High-temperature-required protein A2 as a predictive marker for response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancers.

BACKGROUND: High-temperature-required protein A2 (HtrA2), a protein relating with apoptosis in a caspases-dependent and non-dependent manner, has been reported to be associated with chemosensitivity in several human cancers. METHODS: Tissue microarrays made from 142 patients with high-grade serous ovarian adenocarcinoma were evaluated to assess whether HtrA2 expression was related with several clinical parameters. RESULTS: Negative HtrA2 expression was observed in 36 cases (25%) of the patients, and related with significantly lower response rates of primary chemotherapy than those with positive HtrA2 expression (56% vs 83%, P<0.01). In addition, negative HtrA2 expression was identified as an independent worse prognostic factor for progression-free survival and overall survival by multivariate analyses. Furthermore, HtrA2 downregulation modulated sensitivity to platinum in serous ovarian cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: HtrA2 expression was a predictor for sensitivity to chemotherapy, and could be a candidate of molecular target in the treatment of high-grade serous ovarian cancers.

Examination of the follicular lymphoma international prognostic index (FLIPI) in the National LymphoCare study (NLCS): a prospective US patient cohort treated predominantly in community practices.

BACKGROUND: Because follicular lymphoma (FL) patients have heterogeneous outcomes, the FL international prognostic index (FLIPI) was developed to risk-stratify patients and to predict survival. However, limited data exist regarding the role of FLIPI in the era of routine first-line rituximab (R) and R-chemotherapy regimens and in the setting of community oncology practices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the outcome data from the National LymphoCare Study (NLCS), a prospective, observational cohort study, which collects data on patients with FL in the United States (US) community practices. RESULTS: Among 1068 male and 1124 female patients with FLIPI data, most were treated in US community practices (79%); 35% were FLIPI good risk, 30% intermediate risk, and 35% poor risk. FLIPI risk groups were significant predictors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for patients who undergo watchful waiting (WW), and those who receive non-R-containing regimens, R-alone, and R-chemotherapy combinations. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of contemporary practice with routine R use, stratifying patients into good, intermediate, and poor FLIPI risk groups predicts distinct outcomes in terms of OS and PFS. FLIPI remains an important prognostic index in the R era and should be used in clinical practices to support discussions about prognosis.

UGT1A1 genotype-specific phase I and pharmacokinetic study for combination chemotherapy with irinotecan and cisplatin: a Saitama Tumor Board study.

INTRODUCTION: Genotyping of UGTI1Al could be useful for prediction of severe toxicities for patients treated with irinotecan; however, genotype-based recommended dose (RD) has not been established. The aim of the present study was to determine the RD of irinotecan in combination with cisplatin (CPT-P) for individuals with or without UGT1A1 polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to polymorphisms of UGTIAl*28, *6, and *27, RDs were determined by three-case cohort methods for patients with wild-type and heterotype, and by inter-patient dose escalation for homotype patients. Pharmacokinetic studies were also evaluated. During May 2009 and July 2011, 18 Japanese patients were enrolled; 16 patients with ovarian carcinoma, and two cases with cervical cancer. The RD of irinotecan was determined as 50 mg/m2 for the patients with wild-type, 40 mg/m2 for those with heterotype, and 30 mg/m2 for homotype UGT IAl genotype. RESULTS: Patients with homotype UGTIAl1 alleles had a significantly lower glucuronidation ratio in comparison with UGTIAI wild-type and heterotype cases. CONCLUSION: UGT1A1 genotype-based RDs of irinotecan in CPT-P therapy were determined. Further studies to investigate efficacy of the RD including response evaluation are needed to confirm the present results.

Prognosis of high-grade endometrial cancer: a comparison of serous-type and clear cell type to grade 3 endometrioid-type.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prognosis of high-grade endometrial cancers, comparing serous (SC) and clear cell (CCC) types to grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma (ECG3). METHODS: Among patients with endometrial cancer treated in two decades, medical records of patients with high-grade endometrial cancer were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS: Of 447 endometrial cancers, 107 (24%) high-grade endometrial cancers were identified, with the increasing incidence in the last decade (28% vs 19%; p = 0.026). There were 24 SC, 14 CCC and 69 ECG3. Median age was 62, 68, and 61 years, respectively, with the CCC type showing an elder age than the ECG3 type (p = 0.012). The rates of patients with Stage IIIc-IV, lymph node assessment or complete resection at primary surgery, and post-operative chemotherapy were not significantly different; however, response rate to first-line chemotherapy in patients with measurable disease was lower in SC than ECG3 (3 / 11, 27% vs 14 / 19, 74%; p = 0.037), regardless of regimens. Five-year overall survival (OS) was 40%, 71%, and 71% respectively, and five-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 25%, 71%, and 61%, respectively, showing SC with worse prognosis than ECG3 on both OS (p = 0.026) and PFS (p = 0.0028). According to the multivariate analysis, age > or = 70, Stage IIIc-IV and incomplete resection were independent prognostic factors on poor OS, whereas SC, Stage IIIc-IV and incomplete resection were on poor PFS. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing trend of high-grade endometrial cancer and different outcomes according to histological subtypes, especially poor PFS and chemotherapeutic response in SC, were suggested.

Electromyographic and haemodynamic activities in lumbar muscles during bicycle ergometer exercise and walking.

Although bicycle ergometer exercise and walking are recommended as aerobic exercise for patients with lumbago, little research has been done to examine the muscular activities and circulatory dynamics during these exercises. In this study, we aimed at obtaining basic information on aerobic exercises effective for patients with lumbago by investigating the activities and circulatory dynamics of their lumbar muscles during bicycle ergometer exercise and walking. As subjects, we selected 10 healthy adults (23.7 +/- 3.4 years old) with no anamnestic history of lumbago. The measurement conditions were 4 types of exercise: walking (4.0 km/h); 25W, 50W and 75W bicycle ergometer exercises. The activities of the lumbar muscles during the exercises were measured by a surface electromyograph, and percent of MVC was calculated from the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). With regard to the circulatory dynamics of the lumbar muscles, we measured oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb) before and after the exercises with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The change rates during the exercises were calculated based on the values before the exercises. Paired t test was employed to analyse the comparison of the circulatory dynamics of the lumbar muscles between, before and during the exercises. With respect to the comparison of the change rates of the muscular activities and circulatory dynamics among each of the exercises, we employed the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p < .05). The lumbar muscular activities during the walking were significantly higher than those during the bicycle ergometer exercise were at each load level. The Oxy-Hb increased significantly during the 25W and 50W bicycle ergometer exercises, as opposed to before the exercises. It showed a tendency to decrease during the 75W bicycle ergometer exercise and walking, but not significant. The change rate of the Oxy-Hb during the 25W bicycle ergometer exercise indicated a higher value than that of the other exercises. The Deoxy-Hb, on the other hand, declined significantly in every exercise compared with those before the exercises, with no significant differences in the change rates between each of the exercises. Bicycle ergometer exercise has been suggested as an aerobic exercise permitting as much oxygen uptake as walking does, with fewer loads on lumbar muscles and less likelihood of inducing a hypoxic state on lumbar muscles.

Time-to-Event Analysis of Polatuzumab Vedotin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy to Assist in the Comparison of Clinical Dosing Regimens.

Polatuzumab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate containing monomethyl auristatin E, was associated with an incidence of grade ≥2 peripheral neuropathy (PN) of 55-72% in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a phase II study, when dosed 1.8-2.4 mg/kg every 3 weeks until progression or for a maximum of 17 cycles. To quantify the correlation of conjugate exposure and treatment duration with PN risk, a time-to-event model was developed using data from phase I and II studies. The model suggested that PN risk increased with conjugate exposure and treatment cycles, and a trend for increased risk with body weight and albumin concentration. When capping the treatment duration to six to eight cycles, the risk ratio of a dose of 2.4 mg/kg vs. 1.8 mg/kg was ≥1.29; the predicted incidence of grade ≥2 PN at 1.8-2.4 mg/kg dose levels was 17.8-37.2%, which is comparable with other antimicrotubule agents for lymphoma treatment.

Enhancement of antineoplastic effects of cisplatin by calmodulin antagonists in nude mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma.

The present study was designed to potentiate the antineoplastic effects of cisplatin by combination with calmodulin antagonists [N-(6-amino-hexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) and N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-5)] in nude mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma. Tumor growth of nude mice treated with W-7 or W-5 combined with cisplatin was significantly inhibited, compared to that of nude mice treated with W-7 alone, W-5 alone, or cisplatin alone. Although treatment with cisplatin alone markedly inhibited lytic activity of spleen cells from tumor-bearing nude mice against the tumor cells, the inhibitory effect was eliminated by combination with W-7 or W-5. There was no significant difference in survival time among untreated, cisplatin-treated, W-7-treated, and W-5-treated groups. Only when cisplatin was followed by W-7 or W-5 was a significant enhancement by W-7 or W-5 of the antitumor effect of cisplatin observed with respect to inhibition of tumor growth as well as prolongation of survival time.

Integrated Two-Analyte Population Pharmacokinetic Model for Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Patients: Implications for Reducing Pharmacokinetic Sampling.

An integrated pharmacokinetics (PK) model that simultaneously describes concentrations of total antibody (Tab) and antibody-conjugated monomethyl auristatin E (acMMAE) following administration of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-containing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) was developed based on phase I PK data with extensive sampling for two ADCs. Two linear two-compartment models that shared all parameters were used to describe the PK of Tab and acMMAE, except that the deconjugation rate was an additional clearance pathway included in the acMMAE PK model compared to Tab. Further, the model demonstrated its ability to predict Tab concentrations and PK parameters based on observed acMMAE PK and various reduced or eliminated Tab PK sampling schemes of phase II data. Thus, this integrated model allows for the reduction of Tab PK sampling in late-phase clinical development without compromising Tab PK characterization.

P190-type bcr/abl expressed in myeloid colonies in a patient with Ph1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

In Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), some cytogenetic studies have suggested clonal derivation from a multipotential stem cell. The role of the product of the chimeric gene, P190, is not, however, well understood. We examined the expression of P190-type bcr/abl in single hematopoietic colonies obtained at various clinical stages of a patient with Ph1-positive ALL, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seven out of 58 colonies examined expressed P190-type bcr/abl. Five out of seven colonies were granulocyte/macrophage (GM) colonies and two were erythroid colonies. The cell lineages of these colonies were confirmed by testing for the expressions of the myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene in the GM colonies and the beta-globin gene in the erythroid colonies. These results suggest transformation of multipotential stem cell in this patient and confirm that expression of the P190-type bcr/abl fusion gene permits stem cell differentiation leading to Ph1-positive ALL.

A novel CD10-positive erythroid cell line, RM10, established from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A novel erythroid cell line, RM10, was established from a long-term bone marrow culture of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). RM10 cells were positive for periodic acid Schiff (PAS), but negative for peroxidase and dual esterase. RM10 cells had la, pre B (CD10), myeloid (CD13, CD14, CD33) and erythroid (glycophorin A) markers, but had no other lymphoid, megakaryocytic, or mesenchymal cell markers. RM10 cells spontaneously synthesized hemoglobin, which was markedly enhanced with hemin. Isoelectric focusing of the cell lysates and northern blot analysis of the total cellular RNA revealed hemoglobin synthesis in the cells. Using 125I-labeled recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo), two classes of Epo receptors were demonstrated in the RM10 cells. However, Epo did affect neither growth nor erythroid differentiation of the cells. RM10 cells rapidly differentiated to monocytic cells in the presence of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and simultaneously expressed glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. RM10 cells had Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), and expressed p210bcr-abl using immunoprecipitation with anti-c-abl and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. These results indicate that the RM10 cells have the characteristics of multipotential hemopoietic cells originating from Ph-positive CML and that high affinity Epo receptor class is not a sufficient condition for Epo responsiveness.

Establishment of a human myeloma cell line with growth-promoting activity for bone marrow-derived fibroblastoid colony-forming cells.

A human myeloma cell line, PCM6, was newly established from peripheral blood of a patient with advanced IgG myeloma by addition of recombinant interleukin-6 (IL-6) in culture. PCM6 cells had a morphology typical of mature plasma cells. Cytogenetic and surface marker studies confirmed that PCM6 cells were identical to fresh myeloma cells. Coculture of PCM6 cells with normal bone marrow mononuclear cells resulted in increased colony size of bone marrow-derived fibroblastoid colony-forming cells (CFU-F). Conditioned medium of PCM6 (PCM6-CM) cells increased the CFU-F colony size in a dose-dependent manner. The activity was labile to trypsin treatment but was heat stable (60 degrees C, 30 minutes). Molecular weight of the activity was approximately 165 kd by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and IL-1 beta were not detectable in the conditioned medium. These findings suggest that in some myeloma cases, bone marrow stroma may be affected by CFU-F growth-promoting activity.

Bcl-2 as a predictor of chemosensitivity and prognosis in primary epithelial ovarian cancer.

This retrospective study of ovarian cancer aimed to elucidate whether expression of apoptosis-related proteins, bcl-2, p53 or MDM-2, is associated with resistance to chemotherapy, especially cisplatin (CDDP) based chemotherapy. Expression of bcl-2, p53 and MDM-2 was assessed by immunohistochemical staining of tumour tissues collected at initial surgery prior to treatment with CDDP-based chemotherapy. Among 66 patients with advanced ovarian cancer with measurable tumour following surgery and evaluable for response to chemotherapy, 42, 45 and 56% were positive for bcl-2, p53 and MDM-2, respectively. Significantly fewer tumours of patients who had a complete response to chemotherapy (CR) showed positivity for bcl-2 (2/20) than for p53 (6/20) and MDM-2 (8/20, P < 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between bcl-2 staining and initial response to chemotherapy, especially in serous and endometrial adenocarcinomas. In patients with stage III-IV, serous or endometrioid adenocarcinomas, significantly poorer survival was seen for those with bcl-2 positive tumours than those with negative bcl-2 staining (P = 0.0064). p53 and MDM-2 were not correlated with initial response to chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that bcl-2, residual tumour size and histology were significant independent prognostic factors. These results suggest that bcl-2 can be a possible predictor of response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma.

Enhancement of antitumour activity of cisplatin by N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy] ethanamine. HCl in human ovarian cancer cells with intrinsic or acquired resistance to cisplatin.

This study was designed to the elucidate sensitising effects of the intracellular histamine antagonist, N,N-diethyl-2[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy] ethanamine HCl (DPPE) on the antitumour activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) using human ovarian cancer cell lines with different sensitivities to CDDP (KF, sensitive) KFra (acquired CDDP resistant derived from KF), and KK and MH, intrinsically CDDP resistant. The KF cells were most sensitive to CDDP among cell lines used in this study and followed by MH, KK and KFra showing approximately 3.5, 4.0 and 9.1-fold IC50 values to KF, respectively. The acquired CDDP resistant KFra cells were approximately 6.1-fold more sensitive to DPPE than the parent KF cells, while MH and KK cells were more than 10-fold more resistant to DPPE than the KF cells. With regard to the inhibition of human ovarian cancer cell proliferation, phenyltoloxamine and L-histidinol were 5-2500-fold less cytotoxic than DPPE. Analysis of flow cytometry (FCM) revealed that with concentrations based on the IC50 to KF and KFra cells, DPPE resulted in G2-M accumulation in the KF (but not KFra) cells in a time-dependent manner during the course of 48 h incubation time. In addition, from a median effect analysis, DPPE seemed to have additive and somewhat synergistic effects on the antitumour activity of CDDP in KK and MH cells with intrinsic CDDP resistance, while minor antagonism in KFra cells with acquired CDDP resistance was observed. Although DPPE alone did not significantly inhibit the tumour growth of nude mice bearing KF cells, combinations of DPPE with CDDP resulted in improved survival compared with treatment with only CDDP. Adverse side-effects, as confirmed by monitoring haematocrit and the body weight were not observed during the experimental period. These results suggest that DPPE may be of clinical use for the treatment of intrinsically refractory ovarian carcinoma when combined with CDDP.

Difference of bone marrow adipocyte colony-forming capacity between aplastic anemia and iron deficiency anemia.

The bone marrow adipocyte colony-forming capacity (Adipo-CFC) in patients with aplastic anemia (AA), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was studied. Before treatment, Adipo-CFC in IDA was higher than that in AA and MDS. After treatment, Adipo-CFC decreased in IDA, but it increased in AA and MDS only at the responsive stage. In this context, it is suggested that increase of Adipo-CFC occurs during not only regenerating hemopoiesis but also accelerated erythropoiesis such as severe IDA. Colony-stimulating activity (CSA) production by marrow stromal cells (MSC) in AA was lower than that in normal subjects. Low Adipo-CFC and defective CSA production by MSC may explain in part the pathogenesis of microenvironmental defect in AA.

Clinical significance of human bone marrow stromal cell colonies in acute leukemias.

Human bone marrow-derived fibroblastoid colony-forming cells (CFU-F) and adipocyte colonies in 36 patients with acute leukemia were studied, and were serially analysed at different clinical stages. At untreated stage, CFU-F number in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was lower than that in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANL). In ANLs, CFU-F number in M1 was lower than that in M2. Adipocyte colonies were frequently developed at regenerating and relapsing stages, but rarely at untreated and remission stages. The adipocyte colony formation did not correlate with any of CFU-F number, marrow cellularity nor number of leukemic cells, but might be associated with hemopoietic regeneration. The favorable prognosis was associated with normal CFU-F number and with adipocyte colony formation at regenerating or bottom stage. As adipocytes in marrow samples were completely removed before cultures, adipocyte colony was probably originated from preadipocytes. Thus, our results suggest that adipocyte precursor cells increase in regenerating marrow and that they are essential in active hemopoiesis.

Analysis of clonality at the level of progenitors in chronic myelogenous leukaemia using the polymerase chain reaction.

The Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome is a specific structural abnormality in which the abl oncogene is activated due to the formation of the novel chimeric gene, bcr/abl. To investigate the clinicopathological role of bcr/abl in Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), we studied the clonal origin of haematopoietic progenitors by detecting bcr/abl mRNA in a single haematopoietic colony using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nine patients with CML were examined. In 5 chronic phase patients, all granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) and erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor-derived colonies were positive for bcr/abl mRNA. Colonies in which the transcripts were not detectable were observed in 4 patients. These 4 patients included one patient with a normal karyotype and without splenomegaly, a patient with cyclic oscillation of her white blood cell level, a patient treated with busulfan and interferon-alpha (INF-alpha), and a patient relapsing after allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Our observations indicate that detection of Ph1-positive clones by PCR may be used to evaluate clinical stages and the effects of treatment in CML.

Lineage non-specific down regulation of P210bcr/abl in the CML cell line, KU-812-F, during differentiation.

CML cell line, KU-812-F, originally established from a patient with Philadelphia-chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia has maintained the ability to differentiate into both granuloid (basophilic) and erythroid lineages. The expression of P210bcr/abl in KU-812-F cells during differentiation was studied by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Immunoblotting with anti-phosphotyrosine sera revealed the down-regulation of P210bcr/abl in both granuloid and erythroid lineages. Immunoprecipitation with anti-abl antibodies of 35S-methionine-labelled cells revealed a reduced rate of synthesis of P210bcr/abl protein. Cytotoxic agents that caused growth inhibition of the cells did not alter the expression of P210bcr/abl. These results indicate that the down regulation of P210bcr/abl protein is a lineage non-specific event accompanied by differentiation.

Establishment and characterization of pthrp-producing human pancreatic-cancer cell-line.

Human pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma cell line, which can secrete parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), designated as KP 4, and its daughter cell lines with different PTHrP-secreting activities, termed KP 4-1 and KP 4-2, have been established in tissue culture. KP 4 cells were able to form tumors in nude mice. The absolute production rate of PTHrP in KP 4-1 was 5 to 10 times higher than that in KP 4-2. Similarly, the level of PTHrP mRNA in KP 4-1 was significantly higher than that in KP 4-2. KP 4-2 cells exhibited more rapid growth than KP 4 and KP 4-1 in vitro. Our established cell lines should provide a useful system to study the regulation of PTHrP production and its pathophysiological roles.

Diagnosis of symptomatic postmenopausal women by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners.

OBJECTIVE: To learn more about the way that practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnose women who have menopausal symptoms. DESIGN: We assembled a cohort of 23 postmenopausal women who had hot flushes and were otherwise healthy. Each woman was examined independently by nine practitioners of TCM on the same day. Examination consisted of medical history and physical examination. Diagnoses were recorded and counted. RESULTS: The most frequent diagnosis made by the practitioners of TCM was kidney yin deficiency, which was the diagnosis made after 168 of 207 visits (81%); 23 women seen by nine TCM practitioners. Practitioners showed good agreement regarding presence of kidney yin deficiency: in 12 women (52%), this diagnosis was made by eight of nine practitioners; in 16 women (70%), seven of nine practitioners made this diagnosis; and in all 23 women (100%), at least five of nine practitioners made this diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners of TCM who diagnose postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms are likely to make a diagnosis that includes kidney yin deficiency.

Inhibitory effects by oral administration of ginsenoside Rh2 on the growth of human ovarian cancer cells in nude mice.

Recently two new compounds, ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2, have been isolated from an ethanol extract of the processed root of Panax ginseng CA Meyer, and Rh2 (but not Rh1) has been found to cause growth inhibition of cultured B16 melanoma cells. We have also demonstrated that Rh2 caused inhibition of cultured human ovarian cancer cell (HRA) proliferation. The effect of oral administration of Rh2 on tumor growth and survival of nude mice bearing HRA cells was examined. Nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously in the right flank with 10(6) HRA cells. After 7 days of tumor inoculation 2 mg/kg cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) was administered intraperitoneally once a week for 5 weeks. In Rh2-treated groups. Rh2 was dissolved in absolute ethanol, adjusted with distilled water to 1, 15, and 120 microM, and 0.4 ml of each concentration was administered orally by canula every day for 90 days, from the next day of tumor inoculation. The tumor volume, hematocrit and body weight were measured every week. On days 56 and 63 after tumor inoculation, the tumor volumes in all groups treated with Rh2 were significantly less than those in an ethanol-treated control group and also in cisplatin treated group. After 70 days, the tumor growth in nude mice treated with 15 microM and 120 microM Rh2 was significantly inhibited compared to that in a cisplatin treated group as well as a control group. Consequently, the survival of nude mice treated with 15 microM and 120 microM Rh2 was also significantly prolonged, compared to that of cisplatin treated mice. No toxic effects were observed in any of the mice.