Alteration of chronic inflammatory status by transarterial embolization in frozen shoulder evaluated by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Frozen shoulder (FS) is speculated to have an inflammatory etiology. On angiography, abnormal angiogenesis is observed around the affected shoulder, suggesting a possible source of inflammation and pain. The effectiveness and safety of transarterial embolization (TAE) targeting abnormally proliferating blood vessels have been reported. This study investigated changes in chronic inflammatory and hypoxic status before and after TAE in FS by [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography/computed tomography as a possible mechanism of the therapeutic response to TAE. METHODS: Fifteen patients with unilateral FS, persistent for more than 6 months, who were refractory to conservative treatments, underwent TAE using the temporary embolic agent imipenem/cilastatin. Patients underwent positron-emission tomography/computed tomography with FDG (as a biomarker of inflammation) before and 8 weeks after TAE. Regional uptake was evaluated by the maximum standardized uptake value. The lesion-side-to-(contralateral-) normal-side uptake ratio was also calculated. Pain and functional scales, range-of-motion, and laboratory tests, including white blood cell, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor α were evaluated. RESULTS: On FDG-PET, the average maximum standardized uptake value of the lesion-side was significantly greater than that of the normal-side (maximum standardized uptake value before TAE: 3.11 ± 1.25 vs 1.95 ± 1.15, P = .0001; 8-weeks post-TAE: 2.36 ± 0.74 vs 1.78 ± 0.69, P = .0002). The mean lesion-side-to-(contralateral-) normal-side uptake ratios before TAE (1.71 ± 0.60) decreased after TAE (1.37 ± 0.29, P = .011). The decrease of FDG uptake (-21.1 ± 12.2%) showed a significant correlation with the change in the pain scale score (r = -0.56, P = .039) and extension score (r = -0.59, P = .026). CONCLUSION: Chronic inflammation in FS, as demonstrated by FDG uptake, was decreased after TAE. Thus, chronic inflammation is likely to be an underlying mechanism that should be targeted for symptomatic improvement of frozen shoulder.

Diclofenac-hyaluronate conjugate (diclofenac etalhyaluronate) intra-articular injection for hip, ankle, shoulder, and elbow osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of diclofenac etalhyaluronate (DF-HA) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip, ankle, shoulder, or elbow. METHODS: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in Japan, Japanese patients aged ≥20 years diagnosed with OA of the hip, ankle, shoulder, or elbow were randomly assigned 1:1 to DF-HA 30 mg or placebo (citric acid-sodium citrate buffered solution). Subjects received three injections of the study drug in each joint cavity every 4 weeks and were assessed for 12 weeks after the first injection. The primary endpoint was the mean change from baseline in a diary-based 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain over 12 weeks, analyzed for each joint. Treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded, and morphological changes in each joint were evaluated radiographically. RESULTS: The study drug (DF-HA vs placebo) was injected into 90, 60, 90, or 50 subjects with OA of the hip, ankle, shoulder, or elbow (46 vs 44, 30 vs 30, 45 vs 45, and 25 vs 25, respectively). The group differences in the mean change from baseline in the pain NRS over 12 weeks were - 0.81 (95% confidence interval: - 1.48 to - 0.13), - 0.07 (- 1.03 to 0.89), 0.15 (- 0.48 to 0.78), and 0.61 (- 0.41 to 1.62) for the hip, ankle, shoulder, and elbow joints, respectively, with statistically significant differences observed only in the hip joint. The change from baseline in the hip joint was greater with DF-HA than placebo at all time points from Weeks 1-12. No clinically significant adverse events or radiographic changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-articularly administered DF-HA for hip OA produced a rapid response and was safe, with analgesia maintained for 12 weeks when administered every 4 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: JapicCTI-173,678 (First registered date: 21 August 2017).

Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) clinical practice guidelines on the management of lateral epicondylitis of the humerus - Secondary publication.

BACKGROUND: The guidelines presented herein provide recommendations for the management of patients with lateral epicondylitis of the humerus. These recommendations are endorsed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and Japan Elbow Society. METHODS: The JOA lateral epicondylitis guideline committee revised the previous guidelines on the basis of the "Medical Information Network Distribution Service Handbook for Clinical Practice Guideline Development 2014", which emphasized the importance of the balance between benefit and harm, and proposed a desirable method for preparing clinical guidelines in Japan. These guidelines consist of 11 clinical questions (CQs), 9 background questions (BQs), and 3 future research questions (FRQs). For each CQ, outcomes from the literature were collected and evaluated systematically according to the adopted study design. RESULTS: The committee proposed recommendations for each CQ by determining the level of evidence and assessing the consensus rate. Physical therapy was the best recommendation with the best evidence. The BQs and FRQs were answered by collecting evidence based on the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines presented herein were reviewed systematically, and recommendations were proposed for each CQ. These guidelines are expected to be widely used not only by surgeons or physicians but also by other healthcare providers, such as nurses, therapists, and athletic trainers.

Intra-Arterial Infusion of Imipenem/Cilastatin Sodium through a Needle Inserted into the Radial Artery as a New Treatment for Refractory Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-arterial infusion of temporary embolic material with/without radiographic monitoring via a needle placed into the radial artery to occlude abnormal neovessels for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients having Eaton stage II or III osteoarthritis, with a symptom duration longer than 6 months, resistant to conservative therapy for at least 3 months were prospectively enrolled. All procedures were performed by infusing imipenem/cilastatin sodium through a 24-gauge needle that was percutaneously inserted into the radial artery. Seven patients underwent the procedure with fluoroscopy, and 21 patients underwent the procedure without fluoroscopy. The mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score, numerical rating scale (NRS), and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale were evaluated before and at 2, 6, and 24 months after the first procedure. RESULTS: Technical success was 100%. The mean procedure time (from the beginning of local anesthesia to the removal of needle) was 2.9 minutes ± 1.6. The QuickDASH score improved from the baseline to 2, 6, and 24 months (49.2 ± 11.2 vs 22.1 ± 11.2, 20.9 ± 16.6, and 19.5 ± 16.1, respectively, all P <.001). The NRS improved from the baseline to 2, 6, and 24 months (7.2 ± 1.1 vs 3.1 ± 1.8, 2.8 ± 2, and 2.5 ± 2.1, respectively, all P <.001). Improvement on PGIC was observed in 84%, 81%, and 77% of patients at 2, 6, and 24 months, respectively. No major adverse events were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-arterial infusion of temporary embolic material is a feasible treatment option for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis.

Arthroscopic ankle lateral ligament repair alone versus arthroscopic ankle lateral ligament repair with reinforcement by inferior extensor retinaculum.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and postoperative activities of arthroscopic ankle lateral ligament (ALL) repair alone with arthroscopic ALL repair and reinforcement by the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) for chronic ankle instability (CAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent arthroscopic repair for CAI between 2017 and 2019 were evaluated. The Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale and self-administered foot evaluation questionnaire (SAFE-Q), and duration between the surgery and walking without any support, jogging, and complete return to sports were evaluated and compared. The exclusion criteria were (1) follow-up period of < 1 year after surgery, (2) the presence of associated ankle lesions requiring treatment during the same operative procedure, including patients with subfibular ossicle bigger than 5 mm on radiographs, chondral or osteochondral defect, bony impingement, deltoid ligament tear, fibular tendon pathology, or posterior ankle impingement, and (3) patients who underwent revision surgery. RESULTS: We identified 126 patients who underwent surgery for CAI and subsequently excluded 36 patients on account of a short follow-up period (< 1 year), additional surgery, and previous surgery. The remaining 90 eligible patients included arthroscopic ALL repair alone (group A, n = 44) and arthroscopic ALL repair with reinforcement by the inferior extensor retinaculum (group G, n = 46) groups. There was no significant difference in the postoperative activities nor in the preoperative or postoperative JSSF scale and SAFE-Q between the two groups. However, significant differences were seen in the mean surgical time (15.5 ± 8.1 vs 20.1 ± 7.6, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: This study showed no difference in clinical outcomes between the two groups. However, arthroscopic ALL repair with reinforcement by IER resulted in a longer surgical time than arthroscopic ALL repair alone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective comparative study, level III.

Short-term results and surgical technique of arthroscopic centralization as an augmentation for medial meniscus extrusion caused by medial meniscus posterior root tear.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to perform medial meniscus (MM) centralization for medial meniscus extrusion (MME) associated with medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT) and to examine the short-term results. The hypothesis is that arthroscopic centralization as an augmentation of MMPRT repair improves clinical outcomes and the extrusion distance of MM in short-term results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients (mean age 62.1 ± 6.0 years) who underwent arthroscopic centralization as an augmentation of MMPRT repair were included. Clinical evaluation was performed before and 2 years after surgery using Lysholm score and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS). Image evaluation used MRI and plain X-ray images. The extrusion distance and MME ratio were compared on MRI images before and 2 years after surgery. The degree of osteoarthritis (OA) was evaluated using Kellgren-Lawrence classification. The degree of OA and hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle were compared by plane X-ray images before and 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: In clinical results, both Lysholm score and KOOS improved significantly after surgery. In image evaluation, the extrusion distance decreased significantly from 4.8 ± 0.7 mm before surgery to 2.7 ± 0.3 mm 2 years after surgery (p < 0.05). The MME ratio was significantly improved from 40.2 ± 7.0% before surgery to 22.6 ± 3.6% after surgery (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in HKA angle at 2 years after surgery (p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: The arthroscopic centralization for medial meniscal extrusion associated with MMPRT significantly improved clinical outcomes and the extrusion distance of MM. It is also one of the surgical techniques that can suppress medial meniscus extrusion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, therapeutic case series.

Shoulder and elbow pain in junior high school baseball players: Results of a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: Despite proposals and guidelines to prevent baseball injuries in young players by societies and organizations, many shoulder and elbow injuries continue to occur among junior high school baseball players. In order to investigate the training conditions of junior high school baseball players and the risk factors for shoulder and elbow pain in the players, we conducted a questionnaire survey among junior high school baseball players throughout the country. METHODS: The questionnaire survey was conducted among junior high school baseball players in September 2016. RESULTS: A total of 11,134 junior high school baseball players belonging to 495 teams responded to the survey. Among these, 4004 players trained every day of the week and 1151 players played baseball games every month with no off-season. Among 9752 players who did not have shoulder and/or elbow pain in the spring and summer of 2015, 19.2% of players experienced elbow pain over the course of one year, 13.6% of players experienced shoulder pain, and 28.0% complained of shoulder and/or elbow pain. The frequency of elbow pain was more than that of shoulder pain. At risk for shoulder pain were pitchers and catchers and second-year students, while risk factors for elbow pain were playing pitcher and catcher positions, pitching or throwing ≥300 balls per week, playing ≥10 games on average per month and being left-handed. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for shoulder pain were different from those for elbow pain. To prevent elbow pain, coaches should pay attention to pitchers and catchers and left-handed players and not allow players to pitch or throw ≥300 full-power balls per week or participate in ≥10 games per month. They should also pay attention to pitchers and catchers and second-year students to prevent shoulder pain. It is important for coaches to train multiple pitchers and catchers.

Outcome of arthroscopy-assisted treatment for distal clavicle fractures.

HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the present study was described as the arthroscopically assisted procedure that uses a synthetic conoid ligament reconstruction using Zip Tight (Zimmer biomet, Warsaw, USA) and fracture-site fixation with K-wire. Our hypothesis was that this technique provided a satisfactory functional outcome with minimum complication. METHODS: 45 patients underwent operation to treat fractures of the distal clavicle between January 2014 and May 2017. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) there is an episode of trauma and it is the first fracture (2) distal clavicle fracture of Neer type IIb with dislocation in image findings. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Neer type I, IIa and III of distal clavicle fracture (2) existing injury of rotator cuff, biceps tendon and labral during the arthroscopic procedure. Based on these criteria, 23 patients were included in this study. Clinical outcome assessments were performed using 1-year postoperative Quick DASH score, Constant-Murley score, ASES score. Radiological outcome consisted of antero-posterior and axillary radiographs. RESULTS: Mean clinical outcomes were as follows: Quick DASH score was 3.8 ± 2.8, ASES score was 92.3 ± 3.2 and Constant-Murley score was 94.1 ± 3.0. It was a highly satisfactory result in all of the score at 1-year follow-up. All patients had achieved radiographic union at a minimum 1-year follow-up. There were no cases of nonunion or osteolysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the arthroscopy-assisted treatment using Zip Tight and K-wire provided a satisfactory functional outcome with minimum complication with Neer type IIb fractures of the distal clavicle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, Case series, Treatment study.

Reliable patient-reported outcome measure and survivorship of UKA for primary spontaneous osteonecrosis.

PURPOSE: Primary Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) was a result of a subchondral insufficiency fracture based on histopathological examinations. There were few studies examining patients who underwent unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) for the treatment of primary SPONK. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) patient-reported outcome measure (PROM), (2) survivorship of revision as end point and (3) survivorship of complication as end point in patients with primary SPONK. METHODS: The clinical examinations of a consecutive series of 61 medial UKAs for primary SPONK of the medial femoral condyle from 2008 to 2012 were evaluated retrospectively at our institution. There were 18 males and 43 females with a mean age of 73.7 years (60-91). In all patients, preoperative radiographs were analyzed according to the stage of primary SPONK. We conducted Kaplan-Meier survival analyses using revision and complications for any reasons as the end point. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 6.6 years (range 6-10). UKA using Physica ZUK (LIMA Corporate. UD, Italy) for SPONK improved patients' 2011 Knee Society symptom score, patient satisfaction, patient activities, EQ-5D and postoperative ranges of motion compared with their preoperative status (P < 0.01). Revision surgery was required in one knee (1.6%) due to postoperative fracture of the medial tibial plateau after a fall that occurred 6 months postoperatively. The projected rate of survivorship of UKA was 90.4% at 10 years (95% confidence interval 0.80-1). The projected rate of survivorship with complication at end point was 87.7% at 10 years (95% confidence interval 0.76-0.99). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that primary spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) can be successfully be treated with UKA at a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

The quadrant method measuring four points is as a reliable and accurate as the quadrant method in the evaluation after anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

PURPOSE: The quadrant method was described by Bernard et al. and it has been widely used for postoperative evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this research is to further develop the quadrant method measuring four points, which we named four-point quadrant method, and to compare with the quadrant method. METHODS: Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) analyses were performed in 25 patients who underwent double-bundle ACL reconstruction using the outside-in technique. The four points in this study's quadrant method were defined as point1-highest, point2-deepest, point3-lowest, and point4-shallowest, in femoral tunnel position. Value of depth and height in each point was measured. Antero-medial (AM) tunnel is (depth1, height2) and postero-lateral (PL) tunnel is (depth3, height4) in this four-point quadrant method. The 3D-CT images were evaluated independently by 2 orthopaedic surgeons. A second measurement was performed by both observers after a 4-week interval. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was calculated by means of intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Also, the accuracy of the method was evaluated against the quadrant method. RESULTS: Intra-observer reliability was almost perfect for both AM and PL tunnel (ICC > 0.81). Inter-observer reliability of AM tunnel was substantial (ICC > 0.61) and that of PL tunnel was almost perfect (ICC > 0.81). The AM tunnel position was 0.13% deep, 0.58% high and PL tunnel position was 0.01% shallow, 0.13% low compared to quadrant method. CONCLUSIONS: The four-point quadrant method was found to have high intra- and inter-observer reliability and accuracy. This method can evaluate the tunnel position regardless of the shape and morphology of the bone tunnel aperture for use of comparison and can provide measurement that can be compared with various reconstruction methods. The four-point quadrant method of this study is considered to have clinical relevance in that it is a detailed and accurate tool for evaluating femoral tunnel position after ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case series, Level IV.

Is there a relationship between the load distribution on the tibial plateau and hip knee ankle angle after TKA?

INTRODUCTION: This study asked whether differences in coronal alignment after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) affect the load distribution on the tibial plateau. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between coronal alignment and the load distribution on the tibial plateau after TKA, using three-dimensional multi-detector-row-computed tomography (3D-MDCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we performed 84 cementless TKA with porous tantalum modular tibial component (PTMT) and divided into three groups based on post-operative hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle: varus alignment group (n = 22), (176° ≧) neutral alignment group (n = 45), (180° ± 3°), and valgus alignment group (n = 17) (184° ≦).The changes in bone quality parameters of trabecular patterns under peg of PTMT were interpreted as load distribution due to changes in alignment. The relationship between HKA angle and load distribution on the tibial plateau was analyzed every 6 months for 4.5 years by measuring Bone marrow contents/tissue volumes (mg/cm3) and bone volumes/tissue volumes (%) under peg of porous tantalum modular tibial component by visualizing three dimensionally with 3D-osteo-morphometry software. RESULTS: There were no correlations between HKA angle and the load distribution on the tibial plateau after TKA at all periods. There was a significantly higher increase in the medial region than the lateral about the BMC/TV and BV/TV values, regardless of the post-operative alignment after TKA for all periods. The relative BMC/TV and BV/TV changes at medial region in varus alignment group were significantly lower than the neutral and the valgus alignment groups of pre-operative medial osteoarthritis of the knee. CONCLUSIONS: As far, it can be concluded by the study and the methods used therein that there were no relationships between the load distribution on the tibial plateau and HKA angle after TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, Level III.

Clinical Outcomes of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Adhesive Capsulitis Resistant to Conservative Treatment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical outcomes of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for adhesive capsulitis resistant to conservative treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study comprised 25 patients (18 women and 7 men; mean age, 53.8 y; range, 39-68 y) with adhesive capsulitis resistant to conservative treatments. TAE was performed, and adverse events (AEs), pain visual analog scale (VAS) score changes, range of motion (ROM), and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores were assessed. RESULTS: Abnormal vessels were identified in all patients. No major AEs were associated with TAE. One patient was lost to follow-up. The remaining 24 patients were available for final follow-up (mean, 36.1 months; range, 30-44 months). Of the 24 patients, 16 (67%) experienced quick improvement of nighttime pain (ie, VAS scores decreased > 50% from baseline) within 1 week, and 21 (87%) improved within 1 month. In terms of mean overall pain (ie, pain at its worst), VAS scores significantly decreased at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment (82 mm before treatment vs 52, 19, and 8 mm after treatment; P < .001). ASES scores significantly improved at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment (16.1 before treatment vs 41.4, 69.1, and 83.5 after treatment; P < .001). No symptom recurrence or late-onset AEs were observed. Shoulder ROM and function further improved during midterm follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: TAE is a possible treatment option for patients with adhesive capsulitis that has failed to improve with conservative treatments.

Transcatheter arterial embolization of abnormal vessels as a treatment for lateral epicondylitis refractory to conservative treatment: a pilot study with a 2-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal vessels and accompanying nerves are possible sources of pain with lateral epicondylitis. The purpose of this study was to describe the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for lateral epicondylitis resistant to conservative treatment. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in 24 patients with lateral epicondylitis resistant to conservative treatments for more than 3 months, with a symptom duration longer than 6 months, and with moderate to severe pain who were treated with TAE between March 2013 and October 2014. Two patients were lost to follow-up, and the remaining 22 patients were followed up for 2 years after TAE. RESULTS: Abnormal vessels were identified in all of the patients. No major adverse events were observed. The Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores at baseline significantly decreased at 1, 3, 6, and 24 months after treatment (50.8 vs 23.4, 8.3, 5.3, and 2.7, respectively; all P < .001). There was a statistically significant (P < .001) change from baseline to the last observed value in all of the clinical parameters, including visual analog scale pain score, Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation score, and pain-free grip strength. Magnetic resonance images obtained 2 years after TAE showed an improvement in tendinosis and tear scores compared with baseline, and no patients showed bone marrow necrosis, obvious cartilage loss, or muscle atrophy. CONCLUSION: TAE could be one possible treatment option for patients with lateral epicondylitis that fails to improve with conservative treatments.

Shoulder and elbow pain in elementary school baseball players: The results from a nation-wide survey in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Despite recommendations on how to prevent baseball injuries in youths by the Japanese Society of Clinical Sports Medicine, shoulder and elbow pain still frequently occurs in young baseball players. We conducted a questionnaire survey among baseball players at elementary schools across the country to understand the practice conditions of players, examining the risk factors of shoulder and elbow pain in baseball players. METHODS: The questionnaire survey was conducted among elementary school baseball players as members of the Baseball Federation of Japan in September 2015. RESULTS: A total of 8354 players belonging to 412 teams (average age: 8.9) responded to the survey. Among 7894 players who did not have any shoulder and/or elbow pain in September 2014, elbow pain was experienced in 12.3% of them, shoulder pain in 8.0% and shoulder and/or elbow pain in 17.4% during the previous one year. A total of 2835 (39.9% of the total) practiced four days or more per week and 97.6% practiced 3 h or more per day on Saturdays and Sundays. The risk factors associated shoulder and elbow pain included a male sex, older age, pitchers and catchers, and players throwing more than 50 balls per day. CONCLUSIONS: It has been revealed that Japanese elementary school baseball players train too much. Coaches should pay attention to older players, male players, pitchers and catchers in order to prevent shoulder and elbow pain. Furthermore, elementary school baseball players should not be allowed to throw more than 50 balls per day. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.

Comparison of surgical treatments for triple extensor tendon ruptures in rheumatoid hands: A retrospective study of 48 cases.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the outcomes of four different surgical reconstructions for extensor tendon ruptures in ulnar three fingers in 48 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The following four techniques were performed; palmaris longus tendon grafting (PL group; n = 9), extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon transfers (EIP group; n = 8), end-to-side transfers with tension-reduced early mobilization (End-to-side group; n = 16), and a combination of end-to-side and EIP transfers (Combination group; n = 15). Loss of extension was evaluated to determine the mean postoperative range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint and clinical outcomes were categorized using modified Geldmacher criteria. RESULTS: Combination group demonstrated the best mean MP joint extension (-3°), followed by End-to-side group (-12°), EIP group (-16°), and PL group (-21°). Combination group yielded the best clinical outcomes with all cases showing good results. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of end-to-side and EIP transfer was an effective surgical reconstruction procedure for triple fingers extension loss.

Short-term results of transcatheter arterial embolization for abnormal neovessels in patients with adhesive capsulitis: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Neovessels and accompanying nerves are possible sources of pain. We postulated that transcatheter arterial embolization of abnormal neovessels would relieve pain and symptoms in patients with adhesive capsulitis. METHODS: Adhesive capsulitis was treated by transcatheter arterial embolization in 7 patients. Adverse events, changes in visual analog scale scores for night pain and overall shoulder pain, and changes in range of motion and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were assessed at 1 week and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. RESULTS: Abnormal neovessels were identified at the rotator interval in all patients. No major or minor adverse events were associated with the procedures. Transcatheter arterial embolization rapidly decreased nighttime pain scores from 67 ± 14 mm to 27 ± 14 mm at 1 week after the procedure, with further improvement at 1 and 6 months (6 ± 8 mm and 2 ± 5 mm, respectively). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score significantly improved from 17.8 ± 4.5 to 39.8 ± 12.0, 64.3 ± 13.9, and 76.2 ± 4.4 at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: All patients with adhesive capsulitis had abnormal neovessels at the rotator interval. Transcatheter arterial embolization was feasible, relieved unrelenting pain, and restored shoulder function.

Morphologic features of humeral head and glenoid version in the normal glenohumeral joint.

BACKGROUND: The morphologic features and clinical significance of version of the humeral head and glenoid remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal values of humeral head version and glenoid version on computed tomography scans and to clarify their features in the normal glenohumeral joint. METHODS: Images for analysis were computed tomography scans of 410 normal shoulders from healthy volunteers. Values of humeral head and glenoid version were measured. In glenoid version measurement, 3-dimensionally corrected slices were reconstructed to eliminate scapular inclination. Differences in humeral head version and glenoid version were assessed between dominant and nondominant shoulders and between men and women. Correlation analyses were also performed in the values of version between dominant and nondominant shoulders and between humeral head version and glenoid version. RESULTS: The values of humeral head retroversion were widely distributed from -2° to 60°, with an average of 26° ± 11°. Average glenoid retroversion was 1° ± 3°, ranging from -9° to 13°. Both humeral head retroversion and glenoid retroversion were significantly higher on the dominant side than on the nondominant side and significantly higher in men than in women. Humeral head version and glenoid version values were well correlated with those of the contralateral shoulder. No correlation was found between humeral head version and glenoid version. CONCLUSIONS: This study found differences in humeral head version and glenoid version by sex and shoulder dominance in a large sample. Both the humeral head and glenoid are thought to be more retroverted in high-demand shoulders.

Residual Deformity of the Trochlea After Non-displaced Supracondylar Fracture in a Child: A Case Report.

Residual deformity of the trochlea after fractures of the distal end of the humerus in children is well known and is referred to as fishtail deformity. Despite numerous reports on this entity, the reason for various types of fractures with the same results remains unknown. Fishtail deformities after non-displaced supracondylar fractures are very rare. A 7-year-old boy with a non-displaced supracondylar fracture was treated conservatively. Three years later, the patient returned to our hospital complaining of mild elbow pain. Radiography revealed a fishtail deformity of the trochlea due to the premature fusion of the epiphysis. At the latest follow-up at the age of 17 years, only a marginal limitation at the excursion of the elbow was observed, and no additional treatment was needed. Fishtail deformities can occur even after a non-displaced supracondylar fracture. Long-term follow-ups are required in children with distal humeral fractures.

Finite element analysis of mechanical stress in a cementless tapered-wedge short stem in the varus position.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the use of tapered-wedge short stems has increased due to their ability to preserve bones and tendons. Surgical techniques occasionally result in a varus position of the stem, which is particularly pronounced in short stems. Although the varus position is not clinically problematic, there are reports of an increased incidence of stress shielding and cortical hypertrophy. Thus, we evaluated and examined the acceptable range of varus angles using finite element analysis. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis of the hip joint who had undergone arthroplasty were selected and classified into three types [champagne-flute (type A), intermediate (type B), and stovepipe (type C)]. Finite element analysis was performed using Mechanical Finder. The model was created using a Taperloc microplasty stem with the varus angle increased by 1° from 0° to 5° from the bone axis and classified into seven zones based on Gruen's zone classification under loading conditions in a one-leg standing position. The volume of interest was set, the mean equivalent stress for each zone was calculated. RESULTS: A significant decrease in stress was observed in zone 2, and increased stress was observed in zones 3 and 4, suggesting the emergence of a distal periosteal reaction, similar to the results of previous studies. In zone 2, there was a significant decrease in stress in all groups at a varus angle ≥ 3°. In zone 3, stress increased from ≥ 3° in type B and ≥ 4° in type C. In zone 4, there was a significant increase in stress at varus angles of ≥ 2° in types A and B and at ≥ 3° in type C. CONCLUSION: In zone 2, the varus angle at which stress shielding above Engh classification grade 3 may appear is expected to be ≥ 3°. Distal cortical hypertrophy may appear in zones 3 and 4; the narrower the medullary cavity shape, the smaller the allowable angle of internal recession, and the wider the medullary cavity shape, the wider the allowable range. Long-term follow-up is required in patients with varus angles > 3°.

Recent advances in unlinked total elbow arthroplasty in Japan.

Background: Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is a valuable therapeutic approach for improving function and relieving pain in severely deformed elbow joints. However, TEA is associated with a high incidence of complications. In Japan, the use of unlinked TEA has a long history, with the development of the Kudo prosthesis marking a significant milestone. Subsequently, various unlinked implant designs have been developed. Although favorable long-term clinical results have been reported, complications remain a concern. To further improve the outcome of unlinked TEA, attempts have been made in recent years to develop various surgical approaches and intraoperative support devices. This review focuses on the clinical outcomes and recent advances in unlinked TEA in Japan. Methods: A comprehensive review of clinical results and advancements in unlinked TEA in Japan was conducted. The analysis included trends in the number of TEA, medium-term and long-term results for unlinked TEA, surgical approaches, or preoperative planning techniques. Results: Several implant designs have been developed in Japan. Clinical studies have reported satisfactory long-term outcomes with these implants, but complications, such as infection, fractures, and dislocation, have been observed. In order to enhance the outcomes of unlinked TEA, various triceps-on approaches have been developed as alternatives to the triceps-detaching approach, which compromises the continuity between the triceps tendon and ulna, leading to inevitable complications related to the triceps tendon. Preservation or repair of the surrounding soft tissues is considered critical for preventing postoperative instability due to the absence of a radial head in the current unlinked TEA design. Computed tomography-based 3-dimensional preoperative planning has been pioneered in Japan, demonstrating its effectiveness in predicting implant size and achieving appropriate implant placement. Additionally, augmented reality-assisted surgery is being explored to accurately translate preoperative planning into the surgical procedure. Conclusion: Unlinked TEA for inflammatory arthritis has exhibited promising long-term results in Japan, with ongoing efforts to improve surgical techniques and preoperative planning. Further advancements are anticipated to prevent complications such as dislocation and peri-implant fractures.