RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Based on a longitudinal cohort design, the aim of this study was to investigate whether individual-based 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) regional signals can predict dementia conversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: We included 44 MCI converters (MCI-C), 38 non-converters (MCI-NC), 42 patients with Alzheimer's disease with dementia, and 40 cognitively normal controls. Data from annual cognitive measurements, 3D T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and 18F-FDG-PET scans were used for outcome analysis. An individual-based FDG-PET approach was applied using seven volumes of interest (VOIs), Z transformed using a normal FDG-PET template. Hypometabolism was defined as a Z score < -2 of regional standard uptake value ratio. For the longitudinal cognitive test scores, generalized estimating equations were used. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare the temporal impact of cortical hypometabolism and cortical thickness degeneration. RESULTS: The clinical follow-up period was 6.6 ± 3.8 years (range 3.1 to 16.0 years). The trend of cognitive decline could differentiate MCI-C from MCI-NC after 3 years of follow-up. In the baseline 18F-FDG-PET scan of the patients with MCI, medial temporal lobe (MTL; 94.7% sensitivity, 80.5% specificity) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC; 89.5% sensitivity, 73.1% specificity) hypometabolism predicted conversion with high accuracy. 18F-FDG-PET hypometabolism preceded dementia conversion at an interval of 3.70 ± 1.68 years and was earlier than volumetric changes, with the exception of the MTL. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding supports the use of individual-based 18F-FDG-PET analysis to predict MCI conversion to dementia. Reduced FDG-PET metabolism in the MTL and PCC were strongly associated with future cognitive decline in the MCI-C group. Changes in 18F-FDG-PET occurred 1 to 8 years prior to conversion to dementia. Progressive hypometabolism in the PCC, precuneus and lateral temporal lobe, but not MTL, preceded MRI findings at the MCI stage.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Humanos , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Progressão da Doença , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodos , Encéfalo/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tau-first cognitive proteinopathy (TCP) denotes a clinical phenotype of Alzheimer disease (AD) showing Florzolotau(18F) positron emission tomography (PET) positivity but a negative amyloid status. AIM: We explored the biological property of tau using longitudinal cognitive and neuroimaging data in TCP and compared with late-onset AD (LOAD). METHOD: We enrolled 56 patients with LOAD, 34 patients with TCP, and 26 cognitive unimpaired controls. All of the participants had historical data of 2 to 4 three-dimensional T1 images and 2 to 6 annual cognitive evaluations over a follow-up period of 7 years. Tau topography was measured using Florzolotau(18F) PET. In the LOAD and TCP groups, we constructed tau or gray matter clusters covarying with the cognitive measurements. We used mediator analysis to explore the regional tau load as predictor, gray matter partitions as mediators, and significant cognitive test scores as outcomes. Longitudinal cognitive decline and cortical thickness degeneration pattern were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS: The TCP group had longitudinal declines in nonexecutive domains. The deterministic factor predicting the short-term memory score in TCP was the hippocampal volume and not directly via the medial and lateral temporal tau load. These features formed the conceptual differences with LOAD. DISCUSSION: The biological properties of tau and the longitudinal cognitive-imaging trajectory support the conceptual distinction between TCP and LOAD. TCP represents one specific entity featuring salient short-term memory impairment, declines in nonexecutive domains, a slower gray matter degenerative pattern, and a restricted impact of tau.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Substância Cinzenta , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Proteínas tau , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Estudos Longitudinais , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Substância Cinzenta/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tauopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Tauopatias/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Neuroimagem , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Córtex Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , CarbolinasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS)-index can be used to model the glymphatic system in vivo. AIM: This study explores putative mechanisms between prediction of ALPS-index and cognitive outcomes in young-onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD) and age-matched controls (CTLs) and analyzes whether the link was mediated by the integrity of ALPS-index-anchored cerebral gray matter (GM). METHODS: We enrolled 130 patients with YOAD and 137 CTLs. All participants underwent three-dimensional T1 -weighted MRI, diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive tests. We constructed GM regions correlated with the ALPS-index in the YOAD and CTL groups. For the GM regions significantly correlated with the ALPS-index and cognitive measures, we extracted a 4-mm radius sphere. In the YOAD and CTL groups, we used mediator analysis to explore the ALPS-index as predictor, GM partitions as mediators, and significant cognitive test scores as outcomes. RESULTS: Patient group had significantly lower ALPS-index. The ALPS-index was associated with GM volume in the cerebellar gray, dorsolateral prefrontal, thalamus, superior frontal, amygdala and hippocampus, and these coherent regions coincided with those showing GM atrophy in the YOAD group. Mediation analysis of the YOAD group suggested that the relationships between the ALPS-index and cognitive performance were fully mediated by the integrity of ALPS-index coherent GM areas. DISCUSSION: Reserved GM mediates the link between the glymphatic system and cognition. Our findings suggest that GM integrity rather than the glymphatic system could serve as a direct cognitive test scores predictor in patients with YOAD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Sistema Glinfático , Humanos , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Sistema Glinfático/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex CerebralRESUMO
TRIM5α is a host anti-retroviral restriction factor that destroys human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virions and triggers innate immune signaling. TRIM5α also mediates the autophagic degradation of target proteins via TRIMosome formation. We previously showed that TRIM5α promotes Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Rta ubiquitination and attenuates EBV lytic progression. In this study, we sought to elucidate whether TRIM5α can interact with and induce the degradation of EBV capsid proteins. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to identify interacting proteins, and mutants were generated to investigate key binding domains and ubiquitination sites. Results showed that TRIM5α binds directly with BORF1, an EBV capsid protein with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that enables the transport of EBV capsid proteins into the host nucleus to facilitate capsid assembly. TRIM5α promotes BORF1 ubiquitination, which requires the surface patch region in the TRIM5α PRY/SPRY domain. TRIM5α expression also decreases the stability of BORF1(6KR), a mutant with all lysine residues mutated to arginine. However, chloroquine treatment restores the stability of BORF1(6KR), suggesting that TRIM5α destabilizes BORF1 via direct recognition of its substrate for autophagic degradation. These results reveal novel insights into the antiviral impact of TRIM5α beyond retroviruses.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Capsídeo , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Humanos , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/metabolismo , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/metabolismo , Capsídeo/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação , Retroviridae , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido/genética , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido/metabolismoRESUMO
The amyloid framework forms the central medical theory related to Alzheimer disease (AD), and the in vivo demonstration of amyloid positivity is essential for diagnosing AD. On the basis of a longitudinal cohort design, the study investigated clinical progressive patterns by obtaining cognitive and structural measurements from a group of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI); the measurements were classified by the positivity (Aß+) or absence (Aß-) of the amyloid biomarker. We enrolled 185 patients (64 controls, 121 patients with MCI). The patients with MCI were classified into two groups on the basis of their [18F]flubetaben or [18F]florbetapir amyloid positron-emission tomography scan (Aß+ vs. Aß-, 67 vs. 54 patients) results. Data from annual cognitive measurements and three-dimensional T1 magnetic resonance imaging scans were used for between-group comparisons. To obtain longitudinal cognitive test scores, generalized estimating equations were applied. A linear mixed effects model was used to compare the time effect of cortical thickness degeneration. The cognitive decline trajectory of the Aß+ group was obvious, whereas the Aß- and control groups did not exhibit a noticeable decline over time. The group effects of cortical thickness indicated decreased entorhinal cortex in the Aß+ group and supramarginal gyrus in the Aß- group. The topology of neurodegeneration in the Aß- group was emphasized in posterior cortical regions. A comparison of the changes in the Aß+ and Aß- groups over time revealed a higher rate of cortical thickness decline in the Aß+ group than in the Aß- group in the default mode network. The Aß+ and Aß- groups experienced different APOE ε4 effects. For cortical-cognitive correlations, the regions associated with cognitive decline in the Aß+ group were mainly localized in the perisylvian and anterior cingulate regions. By contrast, the degenerative topography of Aß- MCI was scattered. The memory learning curves, cognitive decline patterns, and cortical degeneration topographies of the two MCI groups were revealed to be different, suggesting a difference in pathophysiology. Longitudinal analysis may help to differentiate between these two MCI groups if biomarker access is unavailable in clinical settings.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Humanos , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Cognitiva/patologia , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodos , Amiloide , Cognição , Córtex Entorrinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Amiloidogênicas , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is used to induce oxidative damage in neuronal cells, which can serve as an experimental model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Jujuboside A and B confer free radical scavenging effects but have never been examined for their neuroprotective effects, especially in PD; therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of jujubosides as protectors of neurons against 6-OHDA and the underlying mechanisms. 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in the human neuronal cell lines SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH, was used to evaluate the protective effects of jujubosides. These findings indicated that jujuboside A and B were both capable of rescuing the 6-OHDA-induced loss of cell viability, activation of apoptosis, elevation of reactive oxygen species, and downregulation of the expression levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, jujuboside A and B can reverse a 6-OHDA-elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, downregulate phosphorylated PI3K and AKT, and activate caspase-3, -7, and -9. These findings showed that jujubosides were capable of protecting both SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH neuronal cells from 6-OHDA-induced toxicity via the rebalancing of the redox system, together with the resetting of the PI3K/AKT apoptotic signaling cascade. In conclusion, jujuboside may be a potential drug for PD prevention.
Assuntos
Neuroblastoma , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Síndromes Neurotóxicas , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Neuroblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Oxidopamina/toxicidade , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Oxidative stress may play critically important roles in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a physiological neurotoxin reported to induce oxidative-induced apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in PD mice models. Valproic acid (VPA), a clinical mood stabilizer, is a HDAC inhibitor with neuroprotective capacities. In the study, we aim at examining the feasibility of VPA as a protector for dopaminergic neurons against damage from 6-OHDA, and the intracellular mechanisms. The 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity to the human dopaminergic cell line SH-SY5Y was applied for examining VPA protective effects. Pretreatment with VPA was able to improve cell viability and reduce 6-OHDA-induced reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, a significant suppression of apoptotic caspases including cleaved caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 was observed. The results also revealed VPA decreased the 6-OHDA-induced Bax/Bcl2 ratio, as measured at protein level. These novel findings indicate that VPA may be capable of protecting the SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neuronal cells from 6-OHDA-induced toxicity via the deceasing of apoptotic caspases (cleaved caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9) and reducing of the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Very possibly, VPA could serve as not only a mood stabilizer but also a potential antidote for PD prevention.
Assuntos
Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Oxidopamina/toxicidade , Ácido Valproico/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Caspase 3 , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dopamina/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxidopamina/metabolismo , Oxidopamina/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ácido Valproico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spontaneous delayed migration of the flow-diverter stent (FD) is an unusual complication that can be fatal. The purpose of this study is to report our experience and review the literature for the management of delayed FD migration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2013 and June 2017, 122 patients treated by FD at our institution were enrolled. We also performed a comprehensive review of the literature. RESULTS: Six patients (4.9%) were found to have spontaneous delayed migration of their FD. The device migrated proximally in 4 patients and distally in 2 patients. One patient had temporal lobe infarction due to stent migration, and another had subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Three patients were treated with a 2nd or 3rd FD, while 2 were treated with stent-assisted coiling, and one was treated with sacrifice of the parent internal carotid artery. According to our results and the literature, the prevalence rate of delayed FD migration ranges from 2.2% to 4.9%, and the mortality and morbidity rate of delayed FD migration is 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Neuro-interventionalists should be aware of this complication and be familiar with risk factors, preventive methods and treatment options. If there is any concern regarding the size or position of the FD, early imaging follow-up and endovascular treatment should be indicated.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Endovasculares , Aneurisma Intracraniano/complicações , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Falha de Prótese , Stents/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Infarto Cerebral/epidemiologia , Infarto Cerebral/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/etiologiaRESUMO
The 677 C to T transition in the MTHFR gene is a genetic determinant for hyperhomocysteinemia. We investigated whether this polymorphism modulates gray matter (GM) structural covariance networks independently of white-matter integrity in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). GM structural covariance networks were constructed by 3D T1-magnetic resonance imaging and seed-based analysis. The patients were divided into two genotype groups: C homozygotes (n = 73) and T carriers (n = 62). Using diffusion tensor imaging and white-matter parcellation, 11 fiber bundle integrities were compared between the two genotype groups. Cognitive test scores were the major outcome factors. The T carriers had higher homocysteine levels, lower posterior cingulate cortex GM volume, and more clusters in the dorsal medial lobe subsystem showing stronger covariance strength. Both posterior cingulate cortex seed and interconnected peak cluster volumes predicted cognitive test scores, especially in the T carriers. There were no between-group differences in fiber tract diffusion parameters. The MTHFR 677T polymorphism modulates posterior cingulate cortex-anchored structural covariance strength independently of white matter integrities. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3039-3051, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published Wiley by Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Leucoencefalopatias/etiologia , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Biomarcadores/sangue , Mapeamento Encefálico , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/patologia , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Leucoencefalopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vias Neurais/diagnóstico por imagem , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the degenerative process of Alzheimer's disease. In humans, a biallelic (C/T) polymorphism in the promoter region (position-511) (rs16944) of the interleukin-1 beta gene has been significantly associated with differences in the secretory capacity of interleukin-1 beta. In this study, we investigated whether this functional polymorphism mediates the brain networks in patients with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: We enrolled a total of 135 patients with Alzheimer's disease (65 males, 70 females), and investigated their gray matter structural covariance networks using 3D T1 magnetic resonance imaging and their white matter macro-structural integrities using fractional anisotropy. The patients were classified into two genotype groups: C-carriers (n = 108) and TT-carriers (n = 27), and the structural covariance networks were constructed using seed-based analysis focusing on the default mode network medial temporal or dorsal medial subsystem, salience network and executive control network. Neurobehavioral scores were used as the major outcome factors for clinical correlations. RESULTS: There were no differences between the two genotype groups in the cognitive test scores, seed, or peak cluster volumes and white matter fractional anisotropy. The covariance strength showing C-carriers > TT-carriers was the entorhinal-cingulum axis. There were two peak clusters (Brodmann 6 and 10) in the salience network and four peak clusters (superior prefrontal, precentral, fusiform, and temporal) in the executive control network that showed C-carriers < TT-carriers in covariance strength. The salience network and executive control network peak clusters in the TT group and the default mode network peak clusters in the C-carriers strongly predicted the cognitive test scores. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin-1 beta C-511 T polymorphism modulates the structural covariance strength on the anterior brain network and entorhinal-interconnected network which were independent of the white matter tract integrity. Depending on the specific C-511 T genotype, different network clusters could predict the cognitive tests.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Vias Neurais/diagnóstico por imagem , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Mapeamento Encefálico , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Masculino , Entrevista Psiquiátrica Padronizada , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vias Neurais/patologia , Substância Branca/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are related to brain network degeneration, and hyperhomocysteinemia is related to greater white matter hyperintensities. We investigated the changes in four diffusion tensor imaging parameters in the white matter of patients with early stage AD, examined their associations with homocysteine level, and tested the clinical significance of the diffusion tensor imaging parameters and homocysteine level in correlation analysis with cognitive test scores. METHODS: We enrolled 132 patients with AD and analyzed white matter (WM) macrostructural changes using diffusion tensor neuroimaging parameters including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), axial diffusivity (axial-D) and radial diffusivity (RD). Two neuroimaging post-processing analyses were performed to provide complementary data. First, we calculated 11 major bundle microstructural integrities using a WM parcellation algorithm, and correlated them with serum homocysteine levels to explore whether the fiber bundles were affected by homocysteine. Second, we used tract-based spatial statistics to explore the anatomical regions associated with homocysteine levels. Changes in cognitive test scores caused by homocysteine served as the major outcome factor. RESULTS: The results suggested that homocysteine levels did not have a direct impact on cross-sectional cognitive test scores, but that they were inversely correlated with renal function, B12 and folate levels. Topographies showing independent correlations with homocysteine in FA and MD were more diffusely located compared to the posterior brain regions in axial-D and RD. In the association bundle analysis, homocysteine levels were significantly correlated with the four diffusion parameters even after correcting for confounders, however no association between homocysteine and WM to predict cognitive outcomes was established. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients with AD, homocysteine levels were associated with renal dysfunction and decreased levels of vitamin B12 and folate, all of which require clinical attention as they may have been associated with impaired WM microstructural integrity and modulated cognitive performance in cross-sectional observations.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Homocisteína/metabolismo , Substância Branca/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Algoritmos , Anisotropia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Estudos Transversais , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , NeuroimagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Target identification is important for radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Targets defined by different imaging modalities may be inconsistent in practice. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to review and analyze the consistency between targets defined by different imaging modalities in radiosurgery for AVMs. METHODS: From March 2007 to June 2011, AVM patients for radiosurgery whose targets were delineated by angiography/computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed. Spetzler-Martin grades, hemorrhage history, and treatment volumes were checked. Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) between targets were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were enrolled. The mean DSCs were between 0.37 and 0.51 for targets by different modalities. There was no significant difference in DSCs regarding Spetzler-Martin grades and hemorrhage history. For CT-delineated target volumes <3 cm3, MRI-delineated target volumes <5 cm3, and angiography-delineated target volumes <2 cm3, the DSCs between the different image modalities were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Consistency between targets delineated using different image modalities was likely to be unsatisfactory and worsen significantly in niduses with volumes <5 cm3. An iterative multimodality approach to confirm the delineated targets of AVMs is suggested to be indispensable for robust treatment in radiosurgery.
Assuntos
Angiografia Cerebral/normas , Malformações Arteriovenosas Intracranianas/diagnóstico por imagem , Malformações Arteriovenosas Intracranianas/radioterapia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Radiocirurgia/normas , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Angiografia Cerebral/métodos , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imagem Multimodal/métodos , Imagem Multimodal/normas , Radiocirurgia/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rhodiola crenulata is traditionally used as a folk medicine in Tibet for preventing high-altitude illnesses, including sudden cardiac death (SCD). The cardio-protective effects of Rhodiola crenulata root extract (RCE) against hypoxia in vivo have been recently confirmed. However, the way in which RCE produces these effects remains unclear. The present study is designed to confirm the protective effects of RCE on the heart in acute hypobaric hypoxia exposure and examine the mechanisms by which this occurs. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pretreated with or without RCE and then exposed to a simulated altitude of 8000 m in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber for 9 h. The expression of cardiac arginase 1 (Arg-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the activity of associated signaling pathways was examined. RESULTS: Hypoxia reduced cardiac eNOS phosphorylation and increased Arg-1 expression, but both responses were reversed by RCE pre-treatment. In addition, RCE decreased the hypoxia-induced oxidative stress markers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and protein carbonyl content. Furthermore, RCE protected cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced cardiac apoptosis and restored the phosphorylation level of AKT and p38 MAPK as well as the superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) content in hypoxic animals. CONCLUSION: The findings provide evidence that the effects of Rhodiola crenulata against altitude illness are partially mediated by modulation of eNOS and Arg-1 pathways in the heart.
Assuntos
Doença da Altitude/tratamento farmacológico , Arginase/metabolismo , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rhodiola/química , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença da Altitude/genética , Doença da Altitude/metabolismo , Animais , Arginase/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This prospective study aimed to compare synovial ultrasound scores to conventional measures (DAS28, CRP levels) in predicting radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under TNF antagonist therapy. METHODS: Patients with RA who received TNF antagonist therapy were enrolled, all of whom underwent clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic assessments with grayscale and power Doppler assessments of bilateral elbows (anterior and posterior recess), wrists (dorsal, palmar, and ulnar aspects), second and third MCP joints (dorsal and palmar recess), and PIP II and III (dorsal and palmar) at baseline and at 1, 3 months. Hand radiographic damage was evaluated using van der Heijde modified Total Sharp Score (TSS) at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (384 joints, 832 synovial sites) continued the same treatment regimen for 12 months and completed the study, 41.6% of whom showed radiographic progression during the study period. Baseline DAS28 (P = 0.123), CRP level (P = 0.177), grayscale synovitis (P = 0.092), and power Doppler synovitis (P = 0.120) could not predict radiological damage in the TNF antagonist therapy group. However, ΔTSS was significantly related to changes in grayscale synovitis between baseline and 1 month (P = 0.011), but not at 3 months (P = 0.591), and was not related to changes in the power Doppler score at 1 (P = 0.634) and 3 months (P = 0.298). CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that delayed improvement in grayscale synovitis between baseline and 1 month more accurately reflects 1-year radiological damage than conventional measures such as DAS28 score and CRP level. Therefore, we recommend serial ultrasound follow-up of patients with RA receiving TNF antagonist therapy.
Assuntos
Adalimumab/administração & dosagem , Artrite Reumatoide , Articulação do Cotovelo , Articulação da Mão , Sinovite , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Artrite Reumatoide/fisiopatologia , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Progressão da Doença , Articulação do Cotovelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Cotovelo/patologia , Feminino , Articulação da Mão/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação da Mão/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidade do Paciente , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Radiografia/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Projetos de Pesquisa , Sinovite/diagnóstico , Sinovite/etiologia , Taiwan , Ultrassonografia Doppler/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Most patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have epileptic foci originating from the medial temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin growth factor mainly expressed in the hippocampus, though it is not known whether the circulating level of BDNF reflects cognitive performance or white matter structural changes in chronic TLE. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with TLE and 22 healthy controls were enrolled for standardized cognitive tests, diffusion tensor imaging, and serum BDNF measurement. The patients were further divided into a subgroup with unilateral TLE (n=23) and a subgroup with bilateral TLE (n=11) for clinical and neuroimaging comparisons. RESULTS: There were significantly lower BDNF levels in the patients with TLE compared with the controls, with significance contributed mainly from the subgroup with bilateral TLE, which also had more frequent seizures. The BDNF levels correlated with epilepsy duration (σ=-0.355; p=0.040) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left temporal lobe, left thalamus, and right hippocampus. Using a regression model, BDNF level predicted verbal memory score. Further, design fluency scores were predicted by serum BDNF level via the interactions with left temporal FA. CONCLUSIONS: Serum BDNF levels reflected longer epilepsy duration, impaired white matter integrity, and poor cognitive function in patients with chronic TLE.
Assuntos
Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/sangue , Disfunção Cognitiva/sangue , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/sangue , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença Crônica , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Lobo Temporal/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome may lead to many complications, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A natural and effective therapeutic agent for patients with NAFLD is urgently needed. In a previous study, we showed that Rhodiola crenulata root extract (RCE) regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis through activation of AMPK signaling. However, the manner in which RCE regulates hepatic lipid and glycogen metabolism remains unclear. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of RCE on hepatic glycogen and lipid metabolism, as well as the mechanisms underlying such effects. METHODS: Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were treated with RCE for 6 h under high glucose conditions, after which glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, and relative gene expression were examined. In addition, lipogenesis-related genes were investigated in vivo. RESULTS: RCE significantly increased glycogen synthesis and inhibited lipogenesis, while regulating genes related to these processes, including glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß), glycogen synthase (GS), fatty acid synthase (FAS), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). However, the effects caused by RCE were neutralized by compound C, an AMPK antagonist. Further studies showed that expression levels of lipogenic genes decreased at the protein and mRNA levels in the rat liver. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that RCE regulates hepatic glycogen and lipid metabolism through the AMPK signaling pathway. These results suggest that RCE is a potential intervention for patients with NAFLD.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicogênio Hepático/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Rhodiola/química , Animais , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes a transcription factor, Rta, which is required to activate the transcription of EBV lytic genes. This study demonstrates that treating P3HR1 cells with a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, causes the accumulation of SUMO-Rta and promotes the expression of EA-D. GST pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation studies reveal that RNF4, a RING-domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase, interacts with Rta. RNF4 also targets SUMO-2-conjugated Rta and promotes its ubiquitination in vitro. Additionally, SUMO interaction motifs in RNF4 are important to the ubiquitination of Rta because the RNF4 mutant with a mutation at the motifs eliminates ubiquitination. The mutation of four lysine residues on Rta that abrogated SUMO-3 conjugation to Rta also decreases the enhancement of the ubiquitination of Rta by RNF4. This finding demonstrates that RNF4 is a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin E3 ligase of Rta. Finally, knockdown of RNF4 enhances the expression of Rta and EA-D, subsequently promoting EBV lytic replication and virions production. Results of this study significantly contribute to efforts to elucidate a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates Rta ubiquitination to influence the lytic development of EBV.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 4/fisiologia , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Transativadores/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Linhagem Celular , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/genética , Mutação , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Modificadoras Pequenas Relacionadas à Ubiquitina/genética , Proteínas Modificadoras Pequenas Relacionadas à Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Transativadores/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Ubiquitinas/genética , Ubiquitinas/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: The up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is a characteristic feature observed across various malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Nevertheless, the influence of MMP-9 genotype in the context of NPC remains underexplored. This study examined the implications of MMP-9 promoter rs3918242 genotypes on the susceptibility to NPC in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cohort comprising 208 NPC cases and 416 healthy controls, genotyping of MMP-9 rs3918242 was conducted utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. RESULTS: Individuals harbouring the variant CT or TT genotype of MMP-9 rs3918242 did not demonstrate a discernible alteration in NPC risk when compared to wild-type CC carriers [odds ratio (OR)=0.83 and 0.79, with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)=0.56-1.24 and 0.27-2.29; p=0.4205 and 0.8675, respectively]. Moreover, the presence of the variant T allele did not confer a modified risk of NPC (OR=0.84, 95%CI=0.60-1.19, p=0.3761). Intriguingly, a protective effect associated with the MMP-9 rs3918242 CT genotype against NPC risk was discerned among individuals abstaining from betel quid chewing behaviour (OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.30-0.87, p=0.0166). Notably, no significant association was established between the MMP-9 rs3918242 CT or TT genotype and NPC risk among individuals with or without smoking or alcohol consumption habits. CONCLUSION: Presence of the variant CT or TT genotype at MMP-9 rs3918242 did not appear to substantially contribute to an elevated risk of NPC. Notably, a protective effect against NPC risk was observed in individuals carrying the CT genotype, particularly in those abstaining from betel quid chewing.
Assuntos
Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alelos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/genética , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/genética , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Fatores de Risco , Taiwan/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Hallux valgus (HV) is the most prevalent deformity affecting the forefoot; however, its genetic etiology remains unclear. In the literature, vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotypes have been reported to be associated with the risk of skeletal malformations accompanied by inflammation. This study aimed to examine the hypothesis that VDR genotypes are associated with the risk of HV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The VDR rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570 and rs7975232 genotypes of 150 HV patients and 600 non-HV subjects were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology and examined regarding their associations with HV risk. RESULTS: The results showed that none of the genetic frequency distributions of VDR rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, or rs7975232 were significant between the HV cases and non-HV controls (p for trend=0.4055, 0.2170, 0.7220, 0.5509, respectively). Additionally, allelic frequency analysis showed that none of the allelic frequencies of VDR rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, or rs7975232 were significantly distributed (p=0.2285, 0.1572, 0.9278, and 0.5547, respectively). Furthermore, stratified analysis showed that no correlation was observed between VDR rs731236 and different age groups (either younger or older than 51) or sex (p=0.3953 and p=0.9576). Moreover, no correlation was found between VDR rs731236 genotype and the risk of HV in individuals within subgroups of height, weight, or body mass index (BMI) (p=0.8317, 0.5346, and p=0.8783, respectively). CONCLUSION: VDR rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs7975232 may not serve as indicators for a higher risk of HV.
Assuntos
Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Hallux Valgus , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptores de Calcitriol , Humanos , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Taiwan/epidemiologia , Hallux Valgus/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Associação Genética , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Vertex epidural hematoma (VEDH) is a relatively uncommon type of intracranial hematoma. Because of its unique location and the potential of massive intraoperative bleeding, diagnosis and surgical intervention of VEDH may be challenging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 32 patients with VEDH was undertaken to investigate the prognostic factor and therapeutic strategy of VEDH. Special attention was paid to the relationship between fracture pattern, surgical method, intraoperative blood loss and outcome. RESULTS: Patients treated surgically had a higher percentage of consciousness disturbance and a significantly larger size of VEDH compared with patients treated conservatively (p = 0.029 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Bleeding from the injured superior sagittal sinus (SSS) was noted in six of nine patients (67%) with a linear fracture parallel to the SSS. Only one patient (20%) with a linear fracture crossing the SSS had bleeding from the injured SSS. Five of eight patients (63%) with sagittal suture diastasis experienced bleeding from the SSS. All patients with massive blood loss and six of seven patients developing intraoperative shock had copious bleeding from the injured SSS. All patients with intraoperative massive bleeding and shock underwent traditional "simple craniotomy". No patients undergoing "strip craniotomy" experienced massive bleeding. Thrombocytopenia (p = 0.008), headache (p = 0.015), consciousness disturbance (p = 0.043), pupil reactivity (p = 0.010), GCS score (p < 0.0001) and the relationship between skull fracture and the SSS (p = 0.037) were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated GCS score may be a significant prognostic factor in patients with VEDH. Bleeding from the injured SSS occurred frequently in VEDH patients with a linear skull fracture parallel to the SSS or sagittal suture diastasis and could cause devastating hemorrhage. When operating on such patients, the surgical team should prepare for the possibility of massive blood loss and intraoperative shock. Bilateral parasagittal craniotomies with preservation of a central bone strip containing the sagittal suture (strip craniotomy) to allow application of tack-up sutures from the dura to the bone strip may be more suitable for VEDH evacuation.