Unveiling the Surface Structure of ZnO Nanorods and H2 Activation Mechanisms with 17O NMR Spectroscopy.

ZnO plays a very important role in many catalytic processes involving H2, yet the details on their interactions and H2 activation mechanism are still missing, owing to the lack of a characterization method that provides resolution at the atomic scale and follows the fate of oxide surface species. Here, we apply 17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy in combination with DFT calculations to unravel the surface structure of ZnO nanorods and explore the H2 activation process. We show that six different types of oxygen ions in the surface and subsurface of ZnO can be distinguished. H2 undergoes heterolytic dissociation on three-coordinated surface zinc and oxygen ions, while the formed hydride species migrate to nearby oxygen species, generating a second hydroxyl site. When oxygen vacancies are present, homolytic dissociation of H2 occurs and zinc hydride species form from the vacancies. Reaction mechanisms on oxide surfaces can be explored in a similar manner.

Ultrafast Room-Temperature Synthesis of Self-Supported NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide as Large-Current-Density Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst.

Water splitting is a promising sustainable technology to produce high purity hydrogen, but its commercial application remains a giant challenge due to the kinetically sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, a time- and energy-saving approach to directly grow NiFe-layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) nanosheets on nickel foam under ambient temperature and pressure is reported. These NiFe-LDH nanosheets are vertically rooted in nickel foam and interdigitated together to form a highly porous array, leading to numerous exposed active sites, reduced resistance of charge/mass transportation and enhanced mechanical stability. As self-supported electrocatalyst, the representative sample (NF@NiFe-LDH-1.5-4) shows an excellent large-current-density catalytic activity for OER in alkaline electrolyte, requiring low overpotentials of 190 and 220 mV to reach the current densities of 100 and 657 mA cm-2 with a Tafel slope of 38.1 mV dec-1 . In addition, NF@NiFe-LDH-1.5-4 as an overall water splitting electrocatalyst can stably achieve a large current density of 200 mA cm-2 over 300 h at a low cell voltage of 1.83 V, meeting the requirement of industrial hydrogen production. This exceedingly simple and ultrafast synthesis of low-cost and highly active large-current-density OER electrocatalysts can propel the commercialization of hydrogen producing technology via water splitting.

Octopamine receptor genes are involved in the starvation response of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Insect octopamine (OA) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play essential roles in physiological and behavioural processes. However, there is little information about the function of OA receptors in the aphids' response to stress. From the genome sequence of Rhopalosiphum padi genome sequence, a cosmopolitan cereal pest, we identified six OA receptor genes RpOAMB, RpOctR, RpOctß1R, RpOctß2R, RpOctß3R, RpOctR-like with two, one, one, four, four, seven exons, respectively. All the OA receptors contain seven transmembrane domains, which were the signature of GPCRs. Our results showed that (1) the contents of OA increased significantly after food starvation, (2) the transcription levels of RpOAMB, RpOctR, RpOctß2R and RpOctß3R increased after starvation and were restored after re-feeding, and (3) the expression levels of these four genes decreased significantly 48 h post-injection of dsRNA that targeted the respective genes. Knockdown of RpOctR, RpOctß2R or RpOctß3R genes significantly increased aphid mortality under 24 h starvation conditions. Mortality of R. padi injected with dsRpOctR or dsRpOctß2R was significantly higher than control under 48 h starvation treatments. This is the first report on the role of OA receptors in the starvation response of aphids. The current study provides knowledge for a better understanding the physiological roles of insect OA receptors.

S-doped mesoporous nanocomposite of HTiNbO5 nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity.

The S-doped mesoporous nanocomposite (S-TNT) of HTiNbO5 nanosheets (NSs) and anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with exposed {101} facets has been successfully synthesized by first mixing freeze-dried HTiNbO5 NSs with titanium isopropoxide and then calcination with thiourea in air. The exposed anatase {101} facets can act as a possible reservoir of the photogenerated electrons, yielding a highly reactive surface for the reduction of O2 to O2˙(-). The partial substitution of Ti(4+) by S(6+) in the lattice of TiO2 NPs leads to a charge imbalance in S-TNT and the formation of Ti-O-S bonds. As a result, the formed cationic S-TNT favours adsorption of hydroxide ions (OH(-)(ads)) and thus captures the photo-induced holes to form hydroxyl radicals (˙OH). Moreover, with the formation of Ti-O-S bonds, partial electrons can be transferred from S to O atoms and hence the electron-deficient S atoms might capture photo-induced electrons. The surface-adsorbed SO4(2-) could also act as an efficient electron trapping center to promote the separation of charge carriers. In addition, the Ti(3+) species due to the removal of oxygen atoms during calcination and the associated oxygen vacancy defects on the surface of S-TNT could act as hole and electron scavengers, respectively. Besides, the closely contacted interface is formed between HTiNbO5 NSs and anatase TiO2 NPs due to the common features of TiO6 octahedra in two components, resulting in a nanoscale heterojunction structure to speed up the separation rate of photogenerated charge carriers. The formation of a nano-heterojunction and the incorporation of Ti(3+) and S dopants give rise to the visible and near-infrared light response of S-TNT. The combined effects greatly retard the charge recombination and improve the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and phenol solution under visible light irradiation. The corresponding photocatalytic mechanism was investigated via the active species capture experiments. The present work may provide an insight into the fabrication of delicate composite photocatalysts with excellent performance.

Porous Hybrid Composites of Few-Layer MoS2 Nanosheets Embedded in a Carbon Matrix with an Excellent Supercapacitor Electrode Performance.

Porous hierarchical architectures of few-layer MoS2 nanosheets dispersed in carbon matrix are prepared by a microwave-hydrothermal method followed by annealing treatment via using glucose as C source and structure-directing agent and (NH4 )2 MoS4 as both Mo and S sources. It is found that the morphology and size of the secondary building units (SBUs), the size and layer number of MoS2 nanosheets as well as the distribution of MoS2 nanosheets in carbon matrix, can be effectively controlled by simply adjusting the molar ratio of (NH4 )2 MoS4 to glucose, leading to the materials with a low charge-transfer resistance, many electrochemical active sites and a robust structure for an outstanding energy storage performance including a high specific capacitance (589 F g(-1) at 0.5 A g(-1) ), a good rate capability (364 F g(-1) at 20 A g(-1) ), and an excellent cycling stability (retention 104% after 2000 cycles) for application in supercapacitors. The exceptional rate capability endows the electrode with a high energy density of 72.7 Wh kg(-1) and a high power density of 12.0 kW kg(-1) simultaneously. This work presents a facile and scalable approach for synthesizing novel heterostructures of MoS2 -based electrode materials with an enhanced rate capability and cyclability for potential application in supercapacitor.

S-doped Na2Ti6O13@TiO2 core-shell nanorods with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance.

S-doped Na2Ti6O13@TiO2 (S-TTO) core-shell nanorods, with exposed anatase TiO2 {101} facets, were synthesized by a facile calcination method. It was found that the addition of thiourea as the sulfur precursor was beneficial for the formation of anatase TiO2 with a better crystallinity and the doped sulfur atoms favorably stabilized the anatase structure. The substitution of Ti(4+) by S(6+) in the lattice of S-TTO gave rise to the visible light response and increased the amount of active groups typically as a hydroxyl radical adsorbed onto the catalyst surface. With the formation of the Ti-O-S bond, partial electrons could be transferred from S to O atoms. The electron-deficient S atoms might capture e(-) and thus inhibit the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Meanwhile, a closely contacted interface was formed between Na2Ti6O13 and anatase TiO2, resulting in a nanoscale heterojunction structure to speed up the separation rate of photogenerated charge carriers. The exposed anatase {101} facets could act as possible reservoirs of the photogenerated electrons, yielding a highly reactive surface for the reduction of O2 to O2˙(-) and thus the decrease of recombination probability of electron-hole pairs. In addition, the anisotropically shaped titanate nanorods provided a pathway for the quick transport of charge carriers throughout the longitudinal direction. The combined effects of S doping, nano-heterojunction formation and morphology engineering led to an obviously enhanced photocatalytic performance for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) solution under visible light irradiation. The corresponding photocatalytic mechanism was investigated and discussed in detail. The present work may provide an insight into the fabrication of delicate composite photocatalysts with excellent performance.

MoO2@carbon hollow microspheres with tunable interiors and improved lithium-ion battery anode properties.

MoO2 hollow microspheres with tunable inner space have been synthesized through a hydrothermal process using MoO3 microbelts instead of bulk MoO3 as the precursor. It is found that the reactant morphology has a great impact on the product morphology and the inner space can be tuned by changing the amount of NaOH aqueous solution. An interesting evolutional process from MoO3 microbelts through a rose-like intermediate to MoO2 hollow microspheres has been clearly observed, and thus the possible formation mechanism is revealed. One layer of amorphous carbon has been subsequently coated on the surface of MoO2 hollow microspheres through a simple hydrothermal approach followed by annealing in argon. As the anode material for lithium ion batteries, MoO2@C hollow microspheres manifest excellent lithium-storage properties, such as high capacity (677 mA h g(-1)) and good cycling stability (negligible capacity fading even after 80 cycles). The significantly enhanced performance of MoO2@C hollow microspheres can be attributed to its unique structures, such as nanoscaled primary building blocks, carbon coating, hollow structure, and especially the synergy between the carbon coating and hollow structure.

The nanocomposite of polyaniline and nitrogen-doped layered HTiNbO5 with excellent visible-light photocatalytic performance.

An effective approach has been used to synthesize N-doped HTiNbO5 (denoted as N-HTiNbO5) with a better intercalation property. The synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) with N-HTiNbO5 to form PANI-N-HTiNbO5 lamellar nanocomposites by in situ polymerization using the aniline (ANI) intercalation compound ANI/N-HTiNbO5 as the intermediate has been investigated. The resulting PANI-N-HTiNbO5 nanocomposite showed a better crystallinity with a monolayer of PANI within the interlayers of N-HTiNbO5, because nitrogen doping can affect the surface charge distribution of [TiNbO5](-) layers. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results indicated that the PANI-N-HTiNbO5 nanocomposite had good redox activity and electrochemical-cycling stability in acidic solution. The visible-light response of the PANI-N-HTiNbO5 nanocomposite was enhanced through N-doping, acid exchange, and the intercalation of PANI. The PANI-N-HTiNbO5 nanocomposite showed the highest activity with 97.8% methylene blue (MB) photodegraded in 170 min under visible light irradiation. The significant enhancement of photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the high efficiency of charge separation, induced by the synergistic effect between PANI and N-HTiNbO5. In addition, the PANI-N-HTiNbO5 nanocomposite had a high thermal and photodegradation stability due to the intercalation reaction at the molecular level.

Impact of health investment on household income distribution: insights from China's longitudinal survey data.

This paper investigates the impact of health investment on household income distribution, drawing from data spanning over 10 years from the China Nutrition and Health Survey. The study aims to contribute to the literature by examining the nuanced pathways through which health investment influences income distribution. Utilizing a rich dataset, rigorous empirical methods including quantile regression and cross-sectional data modeling are employed to explore the relationship between health investment and income distribution. The analysis reveals a robust positive association between health investment and both absolute and relative income levels across various demographic and occupational groups. Additionally, the study elucidates the pathways through which health investment influences income, including its effects on illness duration, employment opportunities, effective working time, and educational attainment. The findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of the relationship, indicating that as income levels rise, the impact of health investment on income becomes more pronounced. Moreover, the analysis highlights the role of health investment in facilitating upward income mobility, particularly for low-income households. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, suggesting that strategic health investment initiatives can contribute to achieving more equitable income distribution.

A Silicon-Rhodamine-Based Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizer for Mitochondria-targeted Photodynamic Therapy.

Silicon-xanthene derivatives (SiXs) have gained popularity in the field of bioimaging due to their advantageous far-red to near-infrared (NIR) absorption and emission wavelengths, notable brightness (ε × Φ), inherent mitochondrial targeting properties and high photo-stability, making them an excellent candidate for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Nevertheless, the utilization of SiXs as photosensitizers (PSs) for PDT in cancer treatment remains largely unexplored, primarily due to their limited capacity to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the potential of SiXs in PDT warrants further investigation. In this study, utilizing the spin-orbit charge transfer-induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) mechanism, we reported one novel heavy-atom-free, mitochondria-targeted, silicon-rhodamine-based photosensitizer (SiR-PXZ), which demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, minimal dark toxicity, favorable water-solubility and stability, and considerable singlet oxygen quantum yield under 660 nm light irradiation (ΦΔ = 0.16 in air-saturated PBS). Moreover, SiR-PXZ could be rapidly taken up by the mitochondria and efficiently induced apoptosis of cancer cells with an IC50 value of 1.2 µM. The in vivo studies showed that SiR-PXZ exhibited excellent anti-tumor effects, making it potentially valuable for clinical application. This study offers a source of ideas for the construction of SiXs-based photosensitizers for photodynamic cancer treatment in the future.

Submicrometer-sized hierarchical hollow spheres of heavy lanthanide orthovanadates: sacrificial template synthesis, formation mechanism, and luminescent properties.

Hollow spheres of heavy lanthanide orthovanadates (LnVO4, Ln = Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) and yolk-shell structures of Ho(OH)CO3@HoVO4 have been successfully prepared by employing Ln(OH)CO3 colloidal spheres as a sacrificial template and NH4VO3 as a vanadium source. In particular, the as-obtained LuVO4 hollow spheres are assembled from numerous hollow-structured elliptic nanoparticles, and their textural parameters such as the inner and outer diameters, shell thicknesses, and number of shells could be finely tuned through introducing different amounts of NH4VO3 and employing Lu(OH)CO3 templates with different sizes. The possible mechanisms for the formation of hollow spheres and yolk-shell structures, and also the hollow-structured elliptic nanoparticles of LuVO4, i.e., building blocks of LuVO4 hollow spheres, are proposed and discussed in detail. Under ultraviolet excitation, the obtained LuVO4:Eu(3+) hollow spheres show strong red emissions located in the saturated color region, and the modulation of emission intensity and color purity could be realized by tuning the textural parameters of the obtained hollow spheres. It was found that the nanostructure of the building blocks of LuVO4:Eu(3+) hollow spheres also had an effect on the luminescent properties of the as-obtained materials. Moreover, the quantum efficiency could be affected by the textural parameters of the as-obtained LuVO4:Eu(3+) hollow spheres, and the double-shelled LuVO4:Eu(3+) hollow sphere has the highest quantum efficiency. In addition, the excellent biocompatibility indicates the potential biological applications of LuVO4 hollow spheres.

Graphene-CdS nanocomposites: facile one-step synthesis and enhanced photoelectrochemical cytosensing.

Graphene-CdS (GR-CdS) nanocomposites were prepared in a one-step synthesis in aqueous solution. The synthetic approach was simple and fast, and it may be extended for the synthesis of other GR-metal-sulfide nanocomposites. The as-prepared GR-CdS nanocomposite films inherited the excellent electron-transport properties of GR. In addition, the heteronanostructure of the GR-CdS nanocomposites facilitated the spatial separation of the charge carriers, thus resulting in enhanced photocurrent intensity, which makes it a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical applications. This strategy was used for the fabrication of an advanced photoelectrochemical cytosensor, based on these GR-CdS nanocomposites, by using a layer-by-layer assembly process. This photoelectrochemical cytosensor showed a good photoelectronic effect and cell-capture ability, and had a wide linear range and low detection limit for Hela cells. The as-synthesized GR-CdS nanocomposites exhibited obviously enhanced photovoltaic properties, which could be an efficient platform for many other high-performance photovoltaic devices.

Heavy metal adsorption changes of EAF steel slag after phosphorus adsorption.

A kind of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag was phosphated, and its isothermal and dynamic adsorptions of copper, cadmium, and lead ions were measured to determine if heavy metal adsorption changes after phosphorus adsorption. The surface area increased greatly after the slag was phosphated. Isothermal adsorption experiments showed that the theoretical Q(max) of the EAF steel slag on Cu(2+), Cd(2+), and Pb(2+) improved 59, 50, and 89% respectively after it was phosphated. Dynamic adsorption results showed that the greatest adsorption capacities of unit volume of Cu(2+), Cd(2+), and Pb(2+) were 2.2, 1.8, and 1.8 times that of the column packed with original EAF steel slag when the column was packed with phosphate EAF steel slag at the same heavy metal ion concentration. The breakthrough time, the exhaustion time and elution efficiency of the column also increased when the column was packed with phosphated EAF steel slag compared with that packed with original EAF steel slag. Phosphorus adsorption could further improve the heavy metal ion adsorption of the EAF steel slag.

Insight into the Crystal Facet Effect of {101} and {100} Facets of CeVO4 in the Photochemical Property and Photocatalysis.

To investigate the photochemical property of specific crystal facets, two well-defined CeVO4 dodecahedrons with exposed {101} and {100} facets are prepared, which have distinguishing appearances and unequal {101}/{100} area ratios (A{101}/A{100}), i.e., compressed dodecahedra (CeVO4 CD, A{101}/A{100} ≈ 1) and elongated dodecahedra (CeVO4 ED, A{101}/A{100} ≈ 0.3). During the visible-light-irradiated process, the {101} and {100} facets are certified to selectively deposit photogenerated holes (h+) and electrons (e-), thus exhibiting the photooxidability and photoreducibility, respectively. Meanwhile, a surface heterojunction could form at the adjacent facet interface and facilitate the spatial separation of carriers. Benefiting from the large exposure extent of the {101} facet and the rational A{101}/A{100} (∼1), the CeVO4 CD shows a superior photocatalytic performance for the degradation of tetracycline to the CeVO4 ED. Finally, simulation calculations reveal that the energy deviations of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) between CeVO4{101} and CeVO4{100} impel the photogenerated h+ and e- to transfer in opposite directions, resulting in the facet-dependent photoactivity of the CeVO4 dodecahedron.

Plant Metabolites Drive Different Responses in Caterpillars of Two Closely Related Helicoverpa Species.

The host acceptances of insects can be determined largely by detecting plant metabolites using insect taste. In the present study, we investigated the gustatory sensitivity and feeding behaviors of two closely related caterpillars, the generalist Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the specialist H. assulta (Guenée), to different plant metabolites by using the single sensillum recording technique and the dual-choice assay, aiming to explore the contribution of plant metabolites to the difference of diet breadth between the two species. The results depicted that the feeding patterns of caterpillars for both plant primary and secondary metabolites were significantly different between the two Helicoverpa species. Fructose, glucose, and proline stimulated feedings of the specialist H. assulta, while glucose and proline had no significant effect on the generalist H. armigera. Gossypol and tomatine, the secondary metabolites of host plants of the generalist H. armigera, elicited appetitive feedings of this insect species but drove aversive feedings of H. assulta. Nicotine and capsaicin elicited appetitive feedings of H. assulta, but drove aversive feedings of H. armigera. For the response of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in the maxillary styloconic sensilla of caterpillars, each of the investigated primary metabolites induced similar responding patterns between the two Helicoverpa species. However, four secondary metabolites elicited different responding patterns of GRNs in the two species, which is consistent with the difference of feeding preferences to these compounds. In summary, our results of caterpillars' performance to the plant metabolites could reflect the difference of diet breadth between the two Helicoverpa species. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that plant secondary metabolites could drive appetitive feedings in a generalist insect species, which gives new insights of underscoring the adaptation mechanism of herbivores to host plants.

Encapsulation of Fe nanoparticles into an N-doped carbon nanotube/nanosheet integrated hierarchical architecture as an efficient and ultrastable electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction.

The exploration of cost-effective, highly efficient and robust electrocatalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of paramount significance for the advancement of future renewable energy conversion devices, and yet still remains a great challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a straightforward one-step pyrolysis strategy for the scalable synthesis of an iron-nitrogen-carbon hierarchically nanostructured catalyst, in which Fe-based nanoparticles are encapsulated in bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotubes in situ rooted from porous N-doped carbon nanosheets (Fe@N-C NT/NSs). The delicate fabrication of such an 0D/1D/2D integrated hierarchical architecture with encased Fe species and open configuration renders the formed Fe@N-C NT/NSs with sufficient confined active sites, reduced charge transfer resistance, improved diffusion kinetics and outstanding mechanical strength. As such, compared with commercial Pt/C, the optimized Fe@N-C NT/NSs catalyst exhibits efficient ORR activity, superior durability and strong tolerance to methanol in KOH medium. More impressively, when assembled as a cathode catalyst in a microbial fuel cell, the Fe@N-C NT/NSs electrode displays significantly enhanced power density and output voltage in comparison with commercial Pt/C, holding great promise in practical energy conversion devices. What's more, the simple yet reliable synthesis strategy developed here may shed light on the future design of advanced high-efficiency hierarchical architectures for diverse electrochemical applications and beyond.

In-situ controllable synthesis of Ag nanoparticles: irradiation induced surface segregation of Ag2V4O11 nanobelt.

Ag2V4O11 nanobelt has been synthesized through a hydrothermal process and its surface segregation leading to the in-situ controllable synthesis of Ag nanoparticles under different irradiation conditions is investigated. The resulted materials are characterized by XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and SAED measurements. It is found that well-distributed Ag nanoparticles with a controlled average diameter in the range of 2-50 nm can be formed in-situ and self-loaded on the surface of Ag2V4O11 nanobelt. The segregation mechanism is also discussed in detail. The silver vanadium salt with self-loaded Ag nanoparticles may find application in catalysis and lithium batteries.

A super highly sensitive glucose biosensor based on Au nanoparticles-AgCl@polyaniline hybrid material.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with an average diameter of 5nm were assembled on the surface of silver chloride@polyaniline (PANI) core-shell nanocomposites (AgCl@PANI). Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) suggested that AuNPs were incorporated on AgCl@PANI through coordination bonds instead of electrostatic interaction. The resulting AuNPs-AgCl@PANI hybrid material exhibited good electroactivity at a neutral pH environment. An amperometric glucose biosensor was developed by adsorption of glucose oxidase (GOx) on an AuNPs-AgCl@PANI modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. AuNPs-AgCl@PANI could provide a biocompatible surface for high enzyme loading. Due to size effect, the AuNPs in the hybrid material could act as a good catalyst for both oxidation and reduction of H(2)O(2). As the measurement of glucose was based on the electrochemical detection of H(2)O(2) generated by enzyme-catalyzed-oxidation of glucose, the biosensor exhibited a super highly sensitive response to the analyte with a detection limit of 4 pM. Moreover, the biosensor showed good reproducibility and operation stability. The effects of some factors, such as temperature and pH value, were also studied.

Fabrication of a novel glucose biosensor based on a highly electroactive polystyrene/polyaniline/Au nanocomposite.

A novel nanocomposite with a core-shell structure containing polystyrene (PS), polyaniline (PANI), and Au nanoparticles (NPs) was synthesized. The nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Cyclic voltammetric experiments indicated that the nanocomposite had excellent redox ability in a wide range of pH values. The existence of Au NPs resulted in a higher electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite. As a model, glucose oxidase (GOD) was entrapped onto the nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and applied to construct a sensor. The immobilized GOD showed a pair of well-defined redox peaks and high catalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose.

Sonoelectrochemical synthesis of CdSe nanotubes.

CdSe nanotubes were successfully synthesized by a sonoelectrochemical technique for the first time; the formation process of the CdSe nanotubes was carefully studied and a sonication-induced roll-up mechanism is proposed.