Describing the evidence linking interprofessional education interventions to improving the delivery of safe and effective patient care: a scoping review.

Empirical evidence indicates that collaborative interprofessional practice leads to positive health outcomes. Further, there is an abundance of evidence examining student and/or faculty perceptions of learning or satisfaction about the interprofessional education (IPE) learning experience. However, there is a dearth of research linking IPE interventions to patient outcomes. The objective of this scoping review was to describe and summarize the evidence linking IPE interventions to the delivery of effective patient care. A three-step search strategy was utilized for this review with articles that met the following criteria: publications dated 2015-2020 using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods; the inclusion of healthcare professionals, students, or practitioners who had experienced IPE or training that included at least two collaborators within coursework or other professional education; and at least one of ten Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services quality measures (length of stay, medication errors, medical errors, patient satisfaction scores, medication adherence, patient and caregiver education, hospice usage, mortality, infection rates, and readmission rates). Overall, n=94 articles were identified, providing overwhelming evidence supporting a positive relationship between IPE interventions and several key quality health measures including length of stay, medical errors, patient satisfaction, patient or caregiver education, and mortality. Findings from this scoping review suggest a critical need for the development, implementation, and evaluation of IPE interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Age Effects of Bone Conduction Vibration Vestibular-evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs) Using B81 and Impulse Hammer Stimuli.

OBJECTIVE: Recently developed, the Radioear B81 bone oscillator allows for higher bone conduction vibration output; however, normative data are lacking regarding its use in vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of age on cervical and ocular VEMP (c- and oVEMP) responses using the B81 and to compare with air conduction stimuli (ACS) and impulse hammer (IH) VEMP response characteristics. DESIGN: c- and oVEMP were completed with ACS, B81, and IH stimuli in healthy participants (age range = 10 to 87 years, n = 85). RESULTS: Regardless of stimulus type, c- and oVEMP amplitudes and response rates decreased with age. For cVEMP response rates, ACS performed better or equal to B81, which was superior to the IH. For cVEMP corrected amplitude, ACS had significantly higher amplitudes compared with B81 and IH. There was no difference in cVEMP corrected amplitude between B81 and IH. For oVEMP, response rates were comparable between stimuli with the largest disparity in response rates occurring in the oldest groups where IH outperformed both ACS and B81. For oVEMP amplitude, IH had significantly higher amplitudes compared with B81 and ACS. There was no difference in oVEMP amplitude between B81 and ACS. CONCLUSIONS: Age significantly affected c- and oVEMP amplitudes regardless of stimulus type (ACS, B81, IH). All stimuli are appropriate for eliciting c- and oVEMP in the young individuals. While ACS resulted in higher cVEMP corrected amplitudes, either ACS or B81 are appropriate for older individuals. However, for oVEMPs, higher response rates and larger amplitudes were noted for IH followed by B81 and ACS. Overall, the B81 performed well across the lifespan for c- and oVEMPs and may be a reasonable bone conduction vibration option for patients with absent ACS VEMPs, but at this time is not recommended as a replacement to ACS.

Clinical Utility of Oculomotor and Electrophysiological Measures in Identifying Concussion History.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether oculomotor and electrophysiological measures improve the clinical performance of the typical concussion protocol for classifying collegiate athletes with a history of concussion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: University Athletic Medicine and Research Facility. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five varsity collegiate athletes. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Collegiate varsity athletes with or without a history of a diagnosed concussion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariate receiver operating curve and area under the curve (AUC) analyses tested the clinical performance of the typical concussion protocol (symptoms, postural control, neuropsychological abilities). We examined differences in clinical performance between this protocol and after adding reflexive saccade and event-related potential (ERP) indices. Hypotheses were formed after data collection. RESULTS: Significant AUCs were demonstrated for the typical concussion protocol (model 1: AUC = 0.75, P = 0.007), after adding reflexive saccade eye excursion gain (model 2: AUC = 0.80, P = 0.001), and ERPs (model 3: AUC = 0.79, P = 0.002). The AUC for reflexive saccades and ERPs was significant (model 4: AUC = 0.70, P = 0.030). Model 2's increased clinical performance compared with model 1 was nonsignificant, χ(2) = 1.871, P = 0.171. CONCLUSIONS: All 4 models demonstrated adequate sensitivity and specificity for classifying athletes with a previous concussion. Adding reflexive saccades and ERPs did not significantly increase clinical performance of the typical concussion protocol. Future research should determine the clinical utility of saccades and ERPs for acute postconcussion assessments.

Fall risk screening protocol for older hearing clinic patients.

OBJECTIVE: The primary purposes of this study were (1) to describe measures that may contrast audiology patients who fall from those who do not fall and (2) to evaluate the clinical performance of measures that could be easily used for fall risk screening in a mainstream audiology hearing clinic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study Study sample: Thirty-six community-dwelling audiology patient participants and 27 community-dwelling non-audiology patients over 60 years of age. RESULTS: The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE) most accurately identified patients with a recent fall (sensitivity: 76.0%), while the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) most accurately identified patients without a recent fall (specificity: 90.9%). A combination of measures used in a protocol-including HHIE, DHI, number of medications, and the Timed Up and Go test-resulted in good, accurate identification of patients with or without a recent history of falls (92.0% sensitivity, 100% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: This study reports good sensitivity and excellent specificity for identifying patients with and without a recent history of falls when measures were combined into a screening protocol. Despite previously reported barriers, effective fall risk screenings may be performed in hearing clinic settings with measures often readily accessible to audiologists.

Audiology patient fall statistics and risk factors compared to non-audiology patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare fall statistics (e.g. incidence, prevalence), fall risks, and characteristics of patients who seek hearing healthcare from an audiologist to individuals who have not sought such services. DESIGN: Case-control study. STUDY SAMPLE: Two groups of community-dwelling older adult patients: 25 audiology patients aged 60 years or older (M age: 69.2 years, SD: 4.5, range: 61-77) and a control group (gender- and age-matched ±2 years) of 25 non-audiology patients (M age: 69.6, SD: 4.7, range: 60-77). RESULTS: Annual incidence of falls (most recent 12 months) was higher in audiology patients (68.0%) than non-audiology patients (28.0%; p = .005). Audiology patients reported a higher incidence of multiple recent falls (p =.025) and more chronic health conditions (p = .028) than non-audiology patients. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly more audiology patients fall on an annual basis than non-audiology patients, suggesting that falls are a pervasive issue in general hearing clinics. Further action on the part of healthcare professionals providing audiologic services may be necessary to identify individuals at risk for falling.

Gaze Stabilization Test Asymmetry Score as an Indicator of Previous Concussion in a Cohort of Collegiate Football Players.

OBJECTIVE: Vestibular dysfunction may lead to decreased visual acuity with head movements, which may impede athletic performance and result in injury. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that athletes with history of concussion would have differences in gaze stabilization test (GST) as compared with those without a history of concussion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive. SETTING: University Athletic Medicine Facility. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen collegiate football players with a history of concussion, 25 collegiate football players without a history of concussion. INTERVENTION: Participants completed the dizziness handicap inventory (DHI), static visual acuity, perception time test, active yaw plane GST, stability evaluation test (SET), and a bedside oculomotor examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Independent samples t test was used to compare GST, SET, and DHI scores per group, with Bonferroni-adjusted alpha at P < 0.01. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the clinical performance of the GST and SET. RESULTS: Athletes with previous concussion had a larger GST asymmetry score [mean (M) = 12.40, SD = 9.09] than those without concussion (M = 4.92, SD = 4.67; t (18.70) = -2.955, P = 0.008, 95% CI, -12.79 to -2.18, d = -1.37). Clinical performance of the GST (AUC = 0.77) was better than the SET (AUC = 0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest peripheral vestibular or vestibular-visual interaction deficits in collegiate athletes with a history of concussion. The results support further research on the use of GST for sport-related concussion evaluation and monitoring. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inclusion of objective vestibular tests in the concussion protocol may reveal the presence of peripheral vestibular or visual-vestibular deficits. Therefore, the GST may add an important perspective on the effects of concussion.

Adverse effects of health anxiety on management of a patient with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular migraine and chronic subjective dizziness.

INTRODUCTION: Care of patients with vestibular symptoms focuses primarily on physical otoneurologic disorders; however, psychological factors can sustain symptoms, confound assessment, and adversely affect treatment. Health anxiety is a particularly pernicious process that simultaneously magnifies physical symptoms and inhibits medical care. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the excess morbidity caused by vestibular health anxiety and its successful management in a patient with otoneurologic disease. METHOD: Report of a 41-year-old woman with recurrent benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular migraine, and chronic subjective dizziness, who expressed grave concerns about her health, repeatedly questioned her otoneurologic diagnoses, and failed physical therapy and medication treatment until her health anxiety and otoneurologic illnesses were addressed simultaneously. CONCLUSION: Health anxiety is an empirically validated concept that explains troublesome health-related beliefs and behaviors. It is frustrating for patients and health care teams, but can be treated successfully in otoneurology practice, thereby reducing physical symptoms, emotional distress, functional impairment, and health care overutilization.

When Particle Repositioning Maneuvers Just Will Not Stick: Clinical Considerations for Persistent Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo.

PURPOSE: Although benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is often considered benign and easily treatable, aberrant cases of persistent BPPV can be challenging to manage. Detailed differential diagnosis is essential as central-, vascular-, and cervical-related etiologies may mirror the presentation of persistent BPPV. In addition, an understanding of alternative noninvasive treatment options is important as persistent BPPV is often refractory to traditional particle repositioning maneuvers (PRMs). This article reviews clinical considerations for persistent BPPV. METHOD: A case of a 68-year-old male diagnosed with posterior semicircular canal BPPV (PC-BPPV) and received various unsuccessful PRMs treatments is described. His clinical presentation is referenced alongside various possible etiologies to discern the most likely diagnosis. Nonsurgical treatment options for intractable PC-BPPV will also be reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: BPPV recalcitrant to PRM treatment warrants investigation of other etiologies; however, key elements of the case history and objective examination are helpful for differential diagnosis. Brandt-Daroff exercises may facilitate habituation of symptoms secondary to persistent BPPV. More research is needed to understand the use of multiaxial repositioning chairs for the treatment of intractable BPPV.

Performance of Fukuda Stepping Test as a function of the severity of caloric weakness in chronic dizzy patients.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the Fukuda Stepping Test (FST) is to measure asymmetrical vestibulospinal reflex tone resulting from labyrinthine dysfunction. The FST is a low cost evaluation for dizzy patients; however, when compared with gold standard caloric irrigation unilateral weakness (UW) value ≥25%, the FST has not been shown to be a sensitive tool for identifying unilateral vestibular hypofunction. PURPOSE: The purpose of this technical report is to further evaluate the clinical utility of FST with and without headshake as a function of increased caloric asymmetry for individuals with unilateral peripheral vestibular pathology. RESEARCH DESIGN: Retrospective review of FST results with and without head shaking component as compared to gold standard, caloric irrigation UW outcome values at four severity levels: 0-24% UW (normal caloric value); 25-50% UW (mild caloric UW); 51-75% UW (moderate caloric UW); 76-100% UW (severe caloric UW). STUDY SAMPLE: 736 chronic (≥8 wk symptom complaints) dizzy patients. RESULTS: Standard FST and FST following a head shake task are insensitive to detecting mild to moderate peripheral vestibular paresis. Increased test performance was observed for patients with severe canal paresis (>76% UW); however, continued inconsistencies were found in turn direction toward the severe unilateral vestibular dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the FST provides little benefit to clinicians when used in the vestibular bedside examination.

Impact of visual disorders on vestibular and balance rehabilitation therapy outcomes in soldiers with blast injury.

INTRODUCTION: One of the standard measurements in the evaluation process is quantifying the tinnitus frequency. With advancements in the treatments of tinnitus, the need for a simple patient-directed automated tinnitus assessment is urging. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the accuracy of a web-based protocol for tinnitus frequency matching in comparison to audiometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty subjects had tinnitus frequency matching in a random order using an audiometer in an anechoic chamber and using a web-based software with a multiple-choice protocol and a slider. Octave challenge testing was performed. Participants were asked to indicate which protocol resulted in the closest match to their tinnitus frequency. RESULTS: Median tinnitus frequency was 6000Hz (range, 2000-12000Hz) using the audiometer and self-directed multiple-choice protocol. Using the slider, the median frequency was 5925Hz (range, 1850-16000Hz). The patients with tinnitus frequency of over 12000Hz experienced a higher level of satisfaction when using the computer-based slider system. Five patients experienced octave confusion with self-directed multiple-choice tinnitus matching that was corrected accurately after the octave challenge step. CONCLUSION: A web-based protocol for tinnitus frequency matching is as accurate as a standard audiometric protocol. An octave challenge test is necessary for a patient-directed tinnitus frequency matching.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: Effective diagnosis and treatment.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), caused by wayward crystals ("rocks") in the semicircular canals of the inner ear, is the most common cause of brief symptoms of vertigo secondary to head and body movements. Diagnosing and treating it are simple to do in the medical office. This article reviews the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with dizziness and vertigo, the pathophysiology of BPPV, how to diagnose it using maneuvers to elicit symptoms and nystagmus, how to interpret the nystagmus pattern to determine where the rocks are, and how to treat it using different maneuvers to reposition ("roll") the rocks back where they belong.

BASIC Training: A Pilot Study of Balance/Strengthening Exercises in Heart Failure.

PURPOSE: The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of a multicomponent balance and resistance training intervention on physical function, balance, and falls in older (≥65 years) community-dwelling heart failure (HF) patients. DESIGN: Randomized, two-group repeated-measures experimental design. METHODS: The intervention involved once weekly supervised group sessions with home sessions encouraged twice weekly. Focus groups held pre/post intervention. Outcome variables included measures of physical function, balance confidence, and falling risk. FINDINGS: In a sample size of 33, the Dynamic Gait Index change from baseline to 12 weeks was significantly different in the groups (p = .029). The number of reported falls declined from 0.92 to 0.54 per participant. CONCLUSIONS: A supervised group session intervention can increase mobility and gait and reduce fall rate for HF patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study was designed to improve lower extremity strength, balance, and falls in elderly HF patients, thus reducing costs and improving quality of life for this population.

Using Functional Ability Measures to Assess Fall Risk in Acute Care.

Currently, it is not known whether integration of functional performance measures is sensitive and feasible for use in acute care settings. This cross-sectional study explored the subjective and objective measures of the risks of falling, falls efficacy, and functional abilities for inpatients in an adult acute care unit. The Morse Fall Scale (n = 30) and Timed Up and Go (TUG; n = 10) had excellent sensitivity (100%) for identifying participants with prior fall histories, while the St. Thomas Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Elderly Inpatients only had good sensitivity (87.5%). Study findings suggest that implementation of feasible functional ability measures in conjunction with subjective fall risk measures could enhance accuracy and performance in identifying inpatient risks of falling in acute care settings.

Fukuda stepping test: sensitivity and specificity.

BACKGROUND: A vestibulospinal test known as the Fukuda stepping test (FST) has been suggested to be a measure of asymmetrical labyrinthine function. However, an extensive review of the performance of this test to identify a peripheral vestibular lesion has not been reported. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the standard FST and a head shaking variation for identification of a peripheral vestibular system lesion. RESEARCH DESIGN: In this retrospective review, we compared performance on the FST with and without a head shaking component to electronystagmography (ENG) caloric irrigation unilateral weakness results. STUDY SAMPLE: We studied these factors in 736 chronic dizzy patients. RESULTS: Receiving operating characteristics (ROC) analysis and area under the curve (AUC) indicated no significant benefit to performance from the head shaking variation compared to the standard FST in identifying labyrinthine weakness as classified by caloric unilateral weakness results. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the FST with and without head shake component is not a reliable screening tool for peripheral vestibular asymmetry in chronic dizzy patients; however, future research may hold promise for the FST as a tool for patients with acute unilateral disorders.

Functional Measures for Fall Risk in the Acute Care Setting: A Review.

This review explores the evidence pertaining to the use of functional ability measures for fall risk in the acute care setting. We included studies from six bibliographic databases that investigated fall risk functional ability measures in hospitalized older adults (≥55 years). We utilized the following search terms: acute care, subacute care, critical care, inpatient, fall, and fall prevention. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Timed "Up and Go" (TUG) was identified as a feasible fall risk functional ability measure for clinicians; it demonstrated clinical performance of fair sensitivity (56%-68%) and good specificity (74%-80%). Clinical performance of other measures (Berg Balance Scale and Functional Reach test) was not as favorable as the TUG. Functional ability measures are underutilized in the acute care setting, potentially due to limited knowledge and training on administration. Combining functional measures with subjective screening tools may optimize performance and accuracy of identifying fall risk identification.

Pediatric vestibular testing: Tolerability of test components in children.

INTRODUCTION: Objective of the study is to define rates of successful completion of components of pediatric vestibular testing (VT). METHODS: Retrospective review of VT performed on patients less than 18 years of age from 2004 to 2015. RESULTS: 188 pediatric patients (mean age: 13.9 ±â€¯3.56 years old, range 2-17 years) underwent testing. Thirty-five (18.6%) had abnormal test results. Pediatric patients unable to complete all aspects of VT could still complete an average of 7.9 ±â€¯4.0 of 12 test components. The optokinetic tracking test was the most commonly omitted component of the vestibular tests. In a multivariate analysis, failure to perform Nylen-Barany positional testing (χ2 27.5, p < 0.0001) or Dix-Hallpike (5.66, p = 0.0174) testing was associated with inability to obtain final diagnosis on VT. CONCLUSIONS: Interpretable VT may be obtained in most children, even in those that do not tolerate the full testing protocol. Spontaneous and gaze-evoked nystagmus testing maybe considered as part of initial testing protocol before attempting less well-tolerated components such as bithermal calorics or components that require VNG goggles.

Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT): The Role of Corrective Saccades in Identifying Patients With Vestibular Loss.

OBJECTIVE: 1) Characterize corrective saccades (CS) in normal controls, and 2) examine the sensitivity of the video head impulse test (vHIT) for identifying vestibular loss using both gain and CS. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective combined with retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Seventy subjects with normal vestibular function served as controls (mean age, 44.1 yr; range, 10-78) and data from 49 patients with unilateral and bilateral vestibular loss was retrospectively reviewed (mean age, 50; range, 7-81). INTERVENTION: vHIT; individual horizontal head impulses were then analyzed in MATLAB. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Horizontal vHIT gain, CS peak velocity, frequency, and latency. RESULTS: There was not an age effect for CS velocity or latency, and only a weak relationship between CS frequency and age in the control group. Gain and CS latency were the only parameters affected by impulse side, demonstrating higher gain and longer latency on the right. The group with vestibular loss had significantly lower mean vHIT gain, higher mean CS frequency, higher mean CS velocity, earlier CS latency, and smaller mean CS standard deviations of the latency compared with the control group.When all factors were analyzed separately by logistic regression, vHIT gain provided the best classification (83.8%), closely followed by CS frequency (83.1%). Using a two variable approach (both gain and CS frequency) yielded the best diagnostic accuracy (overall classification = 84.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Along with gain, incorporating CS frequency in interpreting vHIT improves diagnostic accuracy. A repeatable CS (>81.89%) and/or low gain (<0.78) indicate vestibular loss.

Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews the literature on vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing, a short latency electromyogram evoked by high acoustic stimuli and recorded via surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Applications and refinements of this technique are described for different pathologies and in adults and children. RECENT FINDINGS: Various techniques for electrode placement have been described to elicit a vestibular-evoked myogenic potential response, which has been clinically investigated in normal individuals, under pathological conditions, and in adult and pediatric patients. As vestibular-evoked myogenic potential amplitude is linearly related to the level of background activity of the sternocleidomstoid muscle, maintaining steady contraction of the muscle can be challenging in some patients. SUMMARY: Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing may provide additional information about the vestibular system and allow site of lesion testing (e.g. saccule and inferior vestibular nerve) in patients of all ages. Its role has yet to be defined in the diagnosis and treatment of common vestibular disorders, including Meniere's disease, vestibular neuronitis, labyrinthitis, and other diseases. Further research is needed to support its clinical usefulness in patients with balance disorders, to optimize patient selection, and to establish its cost effectiveness.

Examining Effects of Physical Exertion on the Dynamic Visual Acuity Test in Collegiate Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Acute symptoms of dizziness and/or imbalance commonly experienced in athletes postconcussion are speculated to arise from dysfunction at multiple levels (i.e., inner ear or central vestibular system) to appropriately integrate afferent sensory information. Disruption along any pathway of the balance system can result in symptoms of dizziness, decreased postural control function (vestibulospinal reflex), and reduced vestibulo-ocular reflex function. This may also lead to decreased gaze stability with movements of the head and may account for symptoms of blurred vision or diplopia reported in almost half of athletes sustaining a concussion. Current concussion position statements include measures of postural control to examine changes to the balance system postconcussion. The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is a commonly used low-cost postural control measure for concussion assessment. Although this is a widely used measure for documenting balance function on both immediate (sideline) and recovery monitoring, the BESS has been shown to be affected by physical exertion. Therefore, the BESS may not be the most efficient means of examining functional changes to the balance system immediately after head injury. Dynamic Visual Acuity Test (DVAT) has been found to effectively evaluate and monitor changes to the gaze stability system postinjury. Thus, DVAT may be an additional measure in the concussion assessment battery, as well as an alternative for more immediate sideline assessment to help make objective return-to-play decisions. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of physical exertion on a clinical vestibular assessment, the DVAT, in collegiate athletes, as a first step in defining the role of this measure in the concussion assessment battery. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional, repeated-measures design. STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty-eight healthy collegiate athletes (20 males, 8 females; age = 20.25 ± 1.46 yr, range = 18-25 yr) volunteered to participate in the study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Participants were randomly assigned to complete a 20-min protocol of physical exertion or rest. DVAT was completed pre-exertion or rest (pre-DVAT), immediately following the 20-min protocol (post-DVAT I), and again 10 min after the completion of the 20-min protocol (post-DVAT II). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were monitored throughout testing. Repeated-measures analysis of the variance were used to examine the effects of exertion on DVAT. Additionally, intraclass correlation coefficients were used to examine test reliability. RESULTS: No significant main effect was observed for right and left DVAT logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution loss between groups or across time points (p > 0.05). A significant main effect was observed for RPE and HR for groups and time points (p < 0.001), indicating adequate physical exertion and rest. Fair to good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient values between 0.4 and 0.74) was observed for both rightward and leftward movements of the head across the three time points. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that DVAT is not affected by physical exertion and may provide a more immediate assessment of the balance system that may be of use for the sideline concussion assessment. Future studies will be performed to examine additional factors (e.g., background noise, complex visual backgrounds) that may affect DVAT performance in the sideline environment.

Effects of Device on Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) Gain.

BACKGROUND: Numerous video head impulse test (vHIT) devices are available commercially; however, gain is not calculated uniformly. An evaluation of these devices/algorithms in healthy controls and patients with vestibular loss is necessary for comparing and synthesizing work that utilizes different devices and gain calculations. PURPOSE: Using three commercially available vHIT devices/algorithms, the purpose of the present study was to compare: (1) horizontal canal vHIT gain among devices/algorithms in normal control subjects; (2) the effects of age on vHIT gain for each device/algorithm in normal control subjects; and (3) the clinical performance of horizontal canal vHIT gain between devices/algorithms for differentiating normal versus abnormal vestibular function. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective. STUDY SAMPLE: Sixty-one normal control adult subjects (range 20-78) and eleven adults with unilateral or bilateral vestibular loss (range 32-79). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: vHIT was administered using three different devices/algorithms, randomized in order, for each subject on the same day: (1) Impulse (Otometrics, Schaumberg, IL; monocular eye recording, right eye only; using area under the curve gain), (2) EyeSeeCam (Interacoustics, Denmark; monocular eye recording, left eye only; using instantaneous gain), and (3) VisualEyes (MicroMedical, Chatham, IL, binocular eye recording; using position gain). RESULTS: There was a significant mean difference in vHIT gain among devices/algorithms for both the normal control and vestibular loss groups. vHIT gain was significantly larger in the ipsilateral direction of the eye used to measure gain; however, in spite of the significant mean differences in vHIT gain among devices/algorithms and the significant directional bias, classification of "normal" versus "abnormal" gain is consistent across all compared devices/algorithms, with the exception of instantaneous gain at 40 msec. There was not an effect of age on vHIT gain up to 78 years regardless of the device/algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support that vHIT gain is significantly different between devices/algorithms, suggesting that care should be taken when making direct comparisons of absolute gain values between devices/algorithms.