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Ningxiang (NX) pig has been recognized as one of the most famous Chinese indigenous breeds due to its characteristics in stress resistance. However, intestinal microbial feature and gene profiling in NX piglets have not been studied. Here, we compared the intestinal microbiome and transcriptome between NX and Duroc × Landrace × Large white (DLY) piglets and found the high enrichment of several colonic Bacteroides, Prevotella and Clostridium species in NX piglets. Further functional analyses revealed their predominant function in methane, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis metabolism. Our mRNA-sequencing data unraveled the distinct colonic gene expression between these two breeds. In particular, we showed that the improved intestinal function in NX piglets may be determined by enhanced intestinal barrier gene expression and varied immune gene expression through modulating the composition of the gut microbes. Together, our study revealed the intestinal characteristics of NX piglets, providing their potential application in improving breeding strategies and developing dietary interventions.
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A systematical investigation on the chemical constituents of the flowers of Rhododendron molle (Ericaceae) led to the isolation and characterization of thirty-eight highly functionalized grayanane diterpenoids (1-38), including twelve novel analogues molleblossomins A-L (1-12). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive methods, including 1D and 2D NMR analysis, calculated ECD, 13C NMR calculations with DP4+ probability analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Molleblossomins A (1), B (2), and E (5) are the first representatives of 2ß,3ß:9ß,10ß-diepoxygrayanane, 2,3-epoxygrayan-9(11)-ene, and 5,9-epoxygrayan-1(10),2(3)-diene diterpenoids, respectively. Molleblossomins G (7) and H (8) represent the first examples of 1,3-dioxolane-grayanane conjugates furnished with the acetaldehyde and 4-hydroxylbenzylidene acetal moieties, respectively. All grayanane diterpenoids 1-38 were screened for their analgesic activities in the acetic acid-induced writhing model, and all of them exhibited significant analgesic activities. Diterpenoids 6, 13, 14, 17, 20, and 25 showed more potent analgesic effects than morphine at a lower dose of 0.2 mg/kg, with the inhibition rates of 51.4%, 68.2%, 94.1%, 66.9%, 97.7%, and 60.0%, respectively. More importantly, even at the lowest dose of 0.04 mg/kg, rhodomollein X (14), rhodojaponin VI (20), and rhodojaponin VII (22) still significantly reduced the number of writhes in the acetic acid-induced pain model with the percentages of 61.7%, 85.8%, and 64.6%, respectively. The structure-activity relationship was summarized and might provide some hints to design novel analgesics based on the functionalized grayanane diterpenoids.
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Diterpenos , Rhododendron , Rhododendron/química , Estrutura Molecular , Flores/química , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos/química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/uso terapêutico , Diterpenos/química , Ácido Acético/análiseRESUMO
High energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) adopting high-nickel layered oxide cathodes and silicon-based composite anodes always suffer from unsatisfied cycle life and poor safety performance, especially at elevated temperatures. Electrode /electrolyte interphase regulation by functional additives is one of the most economic and efficacious strategies to overcome this shortcoming. Herein, cyano-groups (-CN) are introduced into lithium fluorinated phosphate to synthesize a novel multifunctional additive of lithium tetrafluoro (1,2-dihydroxyethane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile) phosphate (LiTFTCP), which endows high nickel LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 /SiOx -graphite composite full cell with an ultrahigh cycle life and superior safety characteristics, by adding only 0.5â wt % LiTFTCP into a LiPF6 -carbonate baseline electrolyte. It is revealed that LiTFTCP additive effectively suppresses the HF generation and facilitates the formation of a robust and heat-resistant cyano-enriched CEI layer as well as a stable LiF-enriched SEI layer. The favorable SEI/CEI layers greatly lessen the electrode degradation, electrolyte consumption, thermal-induced gassing and total heat-releasing. This work illuminates the importance of additive molecular engineering and interphase regulation in simultaneously promoting the cycling and thermal safety of LIBs with high-nickel NCMxyz cathode and silicon-based composite anode.
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Extracellular protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a promising target for thrombotic-related diseases. Four potent PDI inhibitors with unprecedented chemical architectures, piericones A-D (1-4), were isolated from Pieris japonica. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, chemical methods, quantum 13C nuclear magnetic resonance DP4+ and electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Piericones A (1) and B (2) were nanomolar noncompetitive PDI inhibitors possessing an unprecedented 3,6,10,15-tetraoxatetracyclo[7.6.0.04,9.01,12]pentadecane motif with nine contiguous stereogenic centers. Their biosynthetic pathways were proposed to include a key intermolecular aldol reaction and an intramolecular 1,2-migration reaction. Piericone A (1) significantly inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation and fibrin formation and in vivo thrombus formation via the inhibition of extracellular PDI without increasing the bleeding risk. The molecular docking and dynamics simulation of 1 and 2 provided a novel structure basis to develop PDI inhibitors as potent antithrombotics.
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Isomerases de Dissulfetos de Proteínas , Trombose , Humanos , Isomerases de Dissulfetos de Proteínas/química , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Fibrinolíticos/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Trombose/metabolismoRESUMO
Neuroplasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is essential for fear extinction, the process of which forms the basis of the general therapeutic process used to treat human fear disorders. However, the underlying molecules and local circuit elements controlling neuronal activity and concomitant induction of plasticity remain unclear. Here we show that sustained plasticity of the parvalbumin (PV) neuronal network in the infralimbic (IL) mPFC is required for fear extinction in adult male mice and identify the involvement of neuregulin 1-ErbB4 signalling in PV network plasticity-mediated fear extinction. Moreover, regulation of fear extinction by basal medial amygdala (BMA)-projecting IL neurons is dependent on PV network configuration. Together, these results uncover the local molecular circuit mechanisms underlying mPFC-mediated top-down control of fear extinction, suggesting alterative therapeutic approaches to treat fear disorders.
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Extinção Psicológica , Medo , Animais , Extinção Psicológica/fisiologia , Medo/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Neuregulina-1 , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Parvalbuminas , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Receptor ErbB-4RESUMO
Two new sesquiterpenoids, dendroaduoid A (1) and dendroaduol (2), together with four known sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the stems of Dendrobium aduncum. Their structures were identified by HR-ESI-MS and NMR experiments, and the complete assignments of 1 H and 13 C NMR data for two new sesquiterpenoids were obtained by the aid of HSQC, HMBC, 1 H-1 H COSY, NOESY, and ECD techniques. The cytotoxic effects of the isolated compounds on four tumor cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, A549, and SW1990) were evaluated using MTT assay. Otherwise, the inhibitory activity of these six sesquiterpenoids on glycosidase was also evaluated.
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Dendrobium , Sesquiterpenos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
A novel triamino monoterpene indole alkaloid with an unprecedented skeleton, gelstriamine A (1), four new monoterpene indole alkaloids (2-5), and 12 known analogues (6-17) were isolated from Gelsemium elegans. The structures of 1-5 were established using extensive spectroscopic techniques, NMR calculations with iJ/dJ-DP4 and 2D C-H COSY ANNs analysis, ECD calculations, chemical methods, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Gelstriamine A (1) possesses an unprecedented 6/5/7/6/6/5 heterohexacyclic scaffold bearing a unique hexahydrooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one motif, and a plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed. All the isolated alkaloids 1-17 showed discernible analgesic activities in an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and N-desmethoxyhumantenine N4-oxide (3) exhibited more potent analgesic activities than those of morphine at doses of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg.
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Analgésicos/farmacologia , Gelsemium/química , Alcaloides Indólicos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Analgésicos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , China , Feminino , Alcaloides Indólicos/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Caules de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Electrolyte leakage is a severe safety concern in lithium batteries. With highly volatile 1,2-dimethoxyethane as solvent, the leakage related hazards are more pronounced in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. To address this concern, a leakage-proof electrolyte is delicately designed through functionalizing the commercial electrolyte by Li6 PS5 Cl-grafted poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate), which can interact readily with the aluminum-plastic packing through hydrogen bond to immobilize the electrolyte. The moisture from ambient can also catalyze a further polymerization of the macromolecules to seal the leaking points and thereby to solve the leakage issue, endowing Li-S batteries superior safety even in an artificial cut pouch cell. With a bare S loading of 4.9â mg cm-2 , the battery can deliver good endurance owing to the suppressed polysulfide shuttle by its polar groups. This work enlightens the design of leakage-proof electrolyte and makes a milestone for high performance Li-S batteries.
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Sixteen diterpenoids (1-16) including 10 new ones, pierisjaponins A-J (1-10), were isolated and identified from Pieris japonica, and their structures were classified into eight diverse carbon skeletons. Pierisjaponins A (1) and B (2) represent the first 1,5-seco-grayanane diterpenoid glucosides and only showed 17 carbon resonances instead of 26 carbons in the 13C NMR spectra, their structures were finally defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the unusual NMR phenomena were explained. Pierisjaponin E (5) is the first mollane diterpene glucoside. This is the first time to report ent-labdane (3, 4, and 11) and ent-rosane (15) type diterpenoids from the Ericaceae plants, which provided the precursors of the Ericaceae diterpenoids and enlarged the chemical diversity of Ericaceae diterpenoids. All the 16 isolates showed potent analgesic activities, and this is the first time to describe the analgesic activities of 1,5-seco-grayanane, ent-labdane, mollane, and ent-rosane type diterpenoids. A preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed, which provided new clues to design novel analgesics based on the Ericaceae diterpenoids.
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Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Diterpenos/uso terapêutico , Ericaceae/química , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/isolamento & purificação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Nitrogen-doped carbon materials with controllable morphologies were prepared via a soft template method using chitosan as the carbon and nitrogen source and F127 or ionic liquid as the template. The performance of the materials as electrodes and adsorbents for carbon dioxide removal were evaluated. Carbon spheres (CSs) with developed micropore structures were obtained without a template, whereas a tubular structure (CSF) containing mesopores with long-range order was obtained using F127. Layered carbon (CSI) containing micro-/mesopores with short- and long-range order was obtained using an ionic liquid. The samples exhibited graphite-like structure and the soft template increased the graphitization degree. Nitrogen existed mainly in the form of pyridine and pyridone groups in CSs and CSF and as pyridine, pyridone, and quaternary groups in CSI. The specific capacitances of CSs, CSF, and CSI were 144, 161, and 178 F g-1, respectively, at a current density of 1.0 A g-1 in 1 M sulfuric acid. The carbon dioxide adsorption capacities of CSs, CSF, and CSI were 142, 73, and 115 mg g-1, respectively; CSs displayed the highest value because of its developed micro- and ultramicroporous structure. Our results indicated that these carbon materials with various morphologies can be used as both electrodes and adsorbents.
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Thirteen new grayanane diterpenoids (1-13) and 15 known analogues (14-28) were isolated from a leaf extract of Pieris japonica. Their structures were determined by spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, NMR, IR, and UV. The absolute configurations of 1, 3, 7-9, and 16 were defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 17-Hydroxygrayanotoxin XIX (1) represents the first example of a 17-hydroxygrayan-15(16)-ene diterpenoid. Diterpenoids 1-28 were evaluated for their antinociceptive activities, and 4, 9, 13, 21, and 26-28 displayed significant antinociceptive activities at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (ip) in the HOAc-induced writhing test in mice. 17-Hydroxygrayanotoxin XIX (1) exhibited potent antinociceptive effects with writhe inhibition rates of 56.3% and 64.8% at doses of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively, which were almost equivalent to the positive control, morphine. Rhodomollein X (26) and rhodojaponin VI (27) showed more potent antinociceptive effects than morphine at doses of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg. A preliminary structure-activity relationship for the antinociceptive effects of diterpenoids 1-28 is discussed.
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Analgésicos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Ericaceae/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Análise Espectral/métodos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Carbon-based composite materials with tunable, ordered mesoporous structures were prepared via the hydrothermal carbonization/soft-template method, with nickel nitrate as the doping source, straw as the carbon source, and F127 as the soft template. By adjusting the additive amounts of Ni and F127, the mesoporous structure was controllable, and results were obtained that varied from an irregular stripe-like hexagonal, a regular stripe-like hexagonal, mixed hexagonal and cubic, to cubic. With a specific surface area in the range of 339-963 m2 g-1, the percentage of mesoporous structures increased from 39.6% to 58.3%. Ni doped into the carbon skeletons existed in the form of metallic Ni and nickel oxide. Increased amounts of nickel nitrate for doping as well as F127 is beneficial for the generation of metallic Ni during the preparation process. The average particle diameter of Ni decreased when the Ni-doped content was increased, and all the average particle sizes were less than 10 nm after F127 was added. The Nim/CSFn catalyst demonstrated high catalytic activity when used for the hydrogenation reaction of p-nitrophenol (PNP) to p-aminophenol (PAP). The conversion of PNP reached 98.79%, and the selectivity for PAP reached 89.6% for Ni2.0/CSF1.5, with a corresponding apparent rate constant of 1.56 × 10-3 S-1, apparent activation energy of 41.86 kJ mol-1, and with the added benefit that the catalyst could be separated and recycled by applying an external magnetic field.
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Flexible hybrid hydrogels (GO/AC/CNFn) with a 3D porous network structure and superhydrophilic property are synthesized by cross-linking and self-assembling graphene oxide (GO) and activated carbon (AC) with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) during microwave hydrothermal process. In this ternary composite hydrogel, CNF molecular chains bridge GO sheets to build the 3D skeleton and anchor AC particles within GO nanosheets, forming ordered architecture of GO/AC/CNFn hydrogel that simultaneously possesses high flexibility and excellent mechanical integrity. When using this hydrogel as additive-free electrode, the presence of AC provides developed porous structure and density to promote high volumetric capacitance, while the heteroatom nitrogen groups tune the surface property of the composite with increased electrical conductivity. Benefited from the optimized structure, GO/AC/CNF1 electrode delivers an ultra-high mass specific capacitance of 627â¯F/g and volume specific capacitance of 618â¯F/cm3 at 0.5 A/g in three-electrode system in 1â¯M H2SO4 electrolyte, which is kinetically demonstrated to be essentially originated from the capacitive contributions. The energy density reaches 32.2â¯Wh/kg at a power density of 150â¯W/kg for the fabricated flexible solid-state symmetric supercapacitor. Moreover, the obtained flexible device could sensitively response at varied physiological signals, shedding fresh lights on their potential applications in signal sensors and portable electronics.
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High nickel (Ni ≥ 80%) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high specific energy are one of the most important technical routes to resolve the growing endurance anxieties. However, because of their extremely aggressive chemistries, high-Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs suffer from poor cycle life and safety performance, which hinder their large-scale commercial applications. Among varied strategies, electrolyte engineering is very powerful to simultaneously enhance the cycle life and safety of high-Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs. In this review, the pivotal challenges faced by high-Ni oxide cathodes and conventional LiPF6 -carbonate-based electrolytes are comprehensively summarized. Then, the functional additives design guidelines for LiPF6 -carbonate -based electrolytes and the design principles of high voltage resistance/high safety novel electrolytes are systematically elaborated to resolve these pivotal challenges. Moreover, the proposed thermal runaway mechanisms of high-Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs are also reviewed to provide useful perspectives for the design of high-safety electrolytes. Finally, the potential research directions of electrolyte engineering toward high-performance high-Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs are provided. This review will have an important impact on electrolyte innovation as well as the commercial evolution of high-Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs, and also will be significant to breakthrough the energy density ceiling of LIBs.
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Thirteen diterpenoids (1-13), classified into four structurally diverse carbon skeletons, including 1,5-seco-kalmane (1 and 6), grayanane (2-11), kalmane (12), and rhodomollane (13), were isolated from the flowers extract of Rhododendron molle. Among them, rhodomollinols A - E (1-5) were five new diterpenoids and their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods including HRESIMS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, as well as quantum ECD calculations. Rhodomollinol A (1) is the first representative of a 6-deoxy-1,5-seco-kalmane diterpenoid. The abnormal NMR phenomenon of the presence of only 9 carbon resonances instead of 20 carbons in the 13C NMR spectrum of 1 was observed and elucidated by the quantum NMR calculations. All diterpenoids 1-13 showed significant analgesic activities in an acetic acid-induced writhing model. It's the first time to report the analgesic activity of a rhodomollane-type diterpenoid. At a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, diterpenoids 1-3, 6, 8, 9, and 12 reduced the writhe numbers with inhibition rates over 50%, and 9 exhibited stronger analgesic activity with a writhe inhibition rate of 89.7% than that of the positive control morphine. Importantly, even at the lowest dose of 0.04 mg/kg, rhodomollinols A (1) and B (2), rhodomollein X (7), and 2-O-methylrhodojaponin VI (9) still showed more potent analgesic effects than morphine with the writhe inhibition rates of 51.8%, 48.0%, 61.7%, and 60.0%, respectively. A preliminary structure-activity relationship might provide some clues to design potential analgesics on the basis of structurally diverse Ericaceae diterpenoids.
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Diterpenos , Rhododendron , Rhododendron/química , Estrutura Molecular , Flores/química , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/química , Carbono/análise , Derivados da Morfina/análiseRESUMO
Oxalisxishuiensis, a new species of Oxalidaceae from Danxia landforms of Xishui County, Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to O.wulingensis by the two lateral leaflets arranged at about 180° angle and oblong pink petals with lilac veins, but clearly differs from the latter by leaflets almost as long as wide, obliquely obcordate lateral leaflets, shorter peduncles, longer capsule (1.2-1.5 cm vs. 0.5-0.7 cm) and alveolate seeds.
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Electrode crosstalk between anode and cathode at elevated temperatures is identified as a real culprit triggering the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, to address this challenge, a novel smart polymer electrolyte is prepared through in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylic anhydride monomers within a succinonitrile-based dual-anion deep eutectic solvent. Owing to the abundant active unsaturated double bonds on the as-obtained polymer matrix end, this smart polymer electrolyte can spontaneously form a dense crosslinked polymer network under elevated temperatures, effectively slowing down the crosstalk diffusion kinetics of lithium ions and active gases. Impressively, LiCoO2/graphite pouch cells employing this smart polymer electrolyte demonstrate no thermal runaway even at the temperature up to 250 °C via accelerating rate calorimeter testing. Meanwhile, because of its abundance of functional motifs, this smart polymer electrolyte can facilitate the formation of stable and thermally robust electrode/electrolyte interface on both electrodes, ensuring the long cycle life and high safety of LIBs. In specific, this smart polymer electrolyte endows 1.1 Ah LiCoO2/graphite pouch cell with a capacity retention of 96% after 398 cycles at 0.2 C.
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Colistin (CST) is considered as "agent of last resort" against gram-negative bacteria as feed additive. Its clinical effectiveness has reduced since the emergence of mcr-1 gene in ducks. Isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG), a new guanidine derivative, showed positive effects on improving animal weights and alleviating intestinal pathogens, therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this compound supplement with CST in ducks and explore the possibilities in feed additive. A total of fifteen duck-origin Escherichia coli carrying the mcr-1 gene were included in this study. A checkerboard microdilution assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of IBG combined with CST against mcr-1-positive E. coli. A 3-by-2 time-kill array of IBG (16, 32, and 64 µg/mL) and CST (1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC) over 24 hours was utilized to characterize the activity of the agents alone and in combination against E. coli strain 1 in vitro. The intestinal colonization model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of IBG combined with CST. These results indicated that the combination of IBG plus CST showed a synergistic effect against all clinical isolates (FICI < 0.5). The bacterial burden was reduced by more than 2 log10 CFU/mL when E. coli strain 1 was tested with 1/2 MIC CST plus 64 µg/mL IBG for 24 h. Further experiments in vivo demonstrated that the CST combined with IBG was able to increase duck weights, reduced intestinal pathogenic E. coli and showed a synergistic antibacterial effect. Combination of CST (4 mg/kg b.w.) plus IBG (32 or 64 mg/kg b.w.) achieved 1.84 to 3.29 log10 CFU/g killing after 7 d of therapy, which was significantly different from that in the challenge control group (p<0.05). In summary, our study demonstrated the potential use of IBG as feed additive for veterinary purposes in ducks and provided new insights into overcoming resistance in the future.
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BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle training is a continuous and standardized training of respiratory muscles, but the evidence of the effects on early stroke patients is not clear. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of respiratory muscle training on respiratory function and functional capacity in patients with early stroke. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, PEDro, ScienceDirect, AMED, CINAHL, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched from inception to December 8, 2023 for articles about studies that 1) stroke patients with age ≥ 18 years old. Early stroke < 3 months at the time of diagnosis, 2) respiratory muscle training, including inspiratory and expiratory muscle training, 3) the following measurements are the outcomes: respiratory muscle strength, respiratory muscle endurance, pulmonary function testing, dyspnea fatigue score, and functional capacity, 4) randomized controlled trials. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted data and appraised the methodological quality and risk of bias using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool by two independent reviewers. RevMan 5.4 with a random effect model was used for data synthesis and analysis. Mean differences (MD) or standard mean differences (SMD), and 95% confidence interval were calculated (95%CI). RESULTS: Nine studies met inclusion criteria, recruiting 526 participants (mean age 61.6 years). Respiratory muscle training produced a statistically significant effect on improving maximal inspiratory pressure (MD = 10.93, 95%CI: 8.51-13.36), maximal expiratory pressure (MD = 9.01, 95%CI: 5.34-12.69), forced vital capacity (MD = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.54-1.10), peak expiratory flow (MD = 1.28, 95%CI: 0.94-1.63), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (MD = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.13-1.59), functional capacity (SMD = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.05-0.98) in patients with early stroke. Subgroup analysis showed that inspiratory muscle training combined with expiratory muscle training was beneficial to the recovery of maximal inspiratory pressure (MD = 9.78, 95%CI: 5.96-13.60), maximal expiratory pressure (MD = 11.62, 95%CI: 3.80-19.43), forced vital capacity (MD = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.47-1.27), peak expiratory flow (MD = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.22-1.80), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (MD = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.41-1.11), functional capacity (SMD = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.08-1.13), while inspiratory muscle training could improve maximal inspiratory pressure (MD = 11.60, 95%CI: 8.15-15.05), maximal expiratory pressure (MD = 7.06, 95%CI: 3.50-10.62), forced vital capacity (MD = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.21-1.21), peak expiratory flow (MD = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.37-1.31), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (MD = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.08-0.72). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides good-quality evidence that respiratory muscle training is effective in improving respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, and functional capacity for patients with early stroke. Inspiratory muscle training combined with expiratory muscle training seems to promote functional recovery in patients with early stroke more than inspiratory muscle training alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospero registration number: CRD42021291918.
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To overcome the low energy density and poor conductivity of conventional electrode materials for building supercapacitor, herein, a hybrid hydrogel prepared from compositing bio-based chitosan with holey graphene oxide by microwave-assisted hydrothermal is proposed. This binary hydrogel is endowed with heteroatomic functional groups and conductive porous network by chemical pretreatments, where amides and carboxyl groups are introduced during the acylation modification of chitosan to enable it soluble in water for sufficient reaction, while the oxidation etching for graphene oxide in the defect area by H2O2 facilitates in-plane nanopores network to provide abundant active surface and short ion diffusion pathway. Benefited from the high conductivity and flexibility, this hydrogel present promising performance when used as additive-free electrode in a three-electrode, with a high specific capacitance of 377 F/g at 5 A/g. The rich nitrogen and oxygen groups on surface of the hydrogel contribute to high capacitance directly, while the in-plane nanopores and hierarchically porous network benefit to promote their wettability, accelerate the charge transfer and enhance their charge storage ability. When the hydrogel composite is adopted into a flexible solid-state supercapacitor employing lignin hydrogel electrolyte, it unfolds a specific capacitance of 210 F/g at 0.5 A/g, with an ultrahigh energy density of 31 Wh/kg at the power density of 150 W/kg. The solid-state supercapacitor exhibits promising potential in applications such as signal sensor and portable energy storage.