisturbed height (p = 0.0001), differences in green forage production (p = 0.0128), botanical composition, and higher protein crude (p = 0.0061). A. Melanoxilum trees favor the growth and nutritional quality of mixed grasslands in the high tropics.

Leptospirosis en pediatría, un diagnóstico a tener en cuenta / Leptospirosis in pediatrics, a diagnosis to be considered

Resumen La leptospirosis humana es una importante causa de enfermedad febril aguda que afecta con mayor frecuencia las zonas tropicales. Su principal reservorio es los roedores por lo que la infección está vinculada con factores de pobreza, déficit sanitario, actividades recreativas y laborales que favorecen el contacto con la orina de animales infectados, agua o suelos contaminados. Las infecciones por Leptospira spp tienen una presentación inespecífica desde cuadros asintomáticos hasta un compromiso multisistémico con alta mortalidad, siendo la sospecha clínica y la presencia de factores de riesgo las variables iniciales para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Entre los métodos disponibles para el diagnóstico microbiológico se destaca la observación directa, el cultivo, la reacción de polimerasa en cadena y la serología que permiten la confirmación de éste. El tratamiento de leptospirosis en niños se basa en medidas de soporte y en el inicio de antimicrobianos β-lactámicos o macrólidos. Las medidas de prevención de la enfermedad son fundamentales en la población expuesta al riesgo siendo recursos esenciales intervenciones generales, quimioprofilaxis y vacunación. El conocimiento, la consideración diagnóstica y el tratamiento oportuno en el paciente pediátrico, acelera la recuperación y limita la aparición de complicaciones que pueden impactar en la calidad de vida.

Abstract Human leptospirosis is an important cause of acute febrile disease that most frequently affects tropical areas. Its main reserve is rodents, so the infection is limited by factors of poverty, health deficit, recreational and work activities that favor contact with the urine of infected animals, contaminated water or soil. Leptospira spp infections have a non-specific presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to multisystem compromise with high mortality; being the clinical suspicion and the presence of risk factors the initial variables for the diagnosis of the disease. Among the available methods for microbiological diagnosis, direct observation, culture, polymerase chain reaction and serology that allows confirmation of this are highlighted. The treatment of leptospirosis in children is based on clinical support measures and the antibiotic initiation of β-lactams or macrolides. Disease prevention measures are fundamental in the population exposed to risk being essential resources general interventions, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. The knowledge, diagnostic consideration, and timely treatment in pediatric patients accelerate recovery and limit the appearance of complications that can impact the quality of life