RESUMO
Post-translational modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is known to be involved in a variety of cellular events. This modification, called SUMOylation, is carried out by the E1 activating enzyme, the E2 conjugating enzyme, and multiple E3 ligases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the SUMO E3 ligases, protein inhibitors of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) and 4 (PIAS4), and the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase, RING finger protein 4 (RNF4), play important roles in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, the mechanism by which these SUMO-related enzymes promote DSB repair is still poorly understood. In the present study, we focused on homologous recombination (HR), the most accurate DSB repair pathway, and aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which PIAS1, PIAS4, and RNF4 promote HR. In γ-ray-irradiated normal human fibroblasts, DSB end resection and RAD51 loading, the two essential steps of HR, were significantly impaired by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of PIAS1, PIAS4, or RNF4. The recruitment of BRCA1, a major HR factor, to DSB sites was reduced in cells depleted of these SUMO-related enzymes. Consistent with the role of BRCA1 in counteracting the p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1)-mediated resection blockade, 53BP1 depletion rescued the reduced resection and RAD51 loading in the cells depleted of PIAS1, PIAS4, or RNF4. Moreover, Rap1-interacting factor 1 (RIF1), a resection inhibitor downstream of 53BP1, became more abundant at DSBs when PIAS1, PIAS4, RNF4, or BRCA1 was depleted. Importantly, the concomitant depletion of BRCA1 with either one of the SUMO-related enzymes did not further increase RIF1 at DSBs, when compared to single depletion of BRCA1. Collectively, these results suggest that PIAS1, PIAS4, RNF4, and BRCA1 work epistatically to counteract 53BP1/RIF1-mediated resection blockade, thereby promoting resection.
Assuntos
Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Recombinação Homóloga , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Poli-ADP-Ribose/metabolismo , Proteínas Inibidoras de STAT Ativados/metabolismo , Proteínas Modificadoras Pequenas Relacionadas à Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Masculino , Ligação Proteica , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Ligação à Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
Chromosome rearrangements, which are structural chromosomal abnormalities commonly found in human cancer, result from the misrejoining between two or more DNA double-strand breaks arising at different genomic regions. Consequently, chromosome rearrangements can generate fusion genes that promote tumorigenesis. The mechanisms of chromosome rearrangement have been studied using exogenous double-strand break inducers, such as radiation and nucleases. However, the mechanism underlying the occurrence of chromosome rearrangements in the absence of exogenous double-strand break-inducing stimuli is unclear. This study aimed to identify the major source of chromosome rearrangements and the DNA repair pathway that suppresses them. DNA repair factors that potentially suppress gene fusion were screened using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. In total, 22 repair factors whose expression levels were negatively correlated with the frequency of gene fusion were identified. More than 60% of these repair factors are involved in homologous recombination, a major double-strand break repair pathway. We hypothesized that DNA single-strand breaks are the source of double-strand breaks that lead to chromosome rearrangements. This study demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced single-strand breaks gave rise to double-strand breaks in a replication-dependent manner. Additionally, H2O2 induced the formation of RPA and RAD51 foci, which indicated that double-strand breaks derived from single-strand breaks were repaired through homologous recombination. Moreover, treatment with H2O2 promoted the formation of radial chromosomes, a type of chromosome rearrangements, only upon the downregulation of homologous recombination factors, such as BRCA1 and CtIP. Thus, single-strand breaks are the major source of chromosome rearrangements when the expression of homologous recombination factors is downregulated.
Assuntos
Cromossomos/genética , Rearranjo Gênico/genética , Recombinação Homóloga/genética , Células Cultivadas , Cromossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromossomos/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla/efeitos dos fármacos , Reparo do DNA , Rearranjo Gênico/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologiaRESUMO
Although previous studies have reported that pre-mRNA splicing factors (SFs) are involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via homologous recombination (HR), their exact role in promoting HR remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that SART1, an SF upregulated in several types of cancer, promotes DSB end resection, an essential first step of HR. The resection-promoting function of SART1 requires phosphorylation at threonine 430 and 695 by ATM/ATR. SART1 is recruited to DSB sites in a manner dependent on transcription and its RS domain. SART1 is epistatic with BRCA1, a major HR factor, in the promotion of resection, especially transcription-associated resection in the G2 phase. SART1 and BRCA1 accumulate at DSB sites in an interdependent manner, and epistatically counteract the resection blockade posed by 53BP1 and RIF1. Furthermore, chromosome analysis demonstrated that SART1 and BRCA1 epistatically suppressed genomic alterations caused by DSB misrepair in the G2 phase. Collectively, these results indicate that SART1 and BRCA1 cooperatively facilitate resection of DSBs arising in transcriptionally active genomic regions in the G2 phase, thereby promoting faithful repair by HR, and suppressing genome instability.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1 , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Humanos , Fatores de Processamento de Serina-Arginina/metabolismo , Fatores de Processamento de Serina-Arginina/genética , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Fosforilação , Proteína 1 de Ligação à Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Ligação à Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/genética , Epistasia Genética , Fase G2/genéticaRESUMO
Chromosome rearrangement is clinically and physiologically important because it can produce oncogenic fusion genes. Chromosome rearrangement requires DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at two genomic locations and misrejoining between the DSBs. Before DSB misrejoining, two DSB-containing chromatin regions move and pair with each other; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is largely unknown. We performed a spatiotemporal analysis of ionizing radiation-induced foci of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), a marker for DSB-containing chromatin. We found that some 53BP1 foci were paired, indicating that the two damaged chromatin regions neighboured one another. We searched for factors regulating the foci pairing and found that the number of paired foci increased when Ku80, DNA-PKcs, or ATM was absent. In contrast, 53BP1 depletion reduced the number of paired foci and dicentric chromosomes-an interchromosomal rearrangement. Foci were paired more frequently in heterochromatin than in euchromatin in control cells. Additionally, the reduced foci pairing in 53BP1-depleted cells was rescued by concomitant depletion of a heterochromatin building factor such as Krüppel-associated box-associated protein 1 or chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 3. These findings indicate that pairing between DSB-containing chromatin regions was suppressed by Ku80, DNA-PKcs, and ATM, and this pairing was promoted by 53BP1 through chromatin relaxation.