A new doubly labelled water anthropometry-based equation for prediction of total daily energy expenditure in older people from low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: For community-living older people, the ability to estimate total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) with validated predictive equations based on anthropometry is limited. To our knowledge no studies exist for non-Caucasian populations OBJECTIVE: To design and validate an anthropometry-based equation to estimate TDEE using doubly-labelled water (DLW) as the criterion measure, and to assess the performance of three other published equations in community-living older people from rural and urban areas of Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Senegal, Cuba, and Mexico METHODS: This cross-sectional study measured anthropometry and TDEE using DLW in 69 men and 43 women aged 60-89 years. TDEE was also estimated with an anthropometry-based equation derived from the sub-sample of Mexico (n = 38) and with three other published equations. Predictive accuracy of the equations was tested by an external validation procedure RESULTS: TDEE by DLW in the six country sample was 2411 ± 41 kcal/day (mean ± SE) in men and 1939 ± 51 kcal/day in women. The best new Mexican equation was TDEE, kcal/d = [223.4 + (27.9 × weight, kg) + (239.7 × sex)]; where sex: Man = 1 and Woman = 0; having high precision; R2 = 0.89, lowest RMSE = 149.2, and Cp value of 2.0. This new Mexican equation estimated TDEE accurately in the five country sample and at country level after correction for Guatemalan older men, while the published equations performed poorly CONCLUSIONS: The Mexican equation performed better that other published equations and is recommended to accurately estimate energy requirements for community-living older people in five Latin American and one African country.

Helicobacter pylori is not associated with anaemia in Latin America: results from Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and anaemia. DESIGN: Six cross-sectional studies. H. pylori infection was assessed by the [13C]urea breath test using MS or IR analysis. Hb was measured for all countries. Ferritin and transferrin receptors were measured for Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and Venezuela. SETTING: Health services in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico or public schools in Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela. SUBJECTS: In Argentina, 307 children aged 4-17 years referred to a gastroenterology unit; in Bolivia, 424 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 5-8 years; in Brazil, 1007 adults (157 men, 850 women) aged 18-45 years attending thirty-one primary health-care units; in Cuba, 996 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 6-14 years; in Mexico, seventy-one pregnant women in their first trimester attending public health clinics; in Venezuela, 418 children aged 4-13 years attending public schools. RESULTS: The lowest prevalence of H. pylori found was among children in Argentina (25.1%) and the highest in Bolivia (74.0%). In Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela children showed similar prevalence of H. pylori infection as in Brazilian and Mexican adults (range 47.5% to 81.8%). Overall anaemia prevalence was 11.3% in Argentina, 15.4% in Bolivia, 20.6% in Brazil, 10.5% in Cuba and 8.9% in Venezuela. Adjusted analyses allowing for confounding variables showed no association between H. pylori colonization and anaemia in any study. Hb, ferritin and transferrin receptor levels were also not associated with H. pylori infection in any country. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed no evidence to support the hypothesis that H. pylori contributes to anaemia in children, adolescents, adults or pregnant women in six Latin American countries.

Poor management of low birth weight compounds obesity and chronic diseases in Cuba.

The Cuban population exhibits high prevalence of overweight and associated chronic non-communicable diseases, trends that begin in childhood. In addition to factors related to the mother's health, factors contributing to excess weight gain in Cuban children are: reduced prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding of infants up to six months of age, full-term low birth weight infants and nutritional mismanagement of this group, incorrect complementary feeding, obesogenic diet, family history and sedentary lifestyles. Thus, it is important to adopt comprehensive, multisectoral strategies that promote adequate nutrition and weight control. This is particularly important for full-term low birth weight infants, predisposed to body fat storage.

Total energy expenditure by the doubly-labeled water method in rural preschool children in Cuba.

An evaluation of the capacity of the Cuban Nutrition Program for covering the energy requirements of children was carried out in children 5.0 +/- 1.0 years of age in a rural mountain community in Cuba. Five males and six females (19 +/- 3.05 kg average weight) with a mean BMI 15.4 +/- 2.2 kg/m2) were included in the study. Six of the subjects were well-nourished, three were undernourished, and two were overweight. Total energy expenditure was determined by the doubly-labeled water technique. Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry. Energy intake, measured by a three-day weighed dietary record, was 1,527 kcal/day (6.39 MJ). The total energy expenditure of the well-nourished children was 11.8% lower than present energy recommendations (1,773 kcal). This implies that well-nourished children who are moderately to heavily physically active require 82.6 kcal/kg per day. The physical activity level of normal Cuban children is nearly 1.8, which is much higher than that reported in studies of children from industrialized countries using the doubly-labeled water technique. The measured daily energy intake was 1.7 times the resting metabolic rate RMR and 1.04 times the total energy expenditure.

Application of stable isotopic techniques in the prevention of degenerative diseases like obesity and NIDDM in developing societies.

Economic development in developing societies characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and globalization has seen the emergence of an epidemic of diet- and life-style-related chronic degenerative diseases. A research project was initiated under the aegis of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria under its Coordinated Research Programme (CRP) to promote the use of stable isotopic techniques to document the extent of the problem and to understand the determinants of this epidemic. The principal objectives of this CRP involving countries both in the North and the South are to define the magnitude of the problem of obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in developing countries, to identify the vulnerable groups at increased risk, and to attempt to describe the metabolic and physiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. These comparative international studies of obesity and NIDDM are looking at the effects of childhood malnutrition (Brazil) and socioeconomic differentials (Mexico) on adult risk factors; the composition of the daily diet on obesity (Chile); levels of patterns of physical activity of older adults (China) as well as their influence on weight gain and obesity (Cuba, Nigeria); the impact of body composition and energy expenditure on the evolution frank diabetes from impaired glucose tolerance (Jamaica), and of body compositional changes and the role of inflammatory cytokines on impaired glucose tolerance (India). The last study conducted in New Zealand was aimed at comparing the energy expenditures of Maori (Pacific Island) with New Zealanders of European descent.

[Gene expression of Interleukin 1 in vitamin A and proteins deficiency]. / Expresión génica de interleucina 1 en la deficiencia de proteínas y vitamina A.

The influence of low levels of protein and vitamin A on indicators of the immune response was assayed in rats. The levels of protein and vitamin A intake of the Cuban population affected by epidemic neuropathy in 1993 was reproduced in 4 diets: control, protein deficiency (DP), vitamin A deficiency (DA), protein and vitamin A deficiency (DAP). The Peyer's patches evaluated the Interleukin 1 expression gene and was related with corporal weight, food intake, serum protein, vitamin A, immunology indicators and histology evaluation (spleen, thymus and liver). Protein deficiency generated a significant decrease of the expression gene of Interleukin 1. Atrophy signs in lymphoid tissues and morphologic changes in the liver were associated with the dietary protein utilization. Protein and vitamin A deficiency generated significant stimulation of the Interleukin 1 expression gene with increase of the level of the inflammatory state indicators as serum alpha protein, total complement and neutrophils. This stimulation could be generated by a deficient retinol mobilization to tissues. These results support the hypothesis of the function of cytokines as mediators of subclinical symptoms of the immune system during the nutritional affectations.

Medium- and short-term interventions with ma-pi 2 macrobiotic diet in type 2 diabetic adults of bauta, havana.

Background. In Cuba, the Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet has shown positive results in 6-month assays with type 2 diabetic patients. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of this diet at short and medium terms. Methods. Sixty-five type 2 diabetic volunteers were included for dietary intervention, institutionally based for 21 days and followed later at home, until completing 3 months. 54 of them stayed until assay end. Before intervention, and after both assay periods, they were submitted to anthropometric records, body composition analyses and measurements of serum biochemical indicators, glycemic profile in capillary blood, blood pressure, and medication consumption; food intake was evaluated by the 3-day dietary recall. Results. During the intervention, the energy intake was 200 kcal higher at instance of more complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber and despite less fat and protein. Blood pressure and serum biochemical indicators decreased significantly in both periods; the safety nutritional indicators (hemoglobin, serum total proteins, and albumin) showed no variations. The global cardiovascular risk decreased and insulin consumption dropped by 46% and 64%, in both periods, respectively. Conclusions. The Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet was a successful therapy at short term and after 3-month home-based intervention, for type 2 diabetics.

Envejecimiento / Aging

Embelleciendo la vida se puede alcanzar una tercera edad enriquecedora, edificante y larga. El adaptismo es una corriente explicativa de la nutrición y alimentación humana que pretende matizar la vergüenza de la existencia de malnutrición en el siglo xxi con pinceladas lingüísticas tranquilizantes para sus generadores. Las actuales generaciones son el resultado de alternos períodos de hambrunas y plétora, los cuales seleccionaron a los sobrevivientes. Según la hipótesis de la Programación Fetal o del Fenotipo Ahorrador, las enfermedades de la adultez se programan por hormonas y neurotransmisores, durante períodos críticos del desarrollo fetal. Ella centra la atención de los debates sobre el alarmante comportamiento epidemiológico de diabetes, obesidad y cáncer en la actualidad. La prolongación de la esperanza de vida, como resultado de una muy exitosa combinación de un sistema inmune bien preservado, buena capacidad para enfrentar al estrés, estilo de vida apropiado y carga genética, va acompañada de la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles. Las acciones para ello deben comenzar antes de la vida intrauterina. La vejez, en si misma, no es un problema sin solución: el problema consiste en la marginación, la enfermedad y la pobreza, que no permiten alcanzar una vida digna en muchas regiones del mundo para este grupo de edad(AU)

Making life beautiful is a way of reaching a long, enriching and fruitful older age. Adaptism is an explanatory current of human nutrition and feeding that intends to attenuate the shameful existence of malnutrition in the 21st century with reassuring linguistic phrases for its generators. Today's generations are the result of alternative periods of famine and plethora which selected the survivors. According to the Fetal Programming or Saving Phenotype hypothesis, diseases at adulthood is programmed by hormones and neurotransmitters during the critical periods of fetal development. This hypothesis becomes the center of debates on the alarming epidemiological behavior of diabetes, obesity and cancer at present. Extension of life expectancy, as a result of a very successful combination of well-preserved system, good capacity to face stress, adequate life style and genetic load, is accompanied by the prevention of non-communicable diseases. The actions to attain this goal should begin before the intrauterine life of the fetus. Aging as such is not an unsolved issue; the problem lies in marginalization, disease and poverty that do not allow the elderly to have a decent life in many regions of the world(AU)

Actividad física de preescolares de La Habana / Physical activity among Havana preschoolers

INTRODUCCIÓN: el sedentarismo es uno de los factores causales de la obesidad. Los niños deben realizar 60 minutos diarios de actividad física moderada o intensa. OBJETIVO: medir la actividad física de preescolares. MÉTODO: en círculos infantiles de La Habana se midió la actividad física en dos días de semana y uno de fin de semana de 40 niños normopeso de 4-6 años de edad mediante acelerometría con sensores TriTrac R3D y registro de la frecuencia cardiaca con cardiofrecuencímetros Polar. Los registros de 11-14 horas diarias de vigilia, fueron ponderados para una semana y clasificados por calibración para cada niño. RESULTADOS: los preescolares de la ciudad emplearon el 70 % de su tiempo de vigilia en actividades sedentarias, fueron 1,2-2 veces más sedentarios que niños rurales o de pueblo y apenas cumplieron la tercera parte de la recomendación diaria; no se observaron diferencias entre niñas y niños. Los resultados coincidieron con los de estudios isotópicos anteriores y con los de niños de países industrializados. CONCLUSIÓN: el sobrepeso corporal de los preescolares cubanos está en relación con la inactividad física y requiere de acciones sociales y de salud integradas a nivel comunitario.

INTRODUCTION: a sedentary lifestyle is one of the causal factors of obesity. Children should have at least 60 minutes of moderate to intense physical activity per day. OBJECTIVE: measure the physical activity of preschoolers. METHOD: the physical activity of 40 children with normal weight aged 4-6 years was measured in day care centers of Havana on two week days and one weekend day, using accelerometry with TriTrac-R3D sensors and heart rate monitoring with Polar heart rate meters. Daily records for 11-14 waking hours were estimated on a weekly basis and ranked by calibration for each child. Results: urban preschoolers spent 70% of their waking time in sedentary activities. They were 1.2-2 times more sedentary than rural or small town children, and barely fulfilled one third of the recommended daily physical activity. No differences were found between boys and girls. RESULTS coincided with previous studies on the subject and with studies about children from industrialized countries. CONCLUSION: overweight among Cuban preschoolers is related to physical inactivity and requires the performance of social and health promotion actions in the community.

Dietary reference intakes for the cuban population, 2008.

Recommended dietary reference intakes (DRI) for energy and nutrients for the Cuban population were first established by the Nutrition and Food Hygiene Institute (INHA, its Spanish acronym) in 1996.[1] International organizations and Cuban public health research subsequently generated a considerable volume of new information on food-based energy and nutrient requirements,[2-4] resulting in the need for a revision. Updated DRIs were therefore compiled by a multidisciplinary group of specialists and published in 2008 by INHA and the Cuban Ministry of Public Health.[5,6].

Crecimiento pre y postnatal asociados a sobrepeso corporal en escolares de Bayamo / Pre and postnatal growth as related to overweight among Bayamo school-age children

OBJETIVO: identificar la asociación entre factores prenatales y relacionados con el primer año de vida y su influencia en el sobrepeso corporal de edades ulteriores. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, de casos y controles en el municipio Bayamo con 200 escolares con sobrepeso corporal y 200 niños normales de 6-11 años de edad, de la misma zona de residencia, nacidos de madres con similar edad gestacional de 37-42 semanas, homogéneos en edad y sexo y con historia de no afecciones de salud. En el análisis estadístico se estimó el riesgo asociado como Odd Ratio. RESULTADOS: se mostró una fuerte asociación entre el sobrepeso corporal en la edad escolar y la ganancia de peso excesiva en los primeros 4 meses de vida, bajo peso, reducida longitud supina y circunferencia cefálica en el momento del nacimiento y hábito de fumar, insuficiente ganancia de peso corporal, bajo IMC y enfermedades de la madre durante el embarazo. CONCLUSIONES: estos factores deben ser considerados en la prevención de la obesidad infantil. La ganancia de peso acelerada en los primeros meses de vida de niños nacidos con afectación del crecimiento fetal debe ser prevenida.

OBJECTIVE: describe the relationship between prenatal factors and those occurring during the first year of life, and determine their influence on overweight in later stages. METHODS: an analytical observational retrospective case-control study was conducted in the municipality of Bayamo with 200 overweight school-age children and 200 normal children aged 6-11 years from the same area of residence, born to mothers with similar gestational age of 37-42 weeks, homogeneous as to age and sex, and with a history of good health. The statistical analysis included estimation of the associated risk as odd ratio. RESULTS: a strong association was found between overweight at school age and the following factors: excessive weight gain during the first 4 months of life, low weight, reduced supine length and head circumference at birth, smoking, insufficient weight gain, low BMI and maternal diseases during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: these factors should be borne in mind in the prevention of child obesity. Rapid weight gain during the first months of life should be prevented among children born with fetal growth disorders.

Ma-pi 2 macrobiotic diet intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction Diet is a cornerstone of comprehensive treatment of diabetes mellitus. The macrobiotic diet is low in fat and rich in dietary fiber, vegetables and whole grains, and therefore may be a good therapeutic option. Objective Assess the influence of the Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet on physical, hematologic and biochemical variables, as well as on hypoglycemic medication, in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods A 6-month dietary intervention was carried out in 16 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and poor glucide metabolism control (glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1 >8.5%) receiving treatment at the Diabetic Care Center in Colón, Matanzas province, Cuba. The diet was prepared and served daily by macrobiotic specialists. Type and amount of food consumed and nutritional content were assessed using a weighted food-consumption survey. At onset and termination of the intervention, anthropometric and body composition variables were measured, as were biochemical (glucide and lipid metabolism) and other nutritional safety variables, and hypoglycemic drug use. Results The diet provided sufficient energy and protein. It was low in fat, high in complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and provided adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals, except for vitamin B12. At 6 months, anthropometric variables were significantly lower, lean body mass was preserved, and glucide and lipid metabolism was controlled. All participants were able to eliminate insulin treatment, and 25% continued treatment with glibenclamide only. Mean total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride values dropped 16.4%, 22.7% and 37.0%, respectively, while mean HDL cholesterol rose 97.8%. Mean glycemia and HbA1 values also decreased 63.8% and 54.5%, respectively. According to lipid levels and ratios, cardiovascular risk was also considerably reduced. Hemoglobin, total protein, albumin and creatinin levels indicated that nutritional safety was maintained. There were no adverse events. Conclusions In the 6-month intervention, the Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet had a positive influence on weight control, body fat, and glucide and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further research is needed to validate these encouraging results, particularly a clinical trial in which a control group receives the standard diet recommended for diabetic patients.

Fitness vs. obesity in Cuban children: battling the biases of gender and geography.

Más de la tercera parte de los adultos cubanos tiene un estilo de vida sedentario, conllevando una nada sorprendente prevalencia de sobrepeso corporal y obesidad de un 43% en el 2001, año en que se realizó la última encuesta nacional.[1] Hoy, podemos apostar a que esa cifra sea aún más abultada. Asociado con ella, el ascenso de las enfermedades crónicas está bien documentado en nuestro país y el mundo entero, amenazando con sobrepasar los recursos disponibles para controlar esa epidemia en auge. En Cuba, en específi co--un país en desarrollo donde todos tienen derecho a la atención en salud--el aumento de peso generalizado en la población presagia una carga de enfermedades crónicas mayor y una carga económica insostenible para el sistema de salud.

Recomendaciones nutricionales para adultos con sobrepeso corporal / Nutrition recommendations for adults presenting with excess weight

La salud puede mantenerse con el consumo de dietas que difieren asombrosamente en su contenido de grasas, carbohidratos y proteínas, cuya producción neta de ATP es 90 por ciento, 75 por ciento y 55 por ciento respectivamente. El cambio de sus proporciones en la dieta tiene un rango estrecho que genera despreciables diferencias en la disipación de energía. Por ello, las recomendaciones para el control del peso corporal deben basarse más en el efecto de los macronutrientes sobre el consumo alimentario y la ingestión de energía, que en el que muestran sobre el rendimiento de ATP. Ellas también deben considerar, que la selección de nutrientes no es similar para mantenimiento o reducción del peso corporal. Glucógeno corporal, carga genética y estilos de vida influencian la oxidación de grasa y la dimensión de tejido adiposo, de forma tal, que la ingestión y la oxidación de grasa resulten proporcionales. El incremento de la obesidad en Cuba esta generado por patrones culturales, hábitos alimentarios y por un efecto combinado de los cambios en la ingestión de nutrientes y en la actividad física sobre los niveles de glucógeno y la oxidación de grasa corporal. La evolución biológica y social en Cuba ha conducido hacia mecanismos más efectivos en la búsqueda de alimentos poco saludables y no hacia la reducción de la energía alimentaría. Una futura mejor disponibilidad de alimentos deseables conducirá a sobrepeso corporal en más del 50por ciento de la población adulta. Estas recomendaciones nutricionales deben contribuir a la prevención de ese incremento.

Health can be supported with consumption of diets differing in a amazing way in its fats, carbohydrates and proteins content, whose net production of ATP is of 90 percent, 75 percent, and 55 percent, respectively. Change of its ratios in diet has a narrow rank generating poor differences in energy decrease. Thus, recommendations to control of body weight must be mainly based more on effect of micronutrients and energy ingestion than that showed in yielding of APT. These recommendations must to consider that the selection of nutrients isn't similar for maintenance or reduction of body weight. Body glycogen, genetic load, and life styles may influence on fat oxidation, and fatty tissue dimension, so, fat ingestion and oxidation be proportional. In Cuba, obesity increase is generated by cultural patterns, food habits, and by a combined effect of changes in nutrients ingestion and physical activity on glycogen levels and body fat oxidation. Biological and social evolution present in our country has leads to more effective mechanisms for searching of not much healthy foods, and not toward decrease of food energy. A future and better availability of desirable foods leads to an excess weight body in more than 50 percent of adult subjects. These nutrition recommendations must to contribute to prevention of this increase.

Caracterización y evaluación nutricional de las dietas macrobióticas Ma-Pi / Characterization and nutritional evaluation of the Ma-Pi macrobiotic diets

Existe desconocimiento y confusión general sobre la alimentación macrobiótica. En el Instituto Finlay se están realizando, desde hace siete años, diferentes ensayos clínicos con las dietas macrobióticas Ma-Pi, desarrolladas por Mario Pianesi, fundador y presidente de "Un Punto Macrobiótico", Italia, con el objetivo de comprobar su seguridad nutricional y los efectos terapéuticos atribuidos. Estas dietas se basan en el consumo de alimentos naturales, integrales y ecológicos. Predominan los cereales integrales, los vegetales y las leguminosas. Este trabajo ofrece información sobre estas dietas, su caracterización, principios básicos, contenido y evaluación nutricional. Se determinó el contenido nutricional de cinco ejemplos de patrones alimentarios correspondientes al mismo número de dietas Ma-Pi y se comparó con las recomendaciones propuestas por grupos de expertos. Las dietas se destacaron por ser bajas en grasas, proteínas de origen animal y carbohidratos simples y altas en carbohidratos complejos, fibra dietética y antioxidantes. Las dietas Ma-Pi evaluadas fueron seguras nutricionalmente. Sus principios tienen un fuerte aval científico, por lo que pueden ser utilizadas para promover salud, prevenir y tratar enfermedades crónicas, ya que están compuestas por una gran cantidad de alimentos funcionales con poder terapéutico reconocido. Las investigaciones sobre su potencialidad terapéutica están en desarrollo.

There exist lack of knowledge and general confusion on macrobiotic feeding. During 7 years, different clinical tests have been made at the "Finlay" Institute with the Ma-pi macrobiotic diets, developed by Mario Pianesi, founder and president of "A Macrobiotic Point", Italy, in order to check its nutritional safety and the therapeutic effects attributed to it. These diets are based on the consumption of natural, integral and ecological foods, with a predominance of the integral cereals, vegetables and legumes. This work offers information on these diets, their characterization, basic principles, content and nutritional evaluation. The nutritional content of 5 examples of alimentary patterns corresponding to the same number of Ma-pi diets was determined and compared with the recommendations proposed by experts' groups. The diets proved to have a low fat content, proteins of animal origin, simple carbohydrates, a high content of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber and antioxidants. The evaluated Ma-pi diets were nutritionally safe. Their principles have a strong scientific support; therefore, they can be used to promote health and to prevent and treat chronic diseases, since they are composed of a great number of functional foods with recognized therapeutic power. The investigations about their therapeutic potentiality are under development.

Obesidad, una epidemia mundial: implicaciones de la genética / Obesity, a world epidemics. Genetic implications

Se realizó una revisión del sobrepeso corporal y la obesidad, los cuales muestran cifras alarmantes al nivel internacional. Las cifras de estudios en Cuba son coincidentes e incluyen a adultos y niños. Esta tendencia crece paralela al incremento de diabetes e hipertensión arterial, factores que en conjunto inciden sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas. La prevención del sobrepeso corporal y las enfermedades crónicas, incluida en las estrategias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, han sido estructuradas consecuentemente con un enfoque preventivo a lo largo de toda la vida. Las modificaciones de los estilos de vida que comprenden a la alimentación y a la realización de actividad física regular tienen una influencia determinante en la tendencia mundial informada para estas afecciones. El genoma humano ha variado poco en la evolución, sin embargo, los cambios trascendentales ocurridos en el estilo de vida de las últimas 2-3 generaciones han generado el comportamiento explosivo en la prevalencia de estas afecciones al nivel mundial. El creciente conocimiento de la interacción gene-nutriente está revolucionando el manejo de las grandes epidemias que se avecinan para este siglo. Se ofrecen aquí ejemplos concretos sobre genes vinculados con el metabolismo de la energía, los ácidos grasos, el ácido fólico, el control del apetito, el gasto energético, la tolerancia a la glucosa y la deposición grasa en el organismo humano. La estructuración de programas de intervención dirigidos al control de estas afecciones debe contemplar esta diversidad.

The literature review on body overweight and obesity disclosed alarming figures worldwide. Figures provided by studies conducted in Cuba were similar and included adults as well as children. This tendency grows as diabetes and blood hypertension increase, both factors having a joint incidence on morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Prevention of body overweight and chronic diseases, an issue included in the World Health Organization strategies, has been consequently structured with a preventive approach throughout life. Changes in lifestyles comprising food and regular exercising have determining influence in the world tendencies for these diseases. Human genome has slightly varied in its evolution; however, trascendental changes have occured in the lifestyle of the last 2 to 3 generations leading to explosive behaviour of these problemas at the international level. The increased knowledge of gene-nutrient interaction is revolutionizing the management of huge epidemics that will appear in this century. Particular examples on genes linked to the metabolism of energy, fat acids, folic acid, appetite control, energy output, tolerance to glucose and fat depot in the human body. The preparation of intervention programs aimed at the control of these disease should take this diversity into account.

Crecimiento prenatal y crecimiento posnatal asociados a obesidad en escolares / Obesity-associated prenatal and postnatal growth in school-aged children

Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, de casos y controles en 86 escolares de 6 a 11 años de edad portadores de obesidad y 86 niños con peso corporal normal seleccionados como controles, de la misma zona de residencia, nacidos de madres con similar edad gestacional de 37-42 semanas, homogéneos en edad y sexo y con historia de no afecciones de salud; con el propósito de identificar la posible asociación de los factores posnatales precoces y aquellos relacionados con la vida intraútero en la prevalencia de obesidad en edades ulteriores. Los resultados mostraron una fuerte asociación entre obesidad en esta edad y ganancia de peso elevada en los primeros 4 meses de vida, bajo peso, bajo índice ponderal, reducida longitud supina y circunferencia cefálica al momento del nacimiento y hábito de fumar, insuficiente ganancia de peso y bajo IMC de la madre durante el embarazo. La obesidad en la edad escolar tuvo una fuerte asociación con el crecimiento acelerado de esos escolares durante sus primeros 4 meses y con su crecimiento fetal inadecuado. En los programas de prevención de la obesidad infantil estos factores deben ser considerados. La prevención de la ganancia de peso acelerada en los primeros meses de vida de los niños nacidos con afectación del crecimiento fetal adquiere relevante importancia.

A retrospective observational and analytical case-control study was conducted in 86 obese school children aged 6 to 11 years and in 86 normoweighted children selected as controls, who live in the same area, were born from mother with similar gestational age of 37 to 42 weeks, homogeneous in age and sex and without history of health problems. The objective was to identify the possible association of early postnatal factors and those related to intrauterine life in prevalence of obesity in later life. The results showed a strong association between obesity at this age and weight gain in the first four months of life, low birthweight, low ponderal index, reduced supine length and head circumference at the time of birth and smoking, poor weight gain and low mass body index of the mother during pregnancy. Obesity at school age was heavily associated to accelerated growth of those school children during their first months of life and to inadequate fetal growth. In childhood obesity prevention programs, these factors must be taken into consideration. The prevention of accelerated weight gain during first months of life in children who were born with fetal growth problems acquire special importance.

Efecto terapéutico de la dieta macrobiótica Ma-Pi 2 en 25 adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Therapeutical effect of Ma-Pi2 macrobiotic diet on adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Se realizó un ensayo clínico, durante 6 meses, en 25 adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, tratados con antihiperglicemiantes, para estudiar el efecto terapéutico de la dieta macrobiótica vegetariana Ma-Pi 2. Se evaluaron datos de encuesta dietética, evolución clínica, estado nutricional, indicadores bioquímicos de rutina y del metabolismo glucídico y lipídico, consumo de medicamentos y eventos adversos. La dieta tuvo presencia mayoritaria de cereales integrales, verduras y hortalizas, leguminosas y té verde; fue suficiente en energía, baja en grasa y adecuada en proteínas; elevada en carbohidratos complejos, fibra dietética, ß caroteno, manganeso y magnesio. Al final del estudio la glicemia disminuyó en 53 por ciento, hemoglobina glucosilada 32 por ciento, colesterol 21 por ciento, triglicéridos 43 por ciento y la relación colesterol-LDL/colesterol-HDL 61 por ciento. El peso corporal y las circunferencias de cintura y cadera disminuyeron significativamente. Se normalizaron los valores de hemoglobina, creatinina, ácido úrico, urea, transaminasa glutámico pirúvica, frecuencia cardíaca y tensión arterial. Los niveles séricos de vitaminas A, E, C, B1, B12 y folatos resultaron adecuados. Del total de los pacientes, 88 por suprimió totalmente el tratamiento antihiperglicemiante. No se registraron eventos adversos. Mejoraron de manera notable los síntomas asociados, el bienestar y la calidad de vida. Se concluyó que la dieta Ma-Pi 2 resultó una alternativa terapéutica muy apropiada en los 25 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 evaluados.

A clinical assay of 25 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were treated with anti-hyperglycemic drugs was conducted for six months in order to study the therapeutical effect of vegetarian macrobiotic diet Ma-Pi2. Data from dietetic surveys, clinical evolution, nutritional status, biochemical indicators, glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, drug consumption and adverse effects were evaluated. The diet mostly comprised whole grains, vegetables, leguminosae and green tea; sufficient energy, low fat and adequate protein contents, high amount of complex carbohydrates, dietetic fiber, ß carotene, manganese and magnesium. At the end of the study, glycemic levels lowered by 53 percent, glycosylated hemoglobin by 32 percent, cholesterol by 21 percent, triglycerides by 43 percent and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio by 61 percent. Body weight, and waist and hip circumferences were significantly reduced. Hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, urea, piruvic glutamic transaminase, heart rate and blood pressure values stabilized. Vitamin A, E, C, B1, B12 and folates serum levels were satisfactory. Of the total number of patients, 88 percent totally ceased their antihyperglycemic treatment. No adverse effects were observed. Improvement in associated symptoms, well-being and quality of life was remarkable. It was concluded that the Ma-pi2 diet proved to be a very suitable therapeutical alternative in the 25 studied patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Infección por helicobacter pylori y diabetes en adultos cubanos / Helicobacter pylori infection and diabetes in cuban adults

Se determinó la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG contra Helicobacter pylori determinados por inmunoensayo en un estudio de casos y controles que incluyó a 59 pacientes con diabetes mellitus y 19 individuos sanos de Ciudad Habana, incorporados como grupo control. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 3 grupos de acuerdo con: reciente captación, tratamiento solo con dieta o con dieta más hipoglicemiantes orales. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti-H. pylori en los grupos de pacientes diabéticos fue de 90, 94, y 77 por ciento respectivamente, en relación con el valor de 58 por ciento del grupo control. La infección por H. pylori estuvo altamente asociada con la diabetes mellitus en los pacientes de reciente captación o en los tratados solo con dieta (p= 0,003, p= 0,01)

Requerimiento de energía alimentaria para la población cubana adulta / Requirement of food energy for the Cuban adult population

El requerimiento de energía alimentaria en adultos es la cantidad de energía necesaria para balancear el gasto energético y mantener el tamaño, la composición corporal, el nivel de actividad física indicado y deseado y un buen estado de salud. Los valores vigentes para la población cubana fueron establecidos por el Instituto de Nutrición e Higiene de los Alimentos en el año 1996. En este trabajo se ofrecen los nuevos valores de requerimientos que rigen para la población cubana a partir del año 2004 y la metodología para su estimación en grupos poblacionales, basados en la talla corporal y el peso idóneo para esa talla, con el objetivo de alcanzar un índice de masa corporal de 21. La nueva propuesta ha sido establecida con el propósito de cubrir requerimientos nutricionales de este grupo de población. Especial consideración han recibido la prevalencia de sobrepeso corporal y las enfermedades crónicas en la población cubana y en el adulto mayor. Los valores de energía alimentaria recomendados para la población adulta difieren solo en un 1 por ciento de los anteriores y se han estructurado de acuerdo con los lineamientos del Comité de Expertos de Energía de FAO/OMS/UNU del año 2004