Corrigendum: Anatomical variations of the atlas arches: prevalence assessment, systematic review and proposition for an updated classification system.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1348066.].

Anatomical variations of the atlas arches: prevalence assessment, systematic review and proposition for an updated classification system.

Objective and background: This study focuses on the atlas, a pivotal component of the craniovertebral junction, bridging the cranium and spinal column. Notably, variations in its arches are documented globally, necessitating a thorough assessment and categorization due to their significant implications in clinical, diagnostic, functional, and therapeutic contexts. The primary objective is to ascertain the frequency of these anatomical deviations in the atlas arches among a Colombian cohort using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methodology: Employing a descriptive, cross-sectional approach, this research scrutinizes the structural intricacies of the atlas arches in CBCT scans. Analytical parameters included sex distribution and the nature of anatomical deviations as per Currarino's classification. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify significant differences, including descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in order to enhance the current Currarino's classification. Results: The study examined 839 CBCT images, with a nearly equal sex distribution (49.7% female, 50.3% male). Anatomical variations were identified in 26 instances (3%), displaying a higher incidence in females (X2 [(1, N = 839) = 4.0933, p = 0.0430]). The most prevalent variation was Type A (2.5%), followed by Type B (0.4%), and Type G (0.2%) without documenting any other variation. The systematic review yielded 7 studies. A novel classification system for these variations is proposed, considering global prevalence data in the cervical region. Conclusion: The study highlights a statistically significant predominance of Type A variations in the female subset. Given the critical nature of the craniovertebral junction and supporting evidence, it recommends an amendment to Currarino's classification to better reflect these clinical observations. A thorough study of anatomical variations of the upper cervical spine is relevant as they can impact important functional aspects such as mobility as well as stability. Considering the intricate anatomy of this area and the pivotal function of the atlas, accurately categorizing the variations of its arches is crucial for clinical practice. This classification aids in diagnosis, surgical planning, preventing iatrogenic incidents, and designing rehabilitation strategies.

Revisión Exploratoria: Comunicación de la Articulación Temporomandibular y del Oído Medio en Fetos y Niños / Exploratory Review: Temporomandibular Joint and Middle Ear Communication in Fetuses and Infants

La Articulación temporomandibular (ATM) cumple funciones importantes para la vida; su adecuado funcionamiento se puede alterar por trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). La sintomatología de los TTM es variada, entre ellos se encuentra dolor en los músculos masticatorios, ruidos articulares y con menos frecuencia algunos pacientes refieren síntomas auditivos, lo que sugiere la existencia de una relación entre la ATM y el oído medio; sin embargo, esta relación no es clara. En consecuencia, el presente estudio tiene como propósito realizar una revisión de literatura para identificar los aspectos conocidos, desconocidos y controvertidos sobre la relación entre la ATM y el oído medio en niños y fetos. Se efectuó una búsqueda de la literatura en bases de datos utilizando los operadores booleanos (AND/OR) y los términos clave en inglés y en español. Se identificaron inicialmente 1080 artículos, se eliminaron los artículos duplicados y se aplicaron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Finalmente, se seleccionaron un total de 14 artículos que se revisaron a texto completo. Los estudios encontrados se enfocan en el desarrollo histoembriológico de la ATM y cómo ese desarrollo se da en conjunto con los componentes del oído medio. Adicionalmente, se identificaron investigaciones sobre el origen, la morfología y función del ligamento discomaleolar, el ligamento esfenomandibular y la fisura petrotimpánica como estructuras que conectan la ATM y el oído medio, pero los resultados han sido controvertidos. Se concluye que son necesarios más estudios para determinar cualquier relación anatómica y fisiológica que pueda existir entre la ATM y el sistema auditivo en fetos y niños.

SUMMARY: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has important functions for life; its proper functioning can be altered by temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The symptomatology of TMD is varied, including pain in the masticatory muscles, joint noises and less frequently some patients report auditory symptoms, suggesting the existence of a relationship between the TMJ and the middle ear; however, this relationship is not clear. Consequently, the present study aims to conduct a literature review to identify the known, unknown and controversial aspects of the relationship between TMJ and the middle ear in children and fetuses. A literature search was performed in databases using Boolean operators (AND/ OR) and key terms in English and Spanish. A total of 1080 articles were initially identified; duplicate articles were eliminated and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Finally, a total of 14 articles were selected and reviewed in full text. The studies found focus on the histoembryological development of the TMJ and how that development occurs in conjunction with the middle ear components. Additionally, research on the origin, morphology, and function of the discomalleolar ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, and petrotympanic fissure as structures connecting the TMJ and middle ear was identified, but the results have been controversial. It is concluded that further studies are necessary to determine any anatomical and physiological relationship that may exist between the TMJ and the auditory system in fetuses and children.

Influence of sociodemographic factors on academic performance in the subject of human gross anatomy / Influencia de los factores sociodemográficos en el rendimiento académico en la asignatura de anatomía macroscópica humana

SUMMARY: It has been demonstrated that the teaching and learning process of human anatomy is influenced by different external factors that can affect, in the short and long term, the academic and professional performance of medical students. In this sense, the present work aims to determine the relationship between sociodemographic factors and the academic performance of students belonging to the program of Medicine and Surgery of the Universidad del Valle, in Cali-Colombia, who were enrolled in the course of Human Gross Anatomy. Based on the organization of the course plan, the average grades obtained by the students in the different exams taken in the course were compared. Through a survey, sociodemographic data that have been reported as influential factors in academic performance were asked. The first stage of the analysis consisted of identifying the characteristics of the variables, then the correlation of the sociodemographic variables with the students' academic performance, and finally, a multiple linear regression model was implemented. Although the results did not show statistically significant correlations between the variables analyzed, a close relationship was observed with the sex and place of origin of the students, obtaining that women and students from other towns and cities presented lower academic performance compared to their peers. This highlights the importance of including activities to strengthen the learning process, as well as guiding support programs to maintain academic performance and reduce the inequality gap.

Se ha demostrado que en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la anatomía humana inciden diferentes factores externos que pueden afectar, a corto y largo plazo, el desempeño académico y profesional de los estudiantes de Medicina. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la relación existente entre los factores sociodemográficos y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes que pertenecen al programa de Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad del Valle, en Cali-Colombia, matriculados en la asignatura de Anatomía Macroscópica Humana. A partir de la organización del plan del curso, se comparó el promedio de las notas obtenidas por los estudiantes en los diferentes exámenes realizados en la asignatura. A través de una encuesta, se preguntaron algunos datos sociodemográficos que han sido reportados como factores influyentes en el rendimiento académico. La primera etapa del análisis consistió en identificar las características de las variables, a continuación, la correlación de las variables sociodemográficas con el desempeño académico de los estudiantes y, finalmente, se implementó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Si bien los resultados no arrojaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables analizadas, sí se observó una estrecha relación con el sexo y el lugar de procedencia de los estudiantes, obteniendo que las mujeres y los estudiantes foráneos presentaron menor rendimiento académico en comparación con los demás compañeros. Esto resalta la importancia de incluir actividades que permitan fortalecer el proceso de aprendizaje, así como guiar programas de apoyo para mantener el rendimiento académico y disminuir la brecha de desigualdad.