Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and MRI results obtained by expert and novice radiologists indicating short-term response after transarterial chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To evaluate inter-reader agreement between novice and expert radiologists in assessing contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images for detecting viable tumours with different sizes after conventional transarterial chemoembolisation (cTACE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included patients who had less than five hepatomas and who underwent cTACE. Hepatomas with one or two feeding arteries were selected as target lesions. CEUS and MRI were performed within 1 week after cTACE to evaluate viable tumours. RESULTS: The expert group had higher kappa values in evaluating all tumour sizes via CEUS compared with MRI. The novice group had similar kappa values. In patients with tumours measuring ≤3 cm, the expert group had higher kappa values in reading CEUS compared with MRI images; however, in the novice group, the kappa value was lower in evaluating CEUS compared with MRI images. In patients with tumours measuring >3 cm, the expert and novice groups had good to excellent kappa values. The confidence level of the two groups in reading MRI images was high; however, the novice group had a lower confidence level. CONCLUSION: CEUS is a convenient, cost-effective, and easy to apply imaging tool that can help interventionists perform early detection of viable hepatocellular carcinoma post-TACE. It has a higher inter-rater agreement in interpreting CEUS images compared with MRI images among expert radiologists even when they are extremely familiar with post-cTACE MRI images. In novice radiologists, there may be a learning curve to achieve good consistency in CEUS interpretation.

The Introduction of Human Heme Oxygenase-1 and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor Type I With Human IgG1 Fc in Porcine Islets Prolongs Islet Xenograft Survival in Humanized Mice.

Apoptosis during engraftment and inflammation induce poor islet xenograft survival. We aimed to determine whether overexpression of human heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) or soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor type I with human IgG1 Fc (sTNF-αR-Fc) in porcine islets could improve islet xenograft survival. Adult porcine islets were transduced with adenovirus containing human HO-1, sTNF-αR-Fc, sTNF-αR-Fc/HO-1 or green fluorescent protein (control). Humanized mice were generated by injecting human cord blood-derived CD34(+) stem cells into NOD-scid-IL-2Rγ(null) mice. Both HO-1 and sTNF-αR-Fc reduced islet apoptosis under in vitro hypoxia or cytokine stimuli and suppressed RANTES induction without compromising insulin secretion. Introduction of either gene into islets prolonged islet xenograft survival in pig-to-humanized mice transplantation. The sTNF-αR-Fc/HO-1 group showed the best glucose tolerance. Target genes were successfully expressed in islet xenografts. Perigraft infiltration of macrophages and T cells was suppressed with decreased expression of RANTES, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 in treatment groups; however, frequency of pig-specific interferon-γ-producing T cells was not decreased, and humoral response was not significant in any group. Early apoptosis of islet cells was suppressed in the treatment groups. In conclusion, overexpression of HO-1 or sTNF-αR-Fc in porcine islets improved islet xenograft survival by suppressing both apoptosis and inflammation. HO-1 or sTNF-αR-Fc transgenic pigs have potential for islet xenotransplantation.

Characteristics associated with intent to stay among Quality Improvement nurses.

AIM: The study aims to investigate characteristics associated with intent to stay among Quality Improvement (QI) nurses in Korean hospitals. BACKGROUND: QI nurses have recently emerged as a new specialty area in the nursing profession in Korea. They have played a major role in coordinating and facilitating hospital-wide QI activities. However, their frequent turnover degrades the continuity of overall QI programmes and incurs additional costs in human resource management. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was administered to 123 QI nurses in 123 general hospitals. The collected data included their hospital and department characteristics, work demand, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and demographics. The response rate was 94.3% (n=116). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with intent to stay. FINDINGS: Only 32.8% intended to stay in their current job. Significant factors associated with intent to stay were affective commitment and work demands. QI nurses with a higher level of affective commitment were more likely to stay [odds ratios (OR)=2.50], whereas those with higher quantitative work demands in QI education and support were less likely to stay (OR=0.40). CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that intent to stay was closely associated with work environment characteristics. Efforts to enhance their affective commitment and support their workload management are needed to increase the retention of qualified and experienced QI nurses.

Internal and external environmental factors affecting the performance of hospital-based home nursing care.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies on HNC services have been carried out by signifying their needs, efficiency and effectiveness. However, no study has ever been performed to determine the critical factors associated with HNC's positive results despite the deluge of positive studies on the service. METHODS: This study included all of the 89 training hospitals that were practising HNC service in Korea as of November 2006. The input factors affecting the performance were classified as either internal or external environmental factors. This analysis was conducted to understand the impact that the corresponding factors had on performance. Data were analysed by using multiple linear regressions. RESULTS: The internal and external environment variables affected the performance of HNC based on univariate analysis. The meaningful variables were internal environmental factors. Specifically, managerial resource (the number of operating beds and the outpatient/inpatient ratio) were meaningful when the multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Indeed, the importance of organizational culture (the passion of HNC nurses) was significant. CONCLUSION: This study, considering the limited market size of Korea, illustrates that the critical factor for the development of hospital-led HNC lies with internal environmental factors rather than external ones. Among the internal environmental factors, the hospitals' managerial resource-related factors (specifically, the passion of nurses) were the most important contributing element.

Three-body nonmesonic weak decay of the (Lambda)12C hypernucleus.

We have measured the branching ratio of the three-body process in the nonmesonic weak decay of Lambda12C to be 0.29+/-0.13. This result was obtained by reproducing the nucleon and the nucleon pair yields introducing a measured final state interaction. At the same time, we have determined the absolute decay widths, Gamma(n) and Gamma(p), along with Gamma2N, whose relative ratio has been a long-standing puzzle. Including the three-body process, we have successfully reproduced the nucleon energy distribution, the coincidence two-nucleon angular correlation, and the momentum sum distribution simultaneously.

Work climate perception and turnover intention among Korean hospital staff.

AIM: To examine the impact of work climate perception (WCP) on turnover intention among public hospital personnel in Korea. BACKGROUND: With increased competition and high staff turnover in hospitals, managers focus on human resource management. Positive work climate is considered as a strategy to retain valued staff, but previous studies have shown occupationally different relationships between turnover intention and work environment characteristics as perceived by staff. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted of employees (n = 852) in four public hospitals in Korea to gather information about WCP, intention to leave and demographics. The work climate was measured by 32 items categorized into 13 factors in five dimensions. For each occupation, logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the significant factors of WCP that influenced turnover intention. FINDINGS: Positive WCP inversely influenced turnover intention. For all occupations, the most significant factor was 'workgroup friendliness and warmth' (OR = 0.01-0.21). For the nursing group, an additional significant factor was 'adherence to job standard' (OR = 0.63). In contrast, there were different significant factors for other hospital staff: 'workgroup esprit de corps' (OR = 0.16) and 'role clarity' (OR = 0.19) for physicians, 'adherence to job standard' (OR = 3.08) and 'role adaptation' (OR = 2.23) for paramedicals, and 'flexibility and innovation' (OR = 0.14) and 'interdepartmental cooperation' (OR = 0.19) for administrators. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses with perceptions of work climate emphasizing 'workgroup friendliness and warmth' and 'adherence to job standard' had lower turnover intention. Physicians, paramedicals and administrators have different WCPs. To retain qualified personnel, hospitals should focus on human relations, maintaining a consideration for occupation-specific characteristics.

Professionalism: the major factor influencing job satisfaction among Korean and Chinese nurses.

BACKGROUND: The nursing shortage has become an internationally important issue. Nurses' professionalism and job satisfaction have been recognized as strong factors influencing their turnover. As international interchanges in nursing education are growing between Korea and China, understanding the commonalities and differences in factors associated with job satisfaction is critical to improving nurses' job retention. AIM: To compare the factors influencing job satisfaction among Korean and Chinese nurses. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. The participants were comprised of 693 nurses at three general hospitals in Jinan, People's Republic of China and 593 nurses at two general hospitals in Seoul, Korea. A questionnaire was designed to measure the nurses' professionalism and job satisfaction. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to identify factors related to job satisfaction. RESULTS: Professionalism was the common factor influencing job satisfaction in Korean and Chinese nurses. Professionalism was positively related to job satisfaction in both groups. Additional factors associated with job satisfaction were demographics and job characteristics such as age, job position and department of work, which were significant only in Korean nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Professionalism was the most important factor influencing job satisfaction in both Korean and Chinese nurses. Enhancing nursing professionalism is recommended as a common strategy to improve nurses' job retention across different healthcare systems.

Molecular interactions between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP I) and topoisomerase I (Topo I): identification of topology of binding.

The molecular interactions of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase I (PARP I) and topoisomerase I (Topo I) have been determined by the analysis of physical binding of the two proteins and some of their polypeptide components and by the effect of PARP I on the enzymatic catalysis of Topo I. Direct association of Topo I and PARP I as well as the binding of two Topo I polypeptides to PARP I are demonstrated. The effect of PARP I on the 'global' Topo I reaction (scission and religation), and the activation of Topo I by the 36 kDa polypeptide of PARP I and catalytic modifications by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation are also shown. The covalent binding of Topo I to circular DNA is activated by PARP I similar to the degree of activation of the 'global' Topo I reaction, whereas the religation of DNA is unaffected by PARP I. The geometry of PARP I-Topo I interaction compared to automodified PARP I was reconstructed from direct binding assays between glutathione S-transferase fusion polypeptides of Topo I and PARP I demonstrating highly selective binding, which was correlated with amino acid sequences and with the 'C clamp' model derived from X-ray crystallography.

The SH2-SH2-SH3 domain of phospholipase C-gamma1 directly binds to translational elongation factor-1alpha.

Phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) is a lipase that hydrolyzes PIP2 to generate two second messengers, IP3 and DAG. By using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified the translational elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) as a binding protein of PLC-gamma1 from the human B-lymphocyte library. Direct interaction between EF-1alpha and PLC-gamma1 was confirmed by the in vitro binding experiment using purified PLC-gamma1. Furthermore, from the in vitro binding experiment, we could demonstrate that the carboxyl terminal region of EF-1alpha is involved in the interaction with PLC-gamma1, and that both SH2 and SH3 domains of PLC-gamma1 are required for the interaction with EF-1alpha. In vivo interaction between EF-1alpha and PLC-gamma1 was confirmed by the immunoprecipitation experiment using anti-EF-1alpha antibody. The interaction between EF-1alpha and PLC-gamma1 was enhanced by EGF-treatment. Taken together, we suggest that EF-1alpha might play a role in PLC-gamma1-mediated signal transduction.

Dynamic helical biphasic CT emerges as a potential tool for the diagnosis of proximal arterioportal shunting.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This article reports our preliminary observation regarding the diagnostic ability of dynamic helical biphasic computed tomography (CT) for proximal arterioportal shunting in hepatoma patients as compared with that of conventional angiography. METHODOLOGY: Three hundred and sixty patients with clinically-suspected liver lesions received both dynamic helical biphasic CT scan and conventional angiography of the liver. The criteria for diagnosis of proximal arterioportal (AP) shunting in dynamic helical biphasic CT included early and strong enhancement of main portal vein or its major branches approaching the density of the aorta, or enhancement of the portal vein earlier than opacification of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein in the arterial phase. The angiographic diagnosis of proximal AP shunting was made if there was early opacification of the main portal vein or its major branches in the arterial phase. Peripheral subsegmental small AP shunting was excluded from our study. The existence and extent of AP shunting were compared in these two imaging modalities. RESULTS: Dynamic helical biphasic CT scan demonstrated proximal AP shunting in 23 patients. All of these patients harbored hepatoma. Conventional angiography showed proximal AP shunting in 20 patients, which were all positive on dynamic helical CT. Dynamic helical biphasic CT demonstrated the presence of proximal AP shunting in 3 more patients than conventional angiography did. The extent of AP shunting was well correlated between these two imaging modalities in 17 patients. CONCLUSIONS: From our preliminary experience, the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic helical biphasic CT for proximal AP shunting in patients with hepatoma seemed to be comparable to, or even surpassed that of conventional angiography. It seems that faint AP shunting in patients with large hepatoma might be missed by conventional angiography.

Exclusive measurement of the nonmesonic weak decay of the lambda(5)He hypernucleus.

We performed a coincidence measurement of two nucleons emitted from the nonmesonic weak decay of lambda(5)He formed via the 6Li(pi+, K+) reaction. The energies of the two nucleons and the pair number distributions in the opening angle between them were measured. In both np and nn pairs, we observed a clean back-to-back correlation coming from the two-body weak reactions of lambda p --> np and lambda n --> nn, respectively. The ratio of the nucleon pair numbers was N(nn)/N(np) = 0.45 +/- 0.11(stat) +/- 0.03(syst) in the kinematic region of cos theta(NN) < -0.8. Since each decay mode was exclusively detected, the measured ratio should be close to the ratio of gamma(lambda p --> np)/gamma(lambda n --> nn). The ratio is consistent with recent theoretical calculations based on the heavy meson and/or direct-quark exchange picture.

Production of the neutron-rich hypernucleus 10LambdaLi in the (pi-,K+) double charge-exchange reaction.

In order to produce a neutron-rich Lambda hypernucleus for the first time, we carried out an experiment by utilizing the (pi-,K+) double charge-exchange reaction on a 10B target. We observed the production of a 10LambdaLi hypernucleus. The cross section for the Lambda bound region was found to be 11.3+/-1.9 nb/sr with the 1.2 GeV/c incident momentum, which is compared with the 10LambdaB hypernucleus production cross section, 7.8+/-0.3 microb/sr, in the (pi+,K+) reaction with a 1.05 GeV/c incident momentum beam.

Self-rated performance of quality specialists in Korea.

This study was conducted to explore the self-rated performance level of quality specialists in Korea in order to provide information to direct the future needs for education and role orientation. The formal identification and appointment of quality specialists in health-care organizations in Korea began in the mid-1990s. The majority of quality specialists, appointed by their hospital, assumed positions without undergoing the prerequisite training or education. Extensive variation in performance has been recognized. The sample (n = 29) in this study included all quality specialists at hospitals in Seoul and Kyung-Gi province. Their performance was rated using a postal questionnaire consisting of a set of activities in five domains (policy development, data collection and analysis, communication and report, education and support, and administration). The response rate was 100%. The respondents had an average of 25.5 months of experience as quality specialists. Self-rated performance of quality-related activities demonstrated wide variation, independent of personal, departmental, or hospital-specific characteristics. The respondents rated their performance highly in the area of communication and reporting. The performance of administrative activities was rated lowest. Perceived differences between desired and actual performance were statistically significant in all activities of each domain, and were largest in policy development, and next in education and support. Self-rated performance among the five domains demonstrated positive, significant correlations. Hence, the findings imply the necessity of a formal education for quality specialists to accelerate balanced growth in all domains of quality activities.

Three-dimensional color power Doppler imaging in the assessment of uteroplacental neovascularization in placenta previa increta/percreta.

A case of placenta previa increta/percreta was diagnosed at 18 weeks' gestation with the 3-dimensional color power Doppler imaging technique. Unusually extensive uteroplacental vascular network architecture was seen on the 3-dimensional angiohistogram. After appropriate counseling, the patient chose to terminate the pregnancy. A hysterectomy was performed with prophylactic preoperative embolization of internal iliac arteries at 21 weeks' gestation, and histopathologic examination revealed placenta previa increta/percreta. This new 3-dimensional angiohistogram technique allowed us to visualize all 3 orthogonal planes of the angioarchitectural information. It appears to be a useful complementary tool and is likely to play a more defining and clarifying role in assessing the quantification of abnormal uteroplacental neovascularization for patients with placenta previa increta/percreta.

The roles of PDZ-containing proteins in PLC-beta-mediated signaling.

Mammalian phospholipase C-beta isozymes are activated by a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein linked to various cell surface receptors. Recent reports suggest that PDZ domain proteins play a significant role of PDZ-containing proteins in the regulation of mammalian PLC-beta isozymes. PDZ-containing proteins mediate the clustering of receptors and signaling molecules and thereby regulate agonist-induced signal transduction in polarized cells such as neuronal and epithelial cells. NORPA, a Drosophila PLC-beta, is known to be a component of a signaling complex that includes TRP and rhodopsin through interaction with INAD, a PDZ-containing protein. Mammalian PLC-beta1 and -beta2 isoforms interact with a PDZ-containing protein NHERF which is coupled to Trp4, a Ca(2+) channel. In addition, PLC-beta3 specifically interacts with E3KARP, another protein closely related to NHERF, through its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. E3KARP up-regulates the PLC-beta3 activation coupled to muscarinic receptor. In this review, the role of signaling complexes mediated by PDZ-containing proteins in the regulation of PLC-beta isoforms will be discussed.

Significance of isolated gastric varices among Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: Isolated gastric varices rarely occurs, and was considered as a hint of pancreatic disease rather than liver cirrhosis. Recently, the frequency of acute gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to isolated gastric varices tended to increase among cirrhotic patients. We therefore conducted this retrospective study to analyze its possible etiologies. METHODS: Thirty-six cases of isolated gastric varices were found in an extensive review of the endoscopic records at our hospital from 1984 to 1993. Gastric varices developed after injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices were excluded. Medical records were reviewed to determine their etiologies. RESULTS: The underlying disorders of these 36 patients included liver cirrhosis in 26 patients (72.2%), pancreatic diseases in 7 patients (19.4%), myelofibrosis in 1 patient (2.7%), and unknown cause in 2 patients (5.5%). Among those with liver cirrhosis, portal hemodynamic study conducted in 5 patients to find all with a high level of portal venous pressure; angiography conducted in 5 patients also found all with gastric varices. Among those with pancreatic diseases, angiography and/or splenoportography was conducted in 5 patients to evidence all with gastric varices, splenic vein obstruction and splenomegaly. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated gastric varices identified in endoscopy can first strongly suggests the presence of liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Pancreatic diseases complicating with splenic vein obstruction is the second possible underlying etiology.

Intraductal mucin-hypersecreting papillary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a case report.

A 68-year-old male was admitted with jaundice and abdominal fullness. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) scan showed a diffusely dilated main pancreatic duct (MPD) with microcystic lesions over the pancreatic head and dilatation of the biliary tract. Duodenoscopy revealed mucin secretion at the orifice of the papilla of Vater. Findings of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were compatible with a mucinous tumor of pancreas invading the common bile duct. The patient was treated with a modified Whipple's operation. Pathological diagnosis was papillomatosis with papillary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

[Computed tomography for evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment with transarterial chemoembolization].

Totally 135 series of computed tomography (CT) and angiographic examination were performed in 53 patients with proved hepatoma treated by TAE. CT examination was performed four to six weeks after TAE, and a comparative angiographic examination was performed within three weeks after CT examination. The pictures of CT scanning were read to determine 1). the grading of lipiodol retention inside the tumor, 2). the presence/absence of filling defect in the tumor margins coated by lipiodol, 3). the presence/absence of residual tumor tissue within or surrounding the main tumor, and 4). the presence/absence of developed satellite nodules. In comparison with angiographic findings, CT demonstrated 96.3% specificity and 58.2% sensitivity in the grading of lipiodol filling, and 96.3% specificity and 65.7% sensitivity in the tumor margins of lipiodol coating. However, it was difficult for CT to detect small nodules, especially those less than 1 cm in diameter. We find no statistically significant association between newly developed satellite nodules and grading of lipiodol retention inside the tumor or tumor margins of lipiodol coating. Therefore, when CT pictures reveal filling defect over the margins of the tumor coated by lipiodol or less-than-50% lipiodol filling inside the tumor, repeated angiography and further treatment with TAE are suggested.

Normal and variant anatomy of hepatic arteries: angiographic experience.

BACKGROUND: Anatomic variation of hepatic arteries is reported to occur in 25-50% of the general population. Knowledge of the existing variations is important in planning and conducting surgical or radiologic procedures in the upper abdomen, such as liver transplantation and transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE). METHODS: Based on data from 321 patients undergoing upper abdominal arteriography, hepatic artery anatomy was analyzed and classified into three groups (single, double and multiple hepatic arteries at hepatic hilum) according to Suzuki's classification. Each group was subdivided into three types (celiac, mesenteric and mixed types) according to the origin of the hepatic arteries. The variations within each type were recorded. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty one patients (68.%) had single hepatic arteries. One hundred and five patients (27.6%) had double hepatic arteries and only fifteen patients had multiple hepatic arteries. All of these variants, including twenty subtypes, were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This study, based on Suzuki's classification, provides basic data for the anatomic variations of hepatic arteries for the Chinese population in Taiwan.