Clinical Study of Reconstruction Plates Used in the Surgery for Mandibular Discontinuity Defect.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Postresective mandibular reconstruction is common in cases of oral and mandibular tumors. However, complications such as plate fracture and/or plate exposure can occur. The purpose of this study was to analyze complications and survival of reconstructive plates used to correct mandibular defects caused by oral cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical and radiological data from 34 patients were analyzed. Only discontinuous mandibular defect cases were included in this study. All cases were classified using the Hashikawa's CAT and Eichner's classification methods. Then, we determined whether these classifications and clinical treatment methods were significantly related to complications. RESULTS: Complications after mandibular reconstruction occurred in 10 of 34 patients, specifically, two plate fractures, one screw fracture, and seven plate exposures occurred. The plate fractures occurred 5 and 6 months after operation, and the screw fracture occurred 39 months after operation. Using the Hashikawa's CAT classification, the two cases of plate fracture were one of AT type and the other of T type, and the screw fracture was AT type. Using Eichner's classification, all three cases of plate and screw fractures were B2 type. CONCLUSION: We suggest that plate and screw fractures were caused by the type of mandibular defect and bite force.

Immunohistochemical study of vascular endothelial growth factor-C/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: Correlation with the induction of lymphangiogenesis.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the associations between the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)/VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) axis and lymphangiogenesis, regional lymph node metastasis and clinicopathological factors in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) using immunohistochemistry. The expression of VEGF-C, VEGFR-3 and podoplanin was immunohistochemically evaluated in specimens obtained from 65 patients with OTSCC (T1-2, N0) who had undergone radical surgery alone. The associations between the expression of VEGF-C, VEGFR-3 and podoplanin, and lymphangiogenesis, regional lymph node metastasis and clinocopathological factors were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. VEGF-C, VEGFR-3 and combined VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 expression was significantly higher in cases with regional recurrence compared with those without lymph node involvement (P<0.001). As regards lymphangiogenesis, a significant correlation was observed between podoplanin expression and VEGF-C, VEGFR-3 and combined VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 expression (P<0.001). Therefore, lymphangiogenesis in the peritumoral stroma was associated with lymph node metastasis. However, podoplanin expression did not exhibit a significant correlation with the progression of lymph node metastasis. The results of the present study suggest that the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis may be associated with lymph node metastasis through lymphangiogenesis. Determining the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 expression status may help predict which patients will develop regional recurrence and provide novel targets for therapies to suppress lymph node metastasis in the treatment of OTSCC.

FOXC2 expression is associated with tumor proliferation and invasion potential in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) is a gene encoding a transcription factor that controls the generation of mesodermal tissue including vascular and lymphatic tissues. FOXC2 has previously been associated with EMT and tumor angiogenesis in various cancers. Moreover, a relationship between the expression of FOXC2 and poor prognosis has been reported in various cancers. We herein examined the clinicopathological significance of FOXC2 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) and attempted to clarify the function of FOXC2 in OTSCC cell lines in vitro. The overexpression of FOXC2 was more frequent in cancers with higher grades according to the pattern of invasion (grade 4 vs. 1-3; p < 0.05). A correlation was observed between the expression of FOXC2 and that of VEGF-A and -C (VEGF-A; p < 0.05, VEGF-C; p < 0.001). The high-FOXC2 expression group had a significantly poorer prognosis than that of the low-expression group (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that the overexpression of FOXC2 may also be an independent prognostic factor, similar to N classification (N0 vs 1/2; p < 0.05), stage classification (stage I/II vs III/IV; p < 0.05), pattern of invasion (grade 1-3vs 4; p < 0.05), local recurrence (local recurrence (+) vs (-); p < 0.01), and the overexpression of FOXC2 (FOXC2 overexpression (-) vs.(+); p < 0.05). In the OTSCC cell line analysis, the expression of FOXC2 was also associated with proliferation and invasion potential. These results strongly suggest that the overexpression of FOXC2 may be a potent predictor of survival in OTSCC patients.

Lipomas of the oral cavity: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 24 cases and review of the literature.

Although lipomas are common soft tissue tumors, few cases of lipoma or its variants have been reported in the oral cavity. We here described the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical features of 24 cases of oral lipoma obtained from medical records at Nagasaki University Hospital between 1977 and 2010, and also retrospectively reviewed 603 cases of oral lipoma reported in the English literatures. The patients examined comprised 11 men and 13 women with a mean age of 59 years, ranging from 31 to 90 years. The main sites involved were the buccal mucosa (n = 9), followed by the tongue (n = 4), lip and retromolar area (n = 3), floor of the mouth (n = 2), and gingiva (n = 1). The mean tumor size was 2.0 cm, ranging from 0.2 to 5 cm. Histological analysis revealed 20 cases of lipoma, 2 cases of fibrolipoma, and one case each of intramuscular lipoma and spindle cell lipoma. Twenty-three cases were treated surgically while one case underwent biopsy and follow-up. Recurrence was not observed in any case. We reviewed the English literatures, and similar results were obtained. In immunohistochemical analysis, PCNA and ki-67 expression indices were higher in intramuscular lipoma cases than in its variants. Especially, it showed that a long time follow-up may be necessary in ki-67 positive cases.