Effect of perioperative anticoagulant prophylaxis in patients with traumatic subdural hematoma and a history of anticoagulant use: a propensity-matched National Trauma Data Bank analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The use of anticoagulation to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) is controversial in the setting of neurosurgical decompression for traumatic subdural hematoma (SDH). In these patients, there is concern that anticoagulation may cause secondary hemorrhage, increasing the risk of death and other complications. Patients with a history of anticoagulant use are at further risk of VTE, but the effect of VTE prophylaxis (VTEP) following neurosurgery for SDH has not been thoroughly investigated in this population. This study aims to investigate the differences in in-hospital outcomes in patients with SDH and preexisting anticoagulant use who received VTEP following neurosurgical intervention compared with those who did not. METHODS: The National Trauma Data Bank was queried from 2017 to 2019 for all patients with preexisting anticoagulant use presenting with an SDH who subsequently underwent neurosurgical intervention. Patients who received VTEP were propensity score matched with patients who did not based on demographics, insurance type, injury severity, and comorbidities. Paired Student t-tests, Pearson's chi-square tests, and Benjamini-Hochberg multiple comparisons correction were used to compare differences in in-hospital complications, length of stay (LOS), and mortality rate between the two groups. A logistic regression model was developed to identify risk factors for in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Two thousand seven hundred ninety-four patients matching the inclusion criteria were identified, of whom 950 received VTEP. Following one-to-one matching and multiple comparisons correction, the VTEP group had a lower mortality rate (18.53% vs 34.53%, p < 0.001) but longer LOS (14.09 vs 8.57 days, p < 0.001) and higher rates of pressure ulcers (2.11% vs 0.53%, p = 0.01), unplanned intensive care unit admission (9.05% vs 3.47%, p < 0.001), and unplanned intubation (9.47% vs 6.11%, p = 0.021). The multivariable logistic regression showed that use of unfractionated heparin (UH; OR 0.36, p < 0.001) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; OR 0.3, p < 0.001) were associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with traumatic SDH and a history of anticoagulant use, perioperative VTEP was associated with increased LOS but provided a mortality benefit. LMWH and UH use were the strongest predictors of survival.

Leading medical schools for female neurosurgery graduates.

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to determine the medical schools with the highest number and proportion of female graduates currently practicing neurosurgery and to identify medical school characteristics that increase female representation in neurosurgery, with the goal of addressing the gender disparity. METHODS: The authors used the Physician Compare National Downloadable File from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Physicians indicating neurosurgery as their primary specialty were extracted. Duplicates, physicians with medical school education listed as "other," and those expected to be in residency, fellowship, or research years (graduation years 2014-2023) were removed. Medical schools with the highest number and proportion of female neurosurgery graduates were stratified. A review of the current literature was conducted to identify characteristics of the institutions with high female representation. RESULTS: A total of 3486 neurosurgeons (319 female [9.2%], 3167 male [90.8%]) were identified. Yale University (n = 12), Columbia University (n = 8), Johns Hopkins University (n = 8), Stanford University (n = 8), and the University of Maryland (n = 8) had the most female neurosurgery graduates. Schools with the highest proportion of female neurosurgery graduates included the University of California, San Diego (25%); the State University of New York Upstate Medical University (25%); Pennsylvania State University (22.2%); the University of Maryland (21.1%); and the University of Florida (18.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Achieving gender diversity in neurosurgery necessitates a multifaceted approach. Institutions with a higher number and proportion of female neurosurgery graduates emphasized female-female mentorship, fostered diversity initiatives, and implemented inclusive policies. To increase female representation in neurosurgery, it is crucial to establish robust mentorship programs that provide aspiring female neurosurgeons with the guidance, support, and motivation required to navigate a traditionally male-dominated field.

Women in Neurosurgery: Trends in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify trends in the number of female neurosurgeons across each state and identify state characteristics that affect such values. METHODS: The Physician Compare National Downloadable File was queried from the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services for 2017 and 2023. Physicians indicating "neurosurgery" as their primary specialty were extracted and duplicates were removed. States were ranked based on the number of female neurosurgeons. The percent growth in the number of female neurosurgeons from 2017 to 2023 was calculated for each state. Univariable and multivariable regressions were used to identify the association between state characteristics and the number of female neurosurgeons. RESULTS: The number of female neurosurgeons was higher in urban states while rural states saw a greater increase compared to five years ago. Univariable regression showed significant differences in the number of neurosurgery residency programs, neurosurgery hospitals ranked in U.S. News & World Report, paid parental leave law, number and percentage of female physicians, and diversity index score (P < 0.05). The diversity index score independently affected the number of female neurosurgeons (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: States with more training programs, female physicians, and paid parental leave policies saw a large number of female neurosurgeons. Diversity in the general population is also crucial to improving the equity in gender representation of neurosurgeons in each state. The increase in female neurosurgery representation in rural states shows that the shortage of neurosurgeons in underserved areas is creating a unique niche for female neurosurgeons to excel.

In-State Retention Rates of Female Neurosurgery Graduates.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the rate of retaining female neurosurgery graduates in the same states as their medical education and identify medical school and state characteristics associated with high retention rates. METHODS: Database from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services was used to extract female physicians indicating "neurosurgery" as their specialty. The top 25 medical schools with the highest number of female neurosurgery graduates were selected. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the retention rate of female neurosurgery graduates. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify medical school and state characteristics associated with high retention rates. RESULTS: Medical schools with the highest retention rate included the University of California, San Francisco (60%), the University of Alabama (60%), and the University of Pennsylvania (60%). Univariable and multivariable analysis showed the number of female neurosurgery attendings (ß = 0.036, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.003 to 0.070, P = 0.04 and ß = 0.036, CI = 0.001 to 0.071, P = 0.04.) and the healthcare employment rate (ß = 0.098, CI = 0.011 to 0.186, P = 0.03 and ß = 0.117, CI = 0.021 to 0.212, P = 0.02) to be positively associated with the retention rate of female neurosurgery graduates. CONCLUSIONS: Retaining female neurosurgery graduates within a state is essential for addressing the physician shortage and gender inequality. To encourage female medical students to practice in the same state, medical schools and states should work collectively to improve the visibility of female neurosurgeons and increase employment opportunities.

Impact of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Catheter Ablation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Reconstructed Kaplan-Meier Curves with Trial Sequential Analysis.

PURPOSE: The role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in managing cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is evolving. This meta-analysis seeks to explore the influence of SGLT2i on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) following catheter ablation (CA) in individuals with T2DM qualitatively and quantitatively. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in electronic databases. Studies meeting predefined criteria were included. Individual patient data (IPD) were used from reconstructed time-to-event data to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for AF recurrence. IPD meta-analysis was followed by a direct meta-analysis to assess the risk of AF recurrence. RESULTS: A total of five studies [one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and four cohort studies] were included in this study, and five studies were included in the qualitative analysis, while four studies comprising 1043 patients with T2DM were included in the quantitative analysis. The pooled Kaplan-Meier curve based on reconstructed data showed a significantly lower risk of AF recurrence in the SGLT2i group compared with all antidiabetic drugs (log-rank P = 0.00011) and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP4i) (log-rank P = 0.01). Cox regression analysis showed consistent results. Direct meta-analysis showed that SGLT2i, compared with all antidiabetic medications (HR 0.57, 95% CI [0.44, 0.73], I2) and DPP4i (HR 0.41, 95% CI [0.24, 0.70], I2), was associated with a lower risk of AF recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2i are associated with a reduced risk of AF recurrence after CA in patients with T2DM. These results suggest that SGLT2i is promising in improving clinical outcomes for this population.