(pi, pi) electronic order in iron arsenide superconductors.

The distribution of valence electrons in metals usually follows the symmetry of the underlying ionic lattice. Modulations of this distribution often occur when those electrons are not stable with respect to a new electronic order, such as spin or charge density waves. Electron density waves have been observed in many families of superconductors, and are often considered to be essential for superconductivity to exist. Recent measurements seem to show that the properties of the iron pnictides are in good agreement with band structure calculations that do not include additional ordering, implying no relation between density waves and superconductivity in these materials. Here we report that the electronic structure of Ba(1-x)K(x)Fe(2)As(2) is in sharp disagreement with those band structure calculations, and instead reveals a reconstruction characterized by a (pi, pi) wavevector. This electronic order coexists with superconductivity and persists up to room temperature (300 K).

Orbital control of noncollinear magnetic order in nickel oxide heterostructures.

We have used resonant x-ray diffraction to develop a detailed description of antiferromagnetic ordering in epitaxial superlattices based on two-unit-cell thick layers of the strongly correlated metal LaNiO3. We also report reference experiments on thin films of PrNiO3 and NdNiO3. The resulting data indicate a spiral state whose polarization plane can be controlled by adjusting the Ni d-orbital occupation via two independent mechanisms: epitaxial strain and spatial confinement of the valence electrons. The data are discussed in light of recent theoretical predictions.

Highly anisotropic anomaly in the dispersion of the copper-oxygen bond-bending phonon in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 from inelastic neutron scattering.

Motivated by predictions of a substantial contribution of the "buckling" vibration of the CuO(2) layers to d-wave superconductivity in the cuprates, we have performed an inelastic neutron scattering study of this phonon in an array of untwinned crystals of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7). The data reveal a pronounced softening of the phonon at the in-plane wave vector q=(0,0.3) upon cooling below ~105 K, but no corresponding anomaly at q=(0.3,0). Based on the observed in-plane anisotropy, we argue that the electron-phonon interaction responsible for this anomaly supports an electronic instability associated with a uniaxial charge-density modulation and does not mediate d-wave superconductivity.

Evidence of a precursor superconducting phase at temperatures as high as 180 K in RBa2Cu3O(7-δ) (R=Y, Gd, Eu) superconducting crystals from infrared spectroscopy.

We show that a multilayer analysis of the infrared c-axis response of RBa2Cu3O(7-δ) (R=Y, Gd, Eu) provides important new information about the anomalous normal-state properties of underdoped cuprate high temperature superconductors. In addition to competing correlations which give rise to a pseudogap that depletes the low-energy electronic states below T*≫T(c), it enables us to identify the onset of a precursor superconducting state below T(ons)>T(c). We map out the doping phase diagram of T(ons) which reaches a maximum of 180 K at strong underdoping and present magnetic field dependent data which confirm our conclusions.

Incommensurate magnetic order and dynamics induced by spinless impurities in YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.6).

We report an inelastic-neutron-scattering and muon-spin-relaxation study of the effect of 2% spinless (Zn) impurities on the magnetic order and dynamics of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.6), an underdoped high-temperature superconductor that exhibits a prominent spin pseudogap in its normal state. Zn substitution induces static magnetic order at low temperatures and triggers a large-scale spectral-weight redistribution from the magnetic resonant mode at 38 meV into uniaxial, incommensurate spin excitations with energies well below the spin pseudogap. These observations indicate a competition between incommensurate magnetic order and superconductivity close to a quantum critical point. Comparison to prior data on La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4) suggests that this behavior is universal for the layered copper oxides and analogous to impurity-induced magnetic order in one-dimensional quantum magnets.

Weak superconducting pairing and a single isotropic energy gap in stoichiometric LiFeAs.

We report superconducting (SC) properties of stoichiometric LiFeAs (T(c)=17 K) studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES). Although the vortex lattice exhibits no long-range order, well-defined SANS rocking curves indicate better ordering than in chemically doped 122 compounds. The London penetration depth lambda(ab)(0)=210+/-20 nm, determined from the magnetic field dependence of the form factor, is compared to that calculated from the ARPES band structure with no adjustable parameters. The temperature dependence of lambda(ab) is best described by a single isotropic SC gap Delta(0)=3.0+/-0.2 meV, which agrees with the ARPES value of Delta(0)(ARPES)=3.1+/-0.3 meV and corresponds to the ratio 2Delta/k(B)T(c)=4.1+/-0.3, approaching the weak-coupling limit predicted by the BCS theory. This classifies LiFeAs as a weakly coupled single-gap superconductor.

Two-dimensional geometry of spin excitations in the high-transition-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6+x.

The fundamental building block of the copper oxide superconductors is a Cu4O4 square plaquette. The plaquettes in most of these materials are slightly distorted to form a rectangular lattice, for which an influential theory predicts that high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductivity is nucleated in 'stripes' aligned along one of the axes. This theory received strong support from experiments that indicated a one-dimensional character for the magnetic excitations in the high-T(c) material YBa2Cu3O6.6 (ref. 4). Here we report neutron scattering data on 'untwinned' YBa2Cu3O6+x crystals, in which the orientation of the rectangular lattice is maintained throughout the entire volume. Contrary to the earlier claim, we demonstrate that the geometry of the magnetic fluctuations is two-dimensional. Rigid stripe arrays therefore appear to be ruled out over a wide range of doping levels in YBa2Cu3O6+x, but the data may be consistent with liquid-crystalline stripe order. The debate about stripes has therefore been reopened.

Dimensionality control of electronic phase transitions in nickel-oxide superlattices.

The competition between collective quantum phases in materials with strongly correlated electrons depends sensitively on the dimensionality of the electron system, which is difficult to control by standard solid-state chemistry. We have fabricated superlattices of the paramagnetic metal lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO(3)) and the wide-gap insulator lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO(3)) with atomically precise layer sequences. We used optical ellipsometry and low-energy muon spin rotation to show that superlattices with LaNiO(3) as thin as two unit cells undergo a sequence of collective metal-insulator and antiferromagnetic transitions as a function of decreasing temperature, whereas samples with thicker LaNiO(3) layers remain metallic and paramagnetic at all temperatures. Metal-oxide superlattices thus allow control of the dimensionality and collective phase behavior of correlated-electron systems.

Two-gap superconductivity in Ba1-xKxFe2As2: a complementary study of the magnetic penetration depth by muon-spin rotation and angle-resolved photoemission.

We investigate the magnetic penetration depth lambda in superconducting Ba1-xKxFe2As2 (Tc approximately 32 K) with muon-spin rotation (microSR) and angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES). Using microSR, we find the penetration-depth anisotropy gamma lambda=lambda c/lambda ab and the second-critical-field anisotropy gammaHc2 to show an opposite T evolution below Tc. This dichotomy resembles the situation in the two-gap superconductor MgB2. A two-gap scenario is also suggested by an inflection point in the in-plane penetration depth lambda ab around 7 K. The complementarity of microSR and ARPES allows us to pinpoint the values of the two gaps and to arrive to a remarkable agreement between the two techniques concerning the full T evolution of lambdaab. This provides further support for the described scenario and establishes ARPES as a tool to assess macroscopic properties of the superconducting condensate.

Magnetic-field-enhanced incommensurate magnetic order in the underdoped high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.45.

We present a neutron-scattering study of the static and dynamic spin correlations in the underdoped high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.45 in magnetic fields up to 15 T. The field strongly enhances static incommensurate magnetic order at low temperatures and induces a spectral-weight shift in the magnetic-excitation spectrum. A reconstruction of the Fermi surface driven by the field-enhanced magnetic superstructure may thus be responsible for the unusual Fermi surface topology revealed by recent quantum-oscillation experiments.

Electronic phase separation in the slightly underdoped iron pnictide superconductor Ba1-xKxFe2As2.

Here we present a combined study of the slightly underdoped novel pnictide superconductor Ba1-xKxFe2As2 by means of x-ray powder diffraction, neutron scattering, muon-spin rotation (microSR), and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Static antiferromagnetic order sets in below T{m} approximately 70 K as inferred from the neutron scattering and zero-field-microSR data. Transverse-field microSR below Tc shows a coexistence of magnetically ordered and nonmagnetic states, which is also confirmed by MFM imaging. We explain such coexistence by electronic phase separation into antiferromagnetic and superconducting- or normal-state regions on a lateral scale of several tens of nanometers. Our findings indicate that such mesoscopic phase separation can be considered an intrinsic property of some iron pnictide superconductors.

Fermi surface and order parameter driven vortex lattice structure transitions in twin-free YBa2Cu3O7.

We report on small-angle neutron scattering studies of the intrinsic vortex lattice (VL) structure in detwinned YBa2Cu3O7 at 2 K, and in fields up to 10.8 T. Because of the suppressed pinning to twin-domain boundaries, a new distorted hexagonal VL structure phase is stabilized at intermediate fields. It is separated from a low-field hexagonal phase of different orientation and distortion by a first-order transition at 2.0(2) T that is probably driven by Fermi surface effects. We argue that another first-order transition at 6.7(2) T, into a rhombic structure with a distortion of opposite sign, marks a crossover from a regime where Fermi surface anisotropy is dominant, to one where the VL structure and distortion is controlled by the order-parameter anisotropy.

Temperature and doping-dependent renormalization effects of the low energy electronic structure of Ba1-xKxFe2As2 single crystals.

We investigate the low energy electronic structure of Ba1-xKxFe2As2 (x=0; 0.3, T_{c}=32 K) single crystals by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with a focus on the renormalization of the dispersion. A kink feature is detected at E approximately 25 meV for the doped compound which vanishes at T=200 K but stays virtually constant when T_{c} is crossed. Our experimental findings rule out the magnetic resonance mode as the origin of the kink and render conventional electron-phonon coupling unlikely. They put stringent restrictions on the dominant source of the electronic interaction channel.

Electronic liquid crystal state in the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.45.

Electronic phases with symmetry properties matching those of conventional liquid crystals have recently been discovered in transport experiments on semiconductor heterostructures and metal oxides at millikelvin temperatures. We report the spontaneous onset of a one-dimensional, incommensurate modulation of the spin system in the high-transition-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.45 upon cooling below approximately 150 kelvin, whereas static magnetic order is absent above 2 kelvin. The evolution of this modulation with temperature and doping parallels that of the in-plane anisotropy of the resistivity, indicating an electronic nematic phase that is stable over a wide temperature range. The results suggest that soft spin fluctuations are a microscopic route toward electronic liquid crystals and that nematic order can coexist with high-temperature superconductivity in underdoped cuprates.

Momentum and energy dependence of the anomalous high-energy dispersion in the electronic structure of high temperature superconductors.

Using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy we have studied the momentum and photon energy dependence of the anomalous high-energy dispersion, termed waterfalls, between the Fermi level and 1 eV binding energy in several high-T_{c} superconductors. We observe strong changes of the dispersion between different Brillouin zones and a strong dependence on the photon energy around 75 eV, which we associate with the resonant photoemission at the Cu3p-->3d_{x;{2}-y;{2}} edge. We conclude that the high-energy "waterfall" dispersion results from a strong suppression of the photoemission intensity at the center of the Brillouin zone due to matrix element effects and is, therefore, not an intrinsic feature of the spectral function. This indicates that the new high-energy scale in the electronic structure of cuprates derived from the waterfall-like dispersion may be incorrect.

Magnetic order in the pseudogap phase of high-Tc superconductors.

One of the leading issues in high-T(c) superconductors is the origin of the pseudogap phase in underdoped cuprates. Using polarized elastic neutron diffraction, we identify a novel magnetic order in the YB(2)Cu(3)O(6+) system. The observed magnetic order preserves translational symmetry of the lattice as proposed for orbital moments in the circulating current theory of the pseudogap state. To date, it is the first direct evidence of a hidden order parameter characterizing the pseudogap phase in high-T(c) cuprates.

Doping dependence of bilayer resonant spin excitations in (Y, Ca)Ba2Cu3O6+x.

Resonant magnetic modes with odd and even symmetries were studied by inelastic neutron scattering experiments in the bilayer high-Tc superconductor Y1-xCa+Ba2Cu3O6+y over a wide doping range. The threshold of the spin excitation continuum in the superconducting state, deduced from the energies and spectral weights of both modes, is compared with the superconducting d-wave gap, deduced from electronic Raman scattering in the B1g symmetry on the same samples. Above a critical doping level of delta approximately =0.19, both mode energies and the continuum threshold coincide. We find a simple scaling relationship between the characteristic energies and spectral weights of both modes, which indicates that the resonant modes are bound states in the superconducting energy gap, as predicted by the spin-exciton model of the resonant mode.

Kinks, nodal bilayer splitting, and interband scattering in YBa2Cu3O(6+x).

We apply the new-generation angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy methodology to the most widely studied cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3O(6+x). Considering the nodal direction, we found noticeable renormalization effects known as kinks both in the quasiparticle dispersion and scattering rate, the bilayer splitting, and evidence for strong interband scattering--all the characteristic features of the nodal quasiparticles detected earlier in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+delta). The typical energy scale and the doping dependence of the kinks clearly point to their intimate relation with the spin-1 resonance seen in the neutron scattering experiments. Our findings strongly suggest a universality of the electron dynamics in the bilayer superconducting cuprates and a dominating role of the spin fluctuations in the formation of the quasiparticles along the nodal direction.

Nickel impurity-induced enhancement of the pseudogap of cuprate high-T(c) superconductors.

The influence of magnetic Ni and nonmagnetic Zn impurities on the normal-state pseudogap (PG) in the c-axis optical conductivity of (Sm,Nd)Ba(2){Cu(1-y)(Ni,Zn)(y)}(3)O(7-delta) crystals was studied by spectral ellipsometry. We find that these impurities, which strongly suppress superconductivity, have a profoundly different impact on the PG. Zn gives rise to a gradual and inhomogeneous PG suppression while Ni strongly enhances the PG. Our results challenge theories that relate the PG either to precursor superconductivity or to other phases with exotic order parameters, such as flux phase or d-density wave states, that should be suppressed by potential scattering. The apparent difference between magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities instead points towards an important role of magnetic correlations in the PG state.

Cerebral haemodynamics during the Mueller manoeuvre in humans.

Voluntary negative intra-thoracic pressure (Mueller manoeuvre) is known to reduce arterial blood pressure (ABP). To investigate changes in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) during 15 s Mueller manoeuvres at -30 mmHg intra-thoracic pressure, 27 young (aged 21-31 years, group A) and 11 older (52-64 years, group B) healthy adults were studied using transcranial Doppler and non-invasive ABP measurement (Finapres). After closely following the initial ABP drop, CBFV showed an overshoot during temporary recovery of ABP. Then ABP and CBFV decreased significantly to below baseline. While ABP declined further until the end of the manoeuvre, CBFV increased in group A 4.7 s (2.4-8.5) (median and range) and in group B 5.7 s (4. 1-7.2) after the onset of the CBFV decrease. Critical closing pressure (CCP), calculated for each cardiac cycle from the dynamic pressure-flow relationship (DPFR), indicated a reduction of intra-cranial pressure during the first half of the strain. DPFR-related estimation of cerebrovascular resistance provided a more physiological response than the conventional cerebrovascular resistance quotient ABP/CBFV, and decreased about 1.5 s before the observed CBFV increase. A modification of the previously described dynamic auto-regulation index ROR correlated significantly with CO2 reactivity values (r=0.61, P=0.001). In conclusion, changes in CBFV during Mueller manoeuvres are likely to reflect dynamic cerebral auto-regulation and may provide an estimate of dynamic cerebral auto-regulation capacity. In older adults, the maximal dynamic auto-regulatory response seems to be unchanged, but the onset of reaction is slightly delayed.