Correction: Samsuzzaman et al. A Synthetic Derivative SH 66 of Homoisoflavonoid from Liliaceae Exhibits Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity against LPS-Induced Microglial Cells. Molecules 2024, 29, 3037.

Error in Figure [...].

A Synthetic Derivative SH 66 of Homoisoflavonoid from Liliaceae Exhibits Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity against LPS-Induced Microglial Cells.

Naturally occurring homoisoflavonoids isolated from some Liliaceae plants have been reported to have diverse biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects). The exact mechanism by which homoisoflavonones exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects against activated microglia-induced inflammatory cascades has not been well studied. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanism of homoisoflavonoid SH66 having a potential anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed BV2 murine microglial cells. Microglia cells were pre-treated with SH66 followed by LPS (100 ng/mL) activation. SH66 treatment attenuated the production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, by down-regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in LPS-activated microglia. The SH66-mediated inhibition of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex and the respective inflammatory biomarker-like active interleukin (IL)-1ß were noted to be one of the key pathways of the anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, SH66 increased the neurite length in the N2a neuronal cell and the level of nerve growth factor in the C6 astrocyte cell. Our results demonstrated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of SH66 against LPS-activated microglia-mediated inflammatory events by down-regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, with respect to its neuroprotective effect. SH66 could be an interesting candidate for further research and development regarding prophylactics and therapeutics for inflammation-mediated neurological complications.

Hericerin derivatives activates a pan-neurotrophic pathway in central hippocampal neurons converging to ERK1/2 signaling enhancing spatial memory.

The traditional medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus is known for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration through targeting nerve growth factor (NGF) neurotrophic activity. Here, we purified and identified biologically new active compounds from H. erinaceus, based on their ability to promote neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. N-de phenylethyl isohericerin (NDPIH), an isoindoline compound from this mushroom, together with its hydrophobic derivative hericene A, were highly potent in promoting extensive axon outgrowth and neurite branching in cultured hippocampal neurons even in the absence of serum, demonstrating potent neurotrophic activity. Pharmacological inhibition of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) by ANA-12 only partly prevented the NDPIH-induced neurotrophic activity, suggesting a potential link with BDNF signaling. However, we found that NDPIH activated ERK1/2 signaling in the absence of TrkB in HEK-293T cells, an effect that was not sensitive to ANA-12 in the presence of TrkB. Our results demonstrate that NDPIH acts via a complementary neurotrophic pathway independent of TrkB with converging downstream ERK1/2 activation. Mice fed with H. erinaceus crude extract and hericene A also exhibited increased neurotrophin expression and downstream signaling, resulting in significantly enhanced hippocampal memory. Hericene A therefore acts through a novel pan-neurotrophic signaling pathway, leading to improved cognitive performance.

Anti-neuroinflammatory Effects of Active Compound SPA1413 via Suppression of the MAPK and JAK/STAT Signaling Pathways.

Isoflavones and their derivatives possess neuroprotective activities against neurological disorders. Recently, the active compound SPA1413 (dehydroequol) derived from S-equol, an isoflavone-derived metabolite produced by human intestinal bacteria, was identified as a potent anti-amyloidogenic and neuroinflammatory candidate against Alzheimer's disease. However, its detailed modes of action, associated signaling pathways, and comparison with potential isoflavone derivatives have not yet been studied. Hence, the current study aimed to identify signaling pathways associated with SPA1413 using lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated BV2 cells as the experimental model via biological assays, Western blotting, and quantitative (q)RT-PCR. The results indicate that the SPA1413 anti-neuroinflammatory effect arises due to suppression of the nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling networks, including those of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Interestingly, SPA1413 inhibited IL-11 through the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. In addition, SPA1413 inhibited neuronal cell death by reducing LPS-activated microglia in neuronal N2a cells. Our findings suggest that SPA1413 may act as a strong anti-neuroinflammatory candidate by suppressing the MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways.

Neuroprotective effects of total alkaloids fraction of Huperzia serrata on scopolamine-induced neurodegenerative animals.

Huperzia serrata contains Huperzine A (HupA)-an alkaloid used to treat cognitive dysfunction. In this study, we used the total alkaloids (HsAE) to investigate their potential in managing cognitive impairment in comparison with HupA. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay. In the cellular study, the cell viability and level of ACh of SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated after pretreated with HsAE and scopolamine. For in vivo assay, mice were pre-treated with HsAE, and HupA and undergone scopolamine injection for cognitive impairment. The behavioral tests including the Y-maze and Morris water maze test and the AChE activity, the SOD, CAT, MDA level in the hippocampus and cortex were evaluated. HsAE showed significant scavenging properties on DPPH radicals. HsAE was not toxic to SH-SY5Y cells, and can rescue these cells upon scopolamine treatment. Intriguingly, HsAE showed the neuroprotection against scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Moreover, HsAE decreased AChE activity, MDA level, increased antioxidative enzyme activity in the hippocampus as well as cortex of mice, which was relatively better than that of HupA. These findings suggested that HsAE may significantly protect the neurons of mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment connected to AChE depletion and oxidative stress.

Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of alkaloid-enriched extract from Huperzia serrata on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells.

CONTEXT: Alkaloid-enriched extract of Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis (Lycopodiaceae) (HsAE) can potentially be used to manage neuronal disorders. OBJECTIVE: This study determines the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of HsAE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BV-2 cells were pre- or post-treated with different concentrations of HsAE (25-150 µg/mL) for 30 min before or after LPS induction. Cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and no cytotoxicity was found. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration was determined using Griess reagent. The levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS: HsAE reduced LPS-induced NO production with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 99.79 and 92.40 µg/mL at pre- and post-treatment, respectively. Pre-treatment with HsAE at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 µg/mL completely inhibited the secretion of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß compared to post-treatment with HsAE. This suggests that prophylactic treatment is better than post-inflammation treatment. HsAE decreased the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 and attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by downregulating the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase in the MAPK signaling pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: HsAE exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, suggesting that it may be a potential candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.

Identification of accession-specific variants and development of KASP markers for assessing the genetic makeup of Brassica rapa seeds.

BACKGROUND: Most crop seeds are F1 hybrids. Seed providers and plant breeders must be confident that the seed supplied to growers is of known, and uniform, genetic makeup. This requires maintenance of pure genotypes of the parental lines and testing to ensure the genetic purity of the F1 seed. Traditionally, seed purity has been assessed with a grow-out test (GOT) in the field, a time consuming and costly venture. Early in the last decade, seed testing with molecular markers was introduced as a replacement for GOT, and Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers were recognized as promising tools for genetic testing of seeds. However, the markers available at that time could be inaccurate and applicable to only a small number of accessions or varieties due to the limited genetic information and reference genomes available. RESULTS: We identified 4,925,742 SNPs in 50 accessions of the Brasscia rapa core collection. From these, we identified 2,925 SNPs as accession-specific, considering properties of flanking region harboring accession-specific SNPs and genic region conservation among accessions by the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis. In total, 100 accession-specific markers were developed as accession-specific KASP markers. Based on the results of our validation experiments, the accession-specific markers successfully distinguised individuals from the mixed population including 50 target accessions from B. rapa core collection and the outgroup. Additionally, the marker set we developed here discriminated F1 hybrids and their parental lines with distinct clusters. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides efficient methods for developing KASP markers to distinguish individuals from the mixture comprised of breeding lines and germplasms from the resequencing data of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa spp. pekinensis).

Procyanidins and Phlobatannins from the Twigs of Rosa multiflora and Their Neuroprotective Activity.

Three new procyanidins (1-3), two new phlobatannins (6 and 7), a new flavan-3,4-diol glycoside (9), and a new neolignan glycoside (10), along with three previously reported compounds (4, 5, and 8) were isolated from the twigs of Rosa multiflora. The chemical structures of the new compounds (1-3, 6, 7, 9, and 10) were characterized by spectroscopic data interpretation, including NMR (1H and 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) and HRESIMS analysis. Experimental ECD data analysis was conducted to assign the absolute configurations of the new compounds (1-3, 6, 7, 9, and 10). The absolute configuration of the sugar moieties was verified through a chiral derivatization method and LC-MS analysis. All the isolated compounds (1-10) were evaluated for their anti-neuroinflammatory activity based on inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production using a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine microglia BV-2 cell line and for their neurotrophic effects on nerve growth factor induction in C6 glioma.

Anti-diabetic potential of Masclura tricuspidata leaves: Prenylated isoflavonoids with α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-glycation activity.

Investigation of chemical constituents of Masclura tricuspidata leaves resulted in the isolation of 47 isoflavonoids possessing prenyl groups with different numbers and structures. Among them, sixteen compounds named cudracusisoflavones A-P (1-16) were first isolated from nature. The isoflavonoids isolated from M. tricuspidata leaves showed anti-diabetic effects as measured by inhibition on α-glucosidase activity and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formations. Especially, cudracusisoflavone L (12), a new compound, together with gancaonin M (27), erysenegalensein E (41) and millewanin G (44) showed strong α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values <10.0 µM. In addition, cudracusisoflavones A (1), D (4), M (13) and N (14), together with known prenylated isoflavonoids efficiently inhibited methylglyoxal (MGO)- or glyoxal (GO)-induced AGE formations. Structure activity relationship together with molecular docking analysis suggested the importance of hydroxy group and linear type of prenyl moiety for α-glucosidase inhibition. Conclusively, diverse prenylated isoflavonoids in M. tricuspidata leaves might ameliorate glycotoxicity-induced metabolic diseases.

Genetic and physiological analyses of root cracking in radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

KEY MESSAGE: A major QTL conferring tolerance to radish (Raphanus sativus) root cracking was mapped for the first time and two calcium regulatory genes were identified that positively associated with the cracking phenomenon. Root cracking is a severe physiological disorder that significantly decreases the yield and commercial value of radish. The genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying this root cracking disorder have not been characterized. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) putatively associated with radish root cracking were mapped. Ten QTLs were distributed in six linkage groups, among these QTLs, 'RCr1' in LG1 was detected over 3 consecutive years and was considered to be a major QTL for root cracking. The QTL 'RCr1' was responsible for 4.47-18.11% of variance in the root cracking phenotype. We subsequently identified two candidate genes, RsANNAT and RsCDPK. Both genes encode proteins involved in calcium binding, ion transport, and Ca2+ signal transduction, which are important for regulating plant development and adaptations to the environment. These genes were co-localized to the major QTL region. Additionally, we analyzed physiological changes (i.e., root firmness, cell wall content, and cell-wall-bound calcium content) in two parental lines during different developmental stages. Moreover, we observed that the RsANNAT and RsCDPK expression levels are positively correlated with Ca2+ contents in the roots of the cracking-tolerant '835' cultivar. Thus, these genes may influence root cracking. The data provided herein may support the useful information to understand root cracking behavior in radish and may enable breeders to develop new cultivars exhibiting increased tolerance to root and fruit cracking.

Kochia scoparia seed extract suppresses VEGF-induced angiogenesis via modulating VEGF receptor 2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.

Context: Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (Amaranthaceae), known as a traditional medicine in China, Japan and Korea, is reported to have various biological activities. However, K. scoparia seed extract (KSE) functional roles on angiogenesis and prostate cancer inhibition have not been elucidated. Objective: This study elucidates the effects of KSE on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and inhibition of proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Materials and methods: HUVECs were treated with 10-20 µg/mL of KSE and 20-50 ng/mL of VEGF for 12-72 h. Anti-angiogenesis properties of KSE were determined by wound healing, trans-well, tube formation, rat aortic ring assay and western blotting. Prostate cancer and normal cells were incubated with 10-250 µg/mL of KSE for 24 h, and cell viability was measured by SRB assay. Phenolic compounds in KSE were analyzed using a HPLC-PDA system. Results: IC50 for cell viability of HUVECs, LNCaP, PC-3, RC-58T and RWPE-1 by KSE were 30.64, 89.25, 123.41, 141.62 and >250 µg/mL, respectively. Treatment with KSE (20 µg/mL) significantly suppressed VEGF-induced migration, invasion and capillary-like structure formation of HUVECs and microvessel sprouting from rat aortic rings. In addition, KSE down-regulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR levels and phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 in HUVECs. 3-OH-tyrosol (1.63 mg/g) and morin hydrate (0.17 mg/g) were identified in KSE. Conclusions: KSE inhibits angiogenesis in HUVECs as well as proliferation in human prostate cancer cells, suggesting KSE may be useful herbal medicine for preventing progression of prostate cancer and angiogenesis.

Identification and characterization of the leaf specific networks of inner and rosette leaves in Brassica rapa.

Inner and rosette leaves of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) have different characteristics in terms of nutritional value, appearance, taste, color and texture. Many researchers have utilized differentially expressed genes for exploring the difference between inner and rosette leaves of Brassica rapa. The functional characteristics of a gene, however, is determined by complex interactions between genes. Hence, a noble network approach is required for elucidating such functional difference that is not captured by gene expression profiles alone. In this study, we measured gene expression in the standard cabbage genome by RNA-Sequencing and constructed rosette and inner leaf networks based on the gene expression profiles. Furthermore, we compared the topological and functional characteristics of these networks. We found significant functional difference between the rosette and inner leaf networks. Specifically, we found that the genes in the rosette leaf network were associated with homeostasis and response to external stimuli whereas the genes in the inner leaf network were mainly related to the glutamine biosynthesis processes and developmental processes with hormones. Overall, the network approach provides an insight into the functional difference of the two leaves.

Inhibitory Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Retinal Endothelial Permeability and Angiogenesis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), often triggered by endothelial barrier disruption through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is a leading cause of blindness. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of phenolic compounds on VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and permeability using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRECs). Thirty-seven polyphenolic compounds were selected from various databases based on their antioxidant properties, abundance in food, and solubility. These compounds significantly reduced migration, tube formation, and endothelial permeability in VEGF-stimulated hRECs. Notably, formononetin, eriodictyol, biochanin A, and p-coumaric acid were more effective in suppressing VEGF-induced angiogenesis and endothelial permeability than lutein. Molecular docking simulations revealed that formononetin, eriodictyol, and biochanin A had relatively lower binding energies with VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) than lutein and sorafenib. These findings highlight the potential of phenolic compounds to be used as VEGFR2 inhibitors and an alternative strategy for preventing AMD.

Pan-chloroplast genomes for accession-specific marker development in Hibiscus syriacus.

Hibiscus syriacus L. is a renowned ornamental plant. We constructed 95 chloroplast genomes of H. syriacus L. cultivars using a short-read sequencing platform (Illumina) and a long-read sequencing platform (Oxford Nanopore Technology). The following genome assembly, we delineate quadripartite structures encompassing large single-copy, small single-copy, and inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions, from 160,231 bp to 161,041 bp. Our comprehensive analyses confirmed the presence of 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes in the pan-chloroplast genome, consistent with prior research on the H. syriacus chloroplast genome. Subsequent pangenome analysis unveiled widespread genome sequence conservation alongside unique cultivar-specific variant patterns consisting of 193 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 61 insertions or deletions. The region containing intra-species variant patterns, as identified in this study, has the potential to develop accession-specific molecular markers, enhancing precision in cultivar classification. These findings are anticipated to drive advancements in breeding strategies, augment biodiversity, and unlock the agricultural potential inherent in H. syriacus.

Glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end products (GO-AGEs) with UVB critically induce skin inflammaging: in vitro and in silico approaches.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have potential implications on several diseases including skin inflammation and aging. AGEs formation can be triggered by several factors such as UVB, glyoxal and methylglyoxal etc. However, little attention has been paid to glyoxal-derived AGEs (GO-AGEs) and UVB-induced skin inflammaging, with none have investigated together. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of GO-AGEs and UVB in skin inflammaging focusing on revealing its molecular mechanisms. The effects of GO-AGEs in the presence or absence of UVB were studied by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, qPCR, flow cytometry and in silico approaches. In HaCaT cells, GO-AGEs in the presence of UVB irradiation (125 mJ/cm2) dramatically enhanced the release of different pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) with further activation of RAGE signaling pathways (NF-κB, COX 2, and IL- 1ß) and increased oxidative stress also noticed in NHEK cells. In NHDF cells, extracellular matrix disruption noted via increasing matrix metalloproteinase release and decreasing collagen type 1 and SIRT1 expression. Besides that, the docking scores obtained from the molecular docking study support the above-mentioned results. This study strongly suggests the pivotal role of GO-AGEs in skin inflammaging and illuminates novel molecular pathways for searching most effective and updated anti-aging therapy.

Metabolomic Comparison of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaf Extracts Fermented by Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Their Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities.

Probiotic fermentation of plant-based materials can lead to the generation of various bioactive substances via bacterial metabolites and the biotransformation of phenolic compounds. We compared the metabolic differences between fermentation by Limosilactobacillus fermentum KCTC15072BP (LFG) and fermentation by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KGMB00831 (LPG) in guava leaf extract (0%, 0.5%, and 2% (w/v))-supplemented medium via non-targeted metabolite profiling. By performing multivariate statistical analysis and comparing the different guava leaf extract groups, 21 guava-derived and 30 bacterial metabolites were identified. The contents of guava-derived glucogallin, gallic acid, and sugar alcohols were significantly higher in LFG than they were in LPG. Similarly, significantly higher contents of guava-derived pyrogallol, vanillic acid, naringenin, phloretin, and aromatic amino acid catabolites were obtained with LPG than with LFG. LFG led to significantly higher antioxidant activities than LPG, while LPG led to significantly higher antiglycation activity than LFG. Interestingly, the fermentation-induced increase in the guava-leaf-extract-supplemented group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Thus, the increased bioactivity induced by guava fermentation with the Lactobacillaceae strain may be influenced by the synergistic effects between microbial metabolites and plant-derived compounds. Overall, examining the metabolic changes in plant-based food fermentation by differentiating the origin of metabolites provides a better understanding of food fermentation.

Potential Role of Dietary Salmon Nasal Cartilage Proteoglycan on UVB-Induced Photoaged Skin.

New supplements with preventive effects against skin photodamage are receiving increasing attention. This study evaluated the anti-photoaging effects of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan (SPG), acting as a functional material for skin health. We administered SPG to in vitro and in vivo models exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and assessed its moisturizing and anti-wrinkle effects on dorsal mouse skin and keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts cell lines. These results showed that SPG restored the levels of filaggrin, involucrin, and AQP3 in the epidermis of UVB-irradiated dorsal skin and keratinocytes, thereby enhancing the keratinization process and water flow. Additionally, SPG treatment increased the levels of hyaluronan and skin ceramide, the major components of intercellular lipids in the epidermis. Furthermore, SPG treatment significantly increased the levels of collagen and procollagen type 1 by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase 1, which play a crucial role in skin fibroblasts, in both in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, SPG strongly inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) signaling, the including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. These findings suggest that dietary SPG may be an attractive functional food for preventing UVB-induced photoaging. And this SPG product may provide its best benefit when treating several signs of skin photoaging.

Enhanced visualization of small peptides absorbed in rat small intestine by phytic-acid-aided matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry.

Enhanced visualization of small peptides absorbed through a rat intestinal membrane was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) with the aid of phytic acid as a matrix additive. Penetrants through intestinal peptide transporter 1, i.e., glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar, 147.1 m/z) and antihypertensive dipeptide, Val-Tyr (281.2 m/z), were chosen for MALDI-IMS. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of dipeptides Gly-Sar and Val-Tyr were seen to increase by 2.4- and 8.0-fold, respectively, when using a 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) matrix containing 5.0 mM phytic acid, instead of the THAP matrix alone. Owing to the phytic-acid-aided MALDI-IMS method, Gly-Sar and Val-Tyr absorbed in the rat intestinal membrane were successfully visualized. The proposed imaging method also provided useful information on intestinal peptide absorption; to some extent, Val-Tyr was rapidly hydrolyzed to Tyr by peptidases located at the intestinal microvillus during the absorption process. In conclusion, the strongly acidic additive, phytic acid, is beneficial for enhancing the visualization of small peptides using MALDI-IMS, owing to the suppression of ionization-interfering salts in the tissue.

The complete chloroplast genome of Hibiscus syriacus using long-read sequencing: Comparative analysis to examine the evolution of the tribe Hibisceae.

Hibiscus syriacus, a member of the tribe Hibisceae, is considered an important ornamental and medicinal plant in east Asian countries. Here, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genome of H. syriacus var. Baekdansim using the PacBio long-read sequencing platform. A quadripartite structure with 161,026 base pairs was obtained, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IRA and IRB) with 25,745 base pairs, separated by a large single-copy region of 89,705 base pairs and a short single-copy region of 19,831 base pairs. This chloroplast genome had 79 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes, and 109 simple sequence repeat regions. Among them, ndhD and rpoC1, containing traces of RNA-editing events associated with adaptive evolution, were identified by analysis of putative RNA-editing sites. Codon usage analysis revealed a preference for A/U-terminated codons. Furthermore, the codon usage pattern had a clustering tendency similar to that of the phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Hibisceae. This study provides clues for understanding the relationships and refining the taxonomy of the tribe Hibisceae.

Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Methylglyoxal via Increasing Gastrocnemius and Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Sensitivity.

Muscle atrophy is characterized by the loss of muscle function. Many efforts are being made to prevent muscle atrophy, and exercise is an important alternative. Methylglyoxal is a well-known causative agent of metabolic diseases and diabetic complications. This study aimed to evaluate whether methylglyoxal induces muscle atrophy and to evaluate the ameliorative effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in a methylglyoxal-induced muscle atrophy animal model. Each mouse was randomly divided into three groups: control, methylglyoxal-treated, and methylglyoxal-treated within aerobic exercise. In the exercise group, each mouse was trained on a treadmill for 2 weeks. On the last day, all groups were evaluated for several atrophic behaviors and skeletal muscles, including the soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius, and extensor digitorum longus were analyzed. In the exercise group, muscle mass was restored, causing in attenuation of muscle atrophy. The gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus muscles showed improved fiber cross-sectional area and reduced myofibrils. Further, they produced regulated atrophy-related proteins (i.e., muscle atrophy F-box, muscle RING-finger protein-1, and myosin heavy chain), indicating that aerobic exercise stimulated their muscle sensitivity to reverse skeletal muscle atrophy. In conclusion, shortness of the gastrocnemius caused by methylglyoxal may induce the dynamic imbalance of skeletal muscle atrophy, thus methylglyoxal may be a key target for treating skeletal muscle atrophy. To this end, aerobic exercise may be a powerful tool for regulating methylglyoxal-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.