Leptin induces ovulation in GnRH-deficient mice.

Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, leading to gonadotropin deficiencies, hypogonadism, and anovulation, which are completely reversed following leptin administration. To determine whether the role of leptin in ovulation is mediated exclusively through GnRH, we studied leptin's action in GnRH-deficient (hpg) mice, as well as ob/ob mice and normal, prepubertal mice in which the GnRH axis was blocked with antide. Following pretreatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, leptin induced ovulation in all three mouse models. Unlike mature normal mice, these ovulations were not triggered by a luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, as demonstrated by lack of increase in its surrogate marker progesterone. Rather, leptin induced hyperemia and leakage in the follicle, as well as the proteinase ADAMTS-1 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin-like motif), which facilitates extrusion of the follicular content. These data show that on top of its role as an inducer of GnRH secretion, leptin may elicit an LH-independent ovulation.

Antiviral and immunoregulatory activities of IFN-gamma depend on constitutively expressed IL-1alpha.

IFN-gamma induces its immunoregulatory activities by activating genes mainly through the Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Here we show that what was considered to be intrinsic IFN-gamma activities depend largely on the basal level of NF-kappaB, which is maintained by constitutively expressed IL-1alpha. The IL-1 receptor antagonist and antibodies to IL-1alpha, but not to IL-1beta, inhibited the antiviral activity of IFN-gamma by 90%, whereas no inhibition of type I IFN activity was observed. Similarly, the induction of many genes by IFN-gamma, including HLA-DR, ICAM-1, IL-18BP, and genes mediating its antiviral activity, greatly depended on basal IL-1alpha. Furthermore, IFN-gamma induced serum IL-18 binding protein in wild-type mice but not in IL-1alpha/beta double-deficient mice. Thus, constitutively expressed IL-1alpha is critical for numerous IFN-gamma activities.

The promoter of IL-18 binding protein: activation by an IFN-gamma -induced complex of IFN regulatory factor 1 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta.

The IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is a circulating inhibitor of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-18. It is constitutively expressed in mononuclear cells, and elevated expression is induced by IFN-gamma. In this study, we characterized the IL-18BP promoter. We first showed that induction is at the transcriptional level and requires de novo protein synthesis. The IL-18BP promoter resides within 1.6 kb DNA upstream of the first exon and includes at least six regulatory elements. We identified in the basal promoter a gamma-activated sequence (GAS) proximal to the transcription start site (base 1), followed by an IFN regulatory factor 1 response element (IRF-E) and two CCAATenhancer binding protein beta (CEBPbeta) sites, all of which are essential for basal promoter activity. Furthermore, GAS and IRF-E were essential for IFN-gamma-induced transcription. Indeed, sera of IRF-1-deficient mice lacked basal and IFN-gamma-induced IL-18BP. We found that after induction of IRF-1 by IFN-gamma, it formed a complex with CEBPbeta, which bound to the IRF-E and GAS-containing proximal DNA. In contrast, the IFN-gamma-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 dimer did not associate with this GAS. In addition, we identified a silencer element and a distal enhancer at bases -1081 to -1272, which was also physically associated with IRF-1. The IRF-1-CEBPbeta complex described here probably plays a fundamental role in regulating additional IFN-gamma-responsive genes.