RESUMO
CD28 surface receptors provide co-stimulatory signals that are required for full T cell activation. The CD28 cytoplasmic region has one YMNM and two PXXP motifs as a functional motif. Upon CD28 ligation, Grb2, Gads, and the p85 subunit of PI3 kinase are recruited to the CD28 cytoplasmic region. Here, the interactions between these adaptor proteins and CD28 cytoplasmic domains were analyzed using a Biacore surface plasmon resonance biosensor. For all three adaptor proteins, entire molecules bound more tightly to CD28 than did their isolated SH2 domains. For each adaptor, different outcomes of mutation of CD28's PXXP motifs on binding affinity indicated that only the SH3 domain of Grb2 bound directly. Regarding binding of SH2s to CD28, the SH2 domains of p85 bound more strongly than those of both Grb2 and Gads. Since intact p85 had a 50-fold higher binding affinity than its fragments, and yet the p85-CD28 interaction does not involve SH3-PXXP binding, binding of both N-terminal and C-terminal SH2s to YMNM may create an "avidity" effect. In contrast, when Grb2 and Gads interact with CD28, binding of their SH3 domains may be important. These results suggest that all these interactions are multivalent, through both SH2 and SH3 domains.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Antígenos CD28/metabolismo , Classe Ia de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Motivos de Aminoácidos/genética , Antígenos CD28/genética , Classe Ia de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/genética , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2/genética , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Mutação/genética , Ligação Proteica/genética , Engenharia de Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície/métodos , Domínios de Homologia de src/genéticaRESUMO
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains play a critical role in cellular signal transduction. They bind to peptides containing phosphotyrosine (pY) with various specificities that depend on the flanking amino-acid residues. The SH2 domain of growth-factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) specifically recognizes pY-X-N-X, whereas the SH2 domains in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) recognize pY-X-X-M. Binding of the pY site in CD28 (pY-M-N-M) by PI3K and Grb2 through their SH2 domains is a key step that triggers the CD28 signal transduction for T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of the Grb2 SH2 domain in complex with a pY-containing peptide derived from CD28 at 1.35 Å resolution. The peptide was found to adopt a twisted U-type conformation, similar to, but distinct from type-I ß-turn. In all previously reported crystal structures, the peptide bound to the Grb2 SH2 domains adopts a type-I ß-turn conformation, except those with a proline residue at the pY+3 position. Molecular modeling also suggests that the same peptide bound to PI3K might adopt a very different conformation.