[Clinical characteristics of pertussis in hospitalized children under 3 months].

Demographic data and clinical data were collected retrospectively from patients with pertussis at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics between March 2011 and February 2023. Among the 270 hospitalized patients, 151 cases were male and 119 were female. The youngest age of admission was 10 days and the eldest age of admission was 11 years. The 270 hospitalized patients were divided into two groups according to onset age: <3 months (n=143) and≥3 months (n=127). For those in the <3-month-old group, the incidence of severe pneumonia and severe pertussis were 21.0% and 38.5%, respectively, both were significantly higher than those in≥3-month-old group (7.9% and 11.0%, both P<0.05). For those in the <3-month-old group, paroxysmal spasmodic cough, post-tussive vomiting, paroxysmal cyanosis, apnea, and decreased heart rate after coughing were 86.7%, 25.2%, 38.5%, 7.0% and 16.8%, respectively, all were significantly higher than those in ≥3-month-old group (76.4%, 10.2%, 15.7%, 1.6% and 1.6%, all P<0.05). For those in the<3-month-old group, the incidence of hypoxemia, respiratory failure, were 36.4%, 16.8%, respectively, and both were significantly higher than those in≥3-month-old group (10.2%, 7.1%, P<0.05). It indicated that among the infants under 3 months, the incidence of vomiting after coughing, paroxysmal cyanosis, apnea, hypoxemia, respiratory failure, decreased heart rate after coughing and severe pneumonia were significantly higher than those above 3 months. Infants under 3 months were prone to severe pertussis.

[Risk analysis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention].

Objective: Of all spontaneous bleeding complications in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is the most common and of specific interest, because it can be prevented by several prophylactic measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in-hospital incidence, associated outcomes, and predictors of UGIB after STEMI. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed the records of 2 791 patients with acute STEMI admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2018 and January 2022. The patients were divided into the UGIB group (n=61) and non-UGIB group (n=2 730) according to the presence or absence of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, respectively. Baseline clinical conditions, coronary lesions, in-hospital deaths, and in-hospital adverse events were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was also performed for risk factors that could lead to UGIB. Results: The in-hospital incidence of UGIB after STEMI was 2.2% (61/2 791). Hospital stay was significantly longer in the UGIB group [8(6, 12) days vs. 5 (4, 7) days, Z=3.28, P<0.001] and in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the UGIB group than in the non-UGIB group (9.8% vs. 0.8%, χ2=0.63, P=0.001). Patients with UGIB were significantly older than those without UGIB (63±11 years vs. 58±11 years, t=-3.75, P<0.001). The serum creatinine level of UGIB patients was significantly higher than that of non-UGIB patients [(80(62, 98) mmol/L vs. 73(64, 84) mmol/L, Z=1.68, P=0.007], the red blood cell count of UGIB patients was significantly lower than that of non-UGIB patients [4.1(3.8, 4.6)×1012/L vs. 4.6(4.2, 4.9)×1012/L, Z=2.61,P<0.001], and the hemoglobin concentration of UGIB patients was significantly lower than that of non-UGIB patients [129(109, 141) g/L vs. 141(130, 152) g/L, Z=2.52,P<0.001]. Brain natriuretic peptide levels were significantly higher in UGIB patients than in non-UGIB patients [331(165, 644) ng/L vs. 181(89, 333) ng/L, Z=2.42,P<0.001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.045, 95%CI 1.009-1.082, P=0.013); hemoglobin (OR=1.594, 95%CI 1.150-2.210, P=0.005); hematocrit (OR=0.181, 95%CI 0.060-0.546, P=0.002); and mean hemoglobin concentration (OR=0.845, 95%CI 0.752-0.951, P=0.005) were independent risk factors for UGIB in patients with STEMI. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for in-hospital death revealed that concurrent UGIB was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death in patients with STEMI (OR=2.954, 95%CI 0.635-13.751, P=0.024). Conclusions: The incidence of in-hospital UGIB in STEMI patients was 2.2%, and the in-hospital mortality rate of STEMI complicated with UGIB increased to 9.8%. Concurrent UGIB was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death in patients with STEMI. The most important predictors of in-hospital UGIB in patients with STEMI were age, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean hemoglobin concentration.

Secular trends of incidence and hospitalization cost of hip fracture in Tangshan, China.

We investigated the secular trends of the incidence and hospitalization cost of hip fracture in Tangshan, China. The incidence of hip fracture and the hospitalization cost were both increasing during the observation period. INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to determine sex-, age-, and fracture type-specific incidence and annual changes in hip fractures in Tangshan, China, between 2007 and 2018. METHODS: We analyzed annual hip fracture incidence using urban hospital data during 2007-2018 and calculated incidence rate/100,000 person years in each age group and sex. We assessed annual changes in incidence among people aged >60 years using linear-by-linear association tests and evaluated hospitalization costs with the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: During the study period, we observed an increasing proportion of hip fractures in people >60 years old from 14.2 to 22.79%. Crude hip fracture incidence increased markedly from 140.87 to 306.56/100,000 in women (p < 0.01) and from 124.83 to 167.19/100,000 in men (p < 0.01) in the age group >60 years. Type-specific analysis indicated significantly increased trends in incidence of cervical and trochanteric fractures among women and cervical fracture among men (p < 0.01). In people aged 36-60 years, the trend of hip fracture increased significantly in both sexes. The total and cervical-to-trochanteric ratio in men increased, with significant upward trends (p < 0.01). The proportion of cervical fracture was higher than that for trochanteric fracture in women, with stable levels from 2007 to 2018. Hospitalization costs for cervical and trochanteric fractures increased by 51.91% and 53.20%, respectively, during 2011-2018. CONCLUSION: Tangshan will have an increasing burden on health care resources attributable to a considerable rise in hip fracture incidence and the older population. Further investigation of risk factors and subsequent implementation of effective measures to prevent hip fracture are needed.

[Clinical efficacy of the combined diagnosis and management for children with airway allergic diseases].

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the combined diagnosis and management in children with airway allergic diseases(bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis). Methods: This observational study belongs to cluster sampling cases, which included the clinical data from children with airway allergic diseases in Allergy Department and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Beijing Children's Hospital from April to December in 2015. They were followed up every three months during 12 months. All the subjects were required to continuously record daily symptom by diary card. ACT/c-ACT, VAS, treatment steps to control asthma, respiratory infections, wheeze, pulmonary function(FEV1%pred,FEV1/FVC,PEF%pred,FEF25%pred,FEF50%pred,FEF75%pred,MMEF%pred), FeNO were assessed in every visiting. The mean±standard deviation was used for the measurement data in accordance with normal distribution. Comparing the pulmonary function indexes at every point, the measurement data with normal distribution and uniform variance were analyzed by single factor analysis of variance, and the measurement data with uneven variance were tested by non-parametric rank sum test. Results: Among 147 recruited participants, 106 completed the combined diagnosis and management. The airway allergic diseases control rate was 87.7% at 12 months after the combined diagnosis and management. At every point, the average daily symptom score and VAS score which were significantly lower than at the baseline(H=35.854,P=0.000)[ 1.2(0.7,2.2),0.6(0.2,1.5),0.4(0.1,1.0),0.5(0.1,1.1) vs 2.0(1.0,3.5)],(H=39.559,P=0.000)[2.5(0.5,4.7),2.2(0.3,4.4),1.8(0.2,4.6),1.6(0.3,3.8) vs 6.9(4.1,9.8)]. ACT/c-ACT score at 3, 6, 9, 12 months were significantly higher than at the baseline (H=79.695,P=0.000) [25.0(22.5,27.0),26.0(24.0,27.0),25.0(23.0,27.0),25.0(24.0,27.0) vs 20.0(17.0,22.0)]. FEV1%pred and FEF25%pred at 3, 6 months were significantly higher than at the baseline (F=3.563,P=0.007)(104.7±12.6 vs 96.8±14.5,103.0±10.3 vs 96.8±14.5),(F=2.456,P=0.046)(96.6±22.0 vs 85.0±21.9,93.3±18.0 vs 85.0±21.9). PEF%pred at 3, 6, 9, 12 months after the combined diagnosis and management were significantly higher than at the baseline(F=5.497,P=0.000)(105.1±18.1,101.2±15.3,99.7±17.1,99.8±17.5 vs 90.3±17.8). FeNO at 3, 6, 9, 12 months respectively were no significantly differences at the baseline(F=0.751,P=0.558)(25.7±23.6 vs 30.7±25.6,25.9±16.5 vs 30.7±25.6,27.5±20.2 vs 30.7±25.6,30.6±19.6 vs 30.7±25.6).The respiratory infections rate were 69.8%(74/106),67.0%(71/106),60.4%(64/106),51.9%(55/106) at 3, 6, 9, 12 months respectively. The wheezing rate was 24.5%(26/106),14.2%(15/106),11.3%(12/106),7.5%(8/106) at 3, 6, 9, 12 months respectively. Conclusions: The combined diagnosis and management can significantly improve the control level of children's airway allergic diseases, which should be implemented in the management of children's airway allergic diseases.

[Cytotoxic effects of γδT cells on bladder cancer cells and expression of MICA/B in bladder cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of γδT cells against bladder cancer and to detect the expression of stress proteins MICA/B recognized by γδT cells in bladder cancer. METHODS: γδT cells from peripheral blood drawn from 6 bladder cancer patients with pamidronate stimulating were expanded. Flow cytometry was used to detect the purity and expansion folds of γδT cells, and the expression of CD107a on γδT cells after PMA/ionomycin stimulated. The cytotoxicity assay was carried out to test the cytotoxicity of γδT cells against human bladder cancer cell lines. The expression of MICA/B on bladder cancer cell lines and in bladder cancer tissues were detected through flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry respectively. RESULTS: γδT cells from peripheral blood drawn from 6 bladder cancer patients were successfully expanded. The purity was 75%-94% and the expansion folds were 109-371 times. After being stimulated by PMA/ionomycin, the proportion of CD107a+ γδT cells increased significantly, reaching 40%-82%. γδT cells from the 6 bladder cancer patients showed obvious cytotoxic effects on 3 human bladder cancer cell lines which was enhanced as the effector: the target ratio increased. MICA/B were detected both in 3 bladder cancer cell lines and in 26 bladder cancer tissues. The staining score of MICA/B in invasive bladder cancer was slightly higher than that in non-invasive bladder cancer, and in advanced bladder cancer was higher than that in low grade bladder cancer, but the statistical analysis showed that the staining score of MICA/B was no significant correlation between the tissue and the tumor stages and grades. CONCLUSION: γδT cells from the peripheral blood of the bladder cancer patients could be successfully expanded in vitro, and showed significant anti-bladder cancer effect. MICA/B were detected both in bladder cancer cell lines and in bladder cancer tissues. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between the staining scores of MICA/B in the tissue and the tumor stages and grades.

Direct measurement of B-cell receptor repertoire's composition and variation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is known to be associated with polyclonal B-cell hyper-reactivity. B-cell receptor (BCR) has a central role in B-cell development, activation, survival and apoptosis, and thus is a critical component of the regulation of both protective and autoreactive B cells. In this study, we applied multiplex PCR and Illumina high-throughput sequencing to study the composition and variation of the BCRs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SLE patients and healthy donors (NC). We found that SLE group displayed significantly shorter CDR3 average length (14.86±0.76aa vs 15.70±0.43aa), more arginine percentage of CDR3 amino acids (7.57±0.20% vs 7.32±0.19%) and poorer immunological diversity than the healthy ones. CDR3 sequence YGMDV present in all SLE samples may provide more information in generating more effective B-cell targeted diagnosis/therapies strategies.

Current status and recent advances of next generation sequencing techniques in immunological repertoire.

To ward off a wide variety of pathogens, the human adaptive immune system harbors a vast array of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and B-cell receptors (BCRs), collectively referred to as the immune repertoire. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of TCR/BCR genes allows in-depth molecular analysis of T/B-cell clones, providing an unprecedented level of detail when examining the T/B-cell repertoire of individuals. It can evaluate TCR/BCR complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) diversity and assess the clonal composition, including the size of the repertoire; similarities between repertoires; V(D)J segment use; nucleotide insertions and deletions; CDR3 lengths; and amino acid distributions along the CDR3s at sequence-level resolution. Deep sequencing of B-cell and T-cell repertoires offers the potential for a quantitative understanding of the adaptive immune system in healthy and disease states. Recently, paired sequencing strategies have also been developed, which can provide information about the identity of immune receptor pairs encoded by individual T or B lymphocytes. HTS technology provides a previously unimaginable amount of sequence data, accompanied, however, by numerous challenges associated with error correction and interpretation that remain to be solved. The review details some of the technologies and some of the recent achievements in this field.

Association of IL-18 polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), an important proinflammatory cytokine, has been reported to play a potential pathological role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results from previous studies on the association between IL-18 polymorphisms and RA are conflicting. To clarify this, an updated meta-analysis of all available studies on IL-18 polymorphisms and RA was conducted. Eligible articles were identified by searching databases, including PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, for the period up to May 1, 2015. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were used to assess the strength of association in the homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, recessive, and additive models. The software STATA (Version 13.0) was used for statistical analysis. Finally, 14 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. The IL-18 -607C/A polymorphism showed pooled ORs and 95%CIs for the homozygote model (AA vs CC: OR = 0.598; 95%CI = 0.395-0.907), and the association between the IL-18 -137G/C polymorphism and RA showed pooled ORs and 95%CIs for the homozygote (CC vs GG: OR = 0.699; 95%CI = 0.364-1.342) and heterozygote (CG vs GG: OR = 0.924; 95%CI = 0.803-1.064) models. In summary, the current meta-analysis, which was based on the most current studies, showed that the -607A/C, -920C/T, and -105A/C polymorphisms in IL-18 were significantly associated with increased RA risk. However, the -137C/G polymorphism was not associated with RA risk under any genetic model. More evidence is needed to support or deny such a conclusion.

[Hydrogen peroxide induces oxidative stress and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in RAT intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6)].

UNLABELLED: In order to investigate the mechanism of apoptosis in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), IEC-6 cells were subjected to 20 µmol/L H(2)O(2) and cell proliferation activity was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Cell morphology was observed by microscopy and cell apoptosis was detected by acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining and the portion of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry. Genes and proteins related to cell apoptosis were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by fluorescence probes. RESULTS: Significant morphology damage was caused by exposure to H(2)O(2), and results showed that ROS generation significantly increased (P < 0.01). The activity of superoxide dismutase decreased significantly (P < 0.05), malondialdehyde content increased (P < 0.05), and expression of both catalase and glutathione peroxidase decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the H(2)O(2) treatment group. Mitochondrion membrane potential was reduced, cytochrome released into the cytoplasm and caspase-9 and caspase-3 were significantly increased (P < 0.01) after treatment with H(2)O(2). Moreover, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and apoptosis were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the H(2)O(2) group. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the mitochondrial pathway plays a vital role in H(2)O(2) induced IEC-6 cell apoptosis.

Suppression of Inflammatory Responses by Dihydromyricetin, a Flavonoid from Ampelopsis grossedentata, via Inhibiting the Activation of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways.

Ampelopsis grossedentata, an indigenous plant in southern China, has been used for treating pharyngitis in traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory activity of dihydromyricetin (1), its major bioactive component, and the underlying mechanism of this action. We demonstrated that 1 suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Moreover, 1 was found to markedly inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, whereas it increased the level of IL-10 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Compound 1 also reduced the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in macrophage cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-kappa B (NF-κB) and IκBα as well as the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK but not ERK1/2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Taken together, the present results suggest that 1 exerts its topical anti-inflammatory action through suppressing the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Thus, 1 may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent for inflammatory-related diseases.

A study of the association between the connexin 40 rs35594137 polymorphism and atrial fibrillation in Xinjiang Chinese Han and Uygur populations.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurrence has a known genetic component. Many reports have revealed a correlation between gene mutation and AF, involving genes related to ion channels, connexin (Cx), and those within the angiotensin system. In this study, the correlation between the Cx 40 polymorphism (rs35594137) and AF was investigated in patients with AF in the Xinjiang, Turpan, and Kashi regions and in controls. The AF cohort included 122 patients (58 Han and 64 Uygur). The control subjects were recruited according to the 1:1 corresponding method and matched for age and gender. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism was used to analyze Cx 40 (rs35594137) genotype and allele distributions. Compared with the control group, A allele and A allele frequency were higher in the promoter region of Cx 40 (rs35594137) site (P < 0.05). In the Uygur population, the distribution of rs35594137 genotype and allele frequencies was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the AF and control groups of Chinese Han origin. The confounding factors, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, smoking, and drinking, were evaluated by multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis. Cx 40 (rs35594137) differences between AF and control groups of Han origin were not significant (P > 0.05), but were statistically significant in the Uygur population (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that Cx 40 (rs35594137) was associated with AF. In the Uygur population, Cx 40 (rs35594137) should be considered as an independent risk factor for patients with AF, who might have racial differences in rs35594137 variant frequencies.

Predictors of early postoperative pain after stapled haemorrhoidopexy.

AIM: Moderate to severe pain after stapled haemorrhoidopexy (SH) is not uncommon. This study was designed to identify the predictors of postoperative pain after SH in a single centre. METHOD: Seventy-six patients with Grade II to IV haemorrhoids who underwent SH were selected from a prospectively compiled database. Preoperative data, including patient characteristics, manometry results and surgical data, were documented. Pain was evaluated during the first 24 h after the operation. Its intensity was classified into three grades according to the visual analogue scale (VAS) score: mild (VAS ≤ 3), moderate (VAS >3 to <5) and severe (VAS ≥ 5). Analgesics were not routinely given but were administered if the patient had moderate or severe pain. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the predictors of postoperative pain. RESULTS: Moderate and severe pain was noted in 43 (58.9%) patients. No patient was readmitted due to persistent anal pain during the month following discharge. Postoperative pain was significantly associated with gender (P = 0.017), age (P = 0.014), first initial sensory volume (P = 0.023) and constipation (P = 0.005) in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis identified male gender as an independent predictor of postoperative moderate to severe pain (P = 0.037, OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.07-9.09). The initial sensory volume and preoperative coexisting constipation were negative predictors of postoperative moderate to severe pain after SH (P = 0.037, OR = 0.320, 95% CI 0.110-0.934, and P = 0.036, OR = 0.255, 95% CI 0.071-0.913, respectively). CONCLUSION: Male gender and the initial sensory volume are predictors of postoperative pain after SH. Anal manometry is recommended before the SH procedure. An active analgesia protocol should be considered for male patients with a low initial sensory volume after SH.

Expression analysis of self-incompatibility-associated genes in non-heading Chinese cabbage.

In Brassicaceae, a self-incompatibility (SI) system mediates pollen-pistil interactions. Self-pollen could be recognized and rejected by incompatible pistils. Several components involved in the SI response have been determined, including S-locus receptor kinase (SRK), S-locus cysteine-rich protein/S-locus protein 11, and arm repeat-containing protein 1 (ARC1). However, the components involved in the SI system of Brassicaceae are not fully understood. Here, we detected expression patterns of 24 SI-related genes in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp chinensis Makino) after compatible and incompatible pollination, and potential interaction relationships of these genes were predicted. SRK and ARC1 transcripts increased initially 0.25 h after incompatible pollination, while kinase-associated protein phosphatase had an expression pattern that was opposite that of SRK transcripts during self-pollination. Plant U-box 8 was not required in the SI response of non-heading Chinese cabbage. Our results showed that the SI signal of non-heading Chinese cabbage could occur within 0.25 h after self-pollination. The hypothetical interaction relationships indicated that plastid-lipid-associated protein and malate dehydrogenase could be negatively regulated by chaperonin 10, glutathione transferase, cytidylate kinase/uridylate kinase, and methionine synthase by indirect interactions. Our findings could be helpful to better understand potential roles of these components in the SI system of non-heading Chinese cabbage.

Natural radioactivity in groundwater from the south-eastern Arabian Peninsula and environmental implications.

Groundwater is the most valuable resource in arid regions, and recognizing radiological criteria among other water quality parameters is essential for sustainable use. In the investigation presented here, gross-α and gross-ß were measured in groundwater samples collected in the south-eastern Arabian Peninsula, 67 wells in Unite Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as two wells and one spring in Oman. The results show a wide gross-α and gross-ß activities range in the groundwater samples that vary at 0.01∼19.5 Bq/l and 0.13∼6.6 Bq/l, respectively. The data show gross-ß and gross-α values below the WHO permissible limits for drinking water in the majority of the investigated samples except those in region 4 (Jabel Hafit and surroundings). No correlation between groundwater pH and the gross-α and gross-ß, while high temperatures probably enhance leaching of radionuclides from the aquifer body and thereby increase the radioactivity in the groundwater. This conclusion is also supported by the positive correlation between radioactivity and amount of total dissolved solid. Particular water purification technology and environmental impact assessments are essential for sustainable and secure use of the groundwater in regions that show radioactivity values far above the WHO permissible limit for drinking water.

Double prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition for CT coronary angiography: initial experience.

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of double prospectively electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition mode (double high-pitch mode) for coronary computed tomography angiography (CTCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-nine consecutive patients [40 women, 109 men; mean age 58.2 ± 9.2 years; sinus rhythm ≤70 beats/min (bpm) after pre-medication, body weight ≤100 kg] were enrolled for CTCA examinations using a dual-source CT system with 2 × 128 × 0.6 mm collimation, 0.28 s rotation time, and a pitch of 3.4. Double high-pitch mode was prospectively triggered first at 60% and later at 30% of the R-R interval within two cardiac cycles. Image quality was evaluated using a four-point scale (1 = excellent, 4 = non-assessable). RESULTS: From 2085 coronary artery segments, 86.4% (1802/2085) were rated as having a score of 1, 12.3% (257/2085) as score of 2, 1.2% (26/2085) as score of 3, and none were rated as "non-assessable". The average image quality score was 1.15 ± 0.26 on a per-segment basis. The effective dose was calculated by multiplying the coefficient factor of 0.028 by the dose-length product (DLP); the mean effective dose was 3.5 ± 0.8 mSv (range 1.7-7.6 mSv). The total dosage of contrast medium was 78.7 ± 2.9 ml. CONCLUSION: Double prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition mode provides good image quality with an average effective dose of less than 5 mSv in patients with a heart rate ≤70 bpm.

127I and 129I species and transformation in the Baltic proper, Kattegat, and Skagerrak basins.

Occurrence of anthropogenic (129)I in seawater has provided invaluable information about water circulation and exchange rates, but results on (129)I species (iodide and iodate) are limited and only available for surface water. We here present the first extensive results on (129)I and (127)I species in samples of seawater depth profiles, which were collected in August 2006 and April 2007 in the Skagerrak, Kattegat, and Baltic Proper. The results expose ≤10% annual reduction of iodate as (129)I is transported from the English Channel along the Dutch coast and German Bight into the Skagerrak and Kattegat. The results also suggest strong variability between surface and bottom seawater with respect to the predominant iodine species. Distribution of iodide and iodate of both (127)I and (129)I in the Kattegat mainly reflects water mixing process rather than speciation transformation. In water of the Baltic Proper, high (127)I(-)/(127)IO(3)(-) and (129)I(-)/(129)IO(3)(-) values suggest effective reduction of iodate with a maximum rate of 8 × 10(-7) ((127)IO(3)(-)) and 6 × 10(-14) ((129)IO(3)(-)) (g/m(3).day). The reduction process of iodate seems to be related to decomposition of organic matter and photochemically induced reactions.

Iodine isotopes (129I and 127I) in the Baltic Proper, Kattegat, and Skagerrak basins.

Radioactive anthropogenic pollution has raised concerns about the present and future environmental status of the semienclosed Baltic Sea. We here study the distribution and inventory of the anthropogenic radioactive (129)I in water depth profiles collected from 16 sites in August 2006 and 19 sites in April 2007 in the Baltic Proper and related Kattegat and Skagerrak basins. The results reveal considerable differences of (129)I concentration in terms of spatial and temporal variability and expose relatively high concentrations in the deep waters. Variability in the concentration of (127)I, stable natural isotope of iodine, seems to follow changes in the seawater salinity, but in oxygen-poor bottom waters sediment diagenetic release may contribute to the concentration of both isotopes in the water body. Inventory estimates show that (129)I in August 2006 (24.2 ± 15.4 kg) is higher than that in April 2007 (14.4 ± 8.3 kg) within the southern and central Baltic Proper whereas almost a constant load occurs in the Kattegat Basin. Calculated model inventory shows correspondence to empirical data and provides a guideline for future environmental assessment on the impact of (129)I load in the studied region.

[Exhaustion of CD8+ T cell immune functions in spleen of mice with different doses of Echinococcus multilocularis infections].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the changes in the immune functions of CD8+ T cells in the spleen of mice following Echinococcus multilocularis infections at various doses and at different time points. METHODS: The E. multilocularis protoscoleces were collected, and E. multilocularis infection was modeled in mice via the hepatic portal vein at doses of 50 (low-dose), 500 (medium-dose) and 2 000 protoscoleces (high-dose), while physiological saline served as controls. Mouse spleen was isolated 2 (earlystage), 12 (middle-stage) and 24 weeks post-infection (late-stage), and spleen lymphocytes were harvested. The phenotype of memory CD8+ T cells and 2B4 expression were quantified in the mouse spleen, and the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-10 was measured. RESULTS: A central-memory phenotype was predominant in the CD8+ T cells in the spleen of mice at the early stage of high-dose protoscolece infections, and the proportion of central-memory CD8+ T cells was significantly greater in the high-dose group than in the control group (35.50% ± 2.00% vs. 25.90% ± 2.46%, P < 0.01), while a effector- memory phenotype was predominant in the CD8+ T cells in the spleen of mice at the late stage of medium- and high-dose protoscolece infections, and the proportions of effector-memory CD8+ T cells were significantly greater in the medium- (25.70% ± 4.12%) and high-dose group (28.40% ± 4.12%) than in the control group (10.50% ± 6.45%) (P < 0.05). The proportions of the central-memory CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the high-dose group than at middle and late stages than at the early stage (P < 0.01), and the proportion of effector-memory CD8+ T cells was significantly greater in the high-dose group at the late stage than at early and middle stages (P < 0.05). The secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17A by spleen CD8+ T cells was elevated in the low- and medium-dose groups at the early stage of infection, and high-dose protoscolece infection promoted the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α by spleen CD8+ T cells; however, the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly lower at the late stage than at the early and middle stages (P < 0.05). In addition, high 2B4 expression was detected in spleen CD8+ T cells in the middle- and high-dose groups at the late stage of infection, and the 2B4 expression was significantly higher in the medium(4.73% ± 1.56%) and high-dose groups (4.94% ± 1.90%) than in the low-dose group (2.49% ± 0.58%) and the control group (2.92% ± 0.60%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: E. multilocularis may be killed and eliminated through the host immune responses at the middle and late stages of low- and medium-dose protoscolece infections, while high-dose protoscolece infections may trigger the upregulation of 2B4 expression in mouse spleen CD8+ T cells at the late stage, which leads to immune exhaustion and the resultant chronic infections.

Intermittent lead-induced stress on antioxidant enzyme activity and subcellular distribution of Pb in Pogonatherum crinitum seedlings.

Pogonatherum crinitum is a promising lead (Pb) hyperaccumulator due to its high Pb tolerance and accumulation ability. However, the mechanisms that support Pb accumulation and tolerance in P. crinitum are not yet clearly understood. An indoor hydroponic experiment was conducted by cultivating P. crinitum seedlings exposed to intermittent Pb stress for 60 days, divided into four stages (T1, T2, T3 and T4), with a 15-day duration per stage. The following concentrations of Pb were used: 0, 500, 0, 500 mg·l-1 and 0, 1000, 0, 1000 mg·l-1 ). Antioxidant enzyme activity, Pb concentration and subcellular distribution of Pb were measured at each of the above stages. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoots, and SOD, peroxidase (POD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in shoots and roots significantly increased from T1 (no Pb stress) to T2 (Pb stress) in both 500 mg·l-1 and 1000 mg·l-1 treatments; however, no significant difference was noted between stages T3 (no Pb stress) and T4 (Pb stress). There was no obvious effect of Pb stress on catalase (CAT) activity in shoots and roots among different stages. The Pb concentration in shoots was up to 5090.90 mg·kg-1 and 7573.57 mg·kg-1 , and the bioconcentration factor (BFC) was 10.18 and 7.57 for the 500 mg·l-1 and 1000 mg·l-1 treatments, respectively, which confirmed the Pb hyperaccumulator characteristics of P. crinitum. For plants under Pb stress, most of the Pb was fixed in the cell walls, with a smaller amount in leaves and root vacuoles. Both SOD and POD scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals and fixing and compartmentalisation of Pb in the cell wall might play important roles in detoxification of P. crinitum seedlings in response to Pb stress. There was no phased response of P. crinitum to intermittent Pb stress and the physiological response to Pb stress may be contiguous.