The Utility of NATEM Assay in Predicting Bleeding Risk in Critically Ill Neonates.

We aimed to investigate the hemostatic status of diseased neonates using nonactivated rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) assay (NATEM) assay and, in addition, to evaluate the discriminative power of NATEM parameters in predicting the risk of bleeding in critically ill neonates and compare it to that of EXTEM (extrinsically activated ROTEM) parameters. This cohort study included 158 consecutive, critically ill neonates with presumed sepsis, perinatal hypoxia, or respiratory distress syndrome. The EXTEM and NATEM assays were performed on the first day of disease onset. The neonatal bleeding assessment tool was used to record and assess clinical bleeding events on the day of ROTEM analysis. Several EXTEM and NATEM ROTEM parameters differed between neonates with and without clinical bleeding events, indicating a hypo-coagulable state in neonates with clinical bleeding. NATEM parameters had comparable predictive performance for clinical bleeding events with EXTEM parameters for clotting time, clot formation time (CFT), A10 (clot amplitude at 10minutes), maximum clot firmness, lysis index at 60minutes, and maximum clot elasticity (p>0.05). However, NATEM A20, A30, and α angle demonstrated better predictive ability than EXTEM A20, A30, and α angle, respectively (p<0.05). A NATEM CFT value ≥147seconds presented 95.2% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 76.1-99.8%) and 65.6% specificity (95% CI: 57.1-73.5%) to detect neonates with clinical bleeding, while a NATEM A10 value ≤42mm had 80.8% sensitivity (95% CI: 71.8-85.9%) and 76.0% specificity (95% CI: 52.8-91.7%) to detect neonates with clinical bleeding events. The NATEM assay has shown remarkable sensitivity in predicting bleeding in critically ill neonates, exceeding EXTEM performance in some selected parameters. The incorporation of NATEM test parameters in predictive models for neonatal hemorrhage seems promising.

Neonatal hematological parameters: the translational aspect of developmental hematopoiesis.

Hematopoiesis is a process constantly evolving from fetal life through adulthood. Neonates present with qualitative and quantitative differences in hematological parameters compared to older children and adults, reflecting developmental changes in hematopoiesis correlated with gestational age. Such differences are more intense for preterm and small-for-gestational-age neonates or neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. This review article is aimed at describing the hematologic differences among neonatal subgroups and the major underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Issues that should be taken into account when interpreting neonatal hematological parameters are also highlighted.

Assessment of hemostatic profile in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis using Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM).

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the hemostatic profile of neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) using Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and to investigate if ROTEM parameters have the capacity to play a role in the differentiation of NEC from sepsis at the disease onset. METHODS: This observational study included 62 neonates (mean gestational age 31.6 weeks and mean birth weight 1620g) hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit. The neonates were categorized in three groups: neonates with NEC (Bell stage II and above), neonates with sepsis and healthy neonates and they were matched 1:1:1 with regards to gestational age, delivery mode, and sex. Clinical, laboratory data as well as measurements of ROTEM parameters at disease onset were recorded. RESULTS: ROTEM parameters differed between neonates with NEC and neonates with sepsis, indicating that NEC results in accelerated clot formation and higher clot strength compared to sepsis. The EXTEM CFT and A10 parameters demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance for NEC in terms of discrimination between NEC and sepsis (AUC, 0.997; 95% CI: 0.991-1.000 and 0.973; 95% CI: 0.932-1.000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Neonates with NEC manifested accelerated clot formation and higher clot strength compared to septic and healthy neonates, as these were expressed by ROTEM parameters. IMPACT: This work reports data on the hemostatic profile of neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) using Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and the capacity of ROTEM parameters in differentiating of NEC from sepsis at the disease onset. Neonates with NEC present acceleration of coagulation and exhibit a hypercoagulable profile, as this is expressed by ROTEM parameters, in comparison to septic and healthy neonates. ROTEM parameters demonstrated a good diagnostic capacity in differentiating NEC from sepsis at the disease onset.

Assessment of agreement between EXTEM and NATEM thromboelastometry measurement assays in critically ill neonates.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the agreement between the EXTEM and NATEM measurements. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, EXTEM and NATEM analyses were performed on blood samples from 162 ill neonates, providing 324 paired measurements. The agreement between EXTEM and NATEM measurements was evaluated by the nonparametric spearman's rank correlation to assess the correlation between the paired measurements, by the Bland-Altman analysis for the graphical presentation of the agreement, and by the Deming regression model to assess the significance of the agreement. The agreement between the two methods for the detection of bleeding events was determined by kappa statistic. RESULTS: Strong correlations were found between EXTEM and NATEM measurements for A10, MCF. The Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement for A10, MCF, LI60, and alpha angle parameters, while CT showed a nearly linear slope indicating that bias increased with the mean. The highest agreement for bleeding events was found for the A10 parameter (κ = 0.70, p < .001), while the lowest for the CT parameter (κ = 0.36, p = .94). CONCLUSIONS: NATEM parameters that reflect clot firmness and fibrinolytic activity are strongly correlated with the corresponding EXTEM measurements with a good agreement between them, indicating that these two methods could be used interchangeably.

Rotational Thromboelastometry in Neonates Admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Large Cross-sectional Study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the coagulation profile in neonatal critical illness using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), and to investigate its association with disease severity and its potential prognostic role in this clinical setting. Over a period of 67 months (July 2014-February 2020) 423 critically ill neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis, perinatal hypoxia, or respiratory distress syndrome, hospitalized in our neonatal intensive care unit were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded on admission day and arterial blood was analyzed on ROTEM analyzer using the standard extrinsically activated rotational thromboelastometry assay (EXTEM). Neonatal illness severity scores (Modified NEOMOD [Neonatal Multiple Organ Dysfunction] and SNAPPE [Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology with Perinatal Extension]) were calculated at the same time as ROTEM analysis. Mortality during in-hospital stay was the main outcome measure. Multivariable analyses showed that a 10 mm decrease in EXTEM clot amplitude recorded at 10 minutes (A10) is significantly associated with a higher mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-2.08). Higher modified NEOMOD (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.26-1.47) and higher SNAPPE scores (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04-1.08) were also associated with increased mortality. The CT and A10 variables demonstrated the best prognostic performance among the EXTEM parameters for mortality (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69-0.86 and AUC = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66-0.85, respectively), showing an optimal cut-off CT ≥63 seconds and A10 ≤37 mm. Using optimal cut-off values of the EXTEM parameters for prediction of mortality, neonates with CT ≥63 seconds were 7.4 times more likely to die (OR = 7.40, 95% CI: 3.50-15.65), while neonates with A10 ≤37 mm were 5.8 times more likely to die (OR = 5.88, 95% CI: 2.94-12.50). An EXTEM hypocoagulable profile on disease onset was shown to be an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in neonatal critical illness.

The role of ROTEM variables based on clot elasticity and platelet component in predicting bleeding risk in thrombocytopenic critically ill neonates.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate the role of thromboelastometry (ROTEM) parameters, including maximum clot elasticity (MCE) and platelet component (PLTEM MCE and PLTEM MCF), in early prediction of bleeding events in thrombocytopenic critically ill neonates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This single-center, prospective cohort study included 110 consecutive thrombocytopenic neonates with sepsis, suspected sepsis, or hypoxia. On the first day of disease onset, ROTEM EXTEM and FIBTEM assays were performed and the neonatal bleeding assessment tool was used for the evaluation of bleeding events. RESULTS: Most EXTEM and FIBTEM ROTEM parameters significantly differed between neonates with (n = 77) and without bleeding events (n = 33). Neonates with bleeding events had significantly lower PLTEM MCE and PLTEM MCF values compared to those without bleeding events (P < .001). Platelet count was found to be strongly positively correlated with EXTEM A5 (Spearman's rho = 0.61, P < .001) and A10 (rho = 0.64, P < .001). EXTEM A10 demonstrated the best prognostic performance (AUC = 0.853) with an optimal cutoff value (≤37 mm) (sensitivity = 91%, specificity = 76%) for prediction of bleeding events in thrombocytopenic neonates. CONCLUSIONS: EXTEM A5 and EXTEM A10 were found to be strong predictors of hemorrhage, compared to most ROTEM variables quantifying clot elasticity and platelet component in thrombocytopenic critically ill neonates.

The use of thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in neonates: a systematic review.

"Developmental hemostasis" refers to the dynamic process of gradual hemostatic maturation. Conventional coagulation tests seem to fail to accurately depict the in vivo hemostasis, while viscoelastic tests, thromboelastography (TEG), and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) appear very promising as they provide insight more rapidly and accurately into the hemostatic potential. We systematically reviewed the literature in PubMed to examine the use of TEG and ROTEM in neonates. Our search yielded 34 studies, of which 18 concerned healthy neonates and 16 sick neonates. These viscoelastic tests have shown accelerated initiation of coagulation, increased clot strength, and increased fibrinolysis in healthy neonates compared to children and adults. Cord blood leads to a hypercoagulable state as compared to whole blood when testing is performed with TEG. Pre-term neonates have a more hypocoagulable profile, but balanced hemostasis, related to term neonates, that evolves to a more procoagulant phenotype over the first month of life. Critically ill neonates exhibit a more hypocoagulable profile as compared to healthy neonates. TEG and ROTEM have shown predictive value for bleeding events in critically ill neonates and neonates undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass or therapeutic hypothermia.Conclusion: TEG and ROTEM need to become part of the standard coagulation assessment in clinical settings in which hemostatic abnormalities are involved, as they seem to provide more rapid and accurate information regarding the hemostatic profile of the neonates. Their predictive value for bleeding events in critically ill neonates could lead to a more targeted therapy optimizing utilization of blood products. What is Known: • Conventional coagulation tests seem to fail to accurately depict the in vivo hemostasis. • TEG and ROTEM delineate more rapidly and accurately the hemostatic potential. What is New: • TEG and ROTEM have shown predictive value for bleeding events. • TEG and ROTEM may lead to a more targeted transfusion therapy optimizing utilization of blood products.

Breastfeeding in Neonates Admitted to an NICU: 18-Month Follow-Up.

Introduction: The admission of neonates to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) has been identified as a primary inhibiting factor in the establishment of breastfeeding. The aims of this study were to (1) estimate the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in infants/toddlers who had been admitted to an NICU in Greece and (2) to investigate factors, associated with the NICU stay, which affected the establishment and maintenance of breastfeeding in infants/toddlers previously admitted to the NICU. Materials and methods: Data for this cohort study were retrieved from interviews with mothers of infants/toddlers who had been admitted to our NICU as neonates during the period of 2017−2019. Interviews were conducted based on a questionnaire regarding the child's nutrition from birth to the day of the interview, including previous maternal experience with breastfeeding. Information related to the prenatal period, gestation age, delivery mode, duration of NICU stay, and neonatal feeding strategies during their hospital stay were recorded. Results: The response rate to the telephone interviews was 57%, resulting in 279 mother−infant pairs being included in this study. The results showed that 78.1% of children received maternal milk during their first days of life. Of all infants, 58.1% were exclusively breastfed during their first month, with a gradual decrease to 36.9% and 19.4% by the end of the third and sixth months of life, respectively. The prevalence of breastfed children reached 14.7% and 7.5% at the ages of twelve and eighteen months, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, prematurity emerged as an independent prognostic factor for the duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding (aHR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.03−2.62; and 1.69, 95% CI: 1.05−2.72, respectively; p < 0.05). Additionally, the nationality of the mother, NICU breastfeeding experience, the administration of maternal milk during neonatal hospital stay, and previous breastfeeding experience of the mother were independent prognostic factors for the duration of breastfeeding. Conclusions: Although breastfeeding is a top priority in our NICU, the exclusive-breastfeeding rates at 6 months were quite low for the hospitalized neonates, not reaching World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Mothers/families of hospitalized neonates should receive integrated psychological and practical breastfeeding support and guidance.

Development and validation of a sepsis diagnostic scoring model for neonates with suspected sepsis.

Background: We aimed to develop and validate a diagnostic model for sepsis among neonates evaluated for suspected sepsis, by incorporating thromboelastometry parameters, maternal/neonatal risk factors, clinical signs/symptoms and laboratory results. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 291 neonates with presumed sepsis, hospitalized in a NICU, from 07/2014 to 07/2021. Laboratory tests were obtained on disease onset and prior to initiating antibiotic therapy. Τhromboelastometry extrinsically activated (EXTEM) assay was performed simultaneously and Tοllner and nSOFA scores were calculated. Sepsis diagnosis was the outcome variable. A 10-fold cross-validation least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logit regression procedure was applied to derive the final multivariable score. Clinical utility was evaluated by decision curve analysis. Results: Gestational age, CRP, considerable skin discoloration, liver enlargement, neutrophil left shift, and EXTEM A10, were identified as the strongest predictors and included in the Neonatal Sepsis Diagnostic (NeoSeD) model. NeoSeD score demonstrated excellent discrimination capacity for sepsis and septic shock with an AUC: 0.918 (95% CI, 0.884-0.952) and 0.974 (95% CI, 0.958-0.989) respectively, which was significantly higher compared to Töllner and nSOFA scores. Conclusions: The NeoSeD score is simple, accurate, practical, and may contribute to a timely diagnosis of sepsis in neonates with suspected sepsis. External validation in multinational cohorts is necessary before clinical application.

The impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on hemostatic profile of neonates using thromboelastometry (ROTEM). A pilot observational study.

INTRODUCTION: In adults, the negative effect of smoking on hemostasis has been well established. Contrarily, data regarding the hemostatic status of neonates exposed to tobacco during pregnancy are limited. This study aimed to investigate the influence of antenatal tobacco exposure on the hemostatic profile of neonates using Thromboelastometry (ROTEM). METHODS: This observational study included 92 healthy full-term neonates born in the maternity department of our hospital over a 5-year period. The neonates were categorized in 2 groups: neonates born to mothers who reported smoking during the entire pregnancy and neonates born to non-smoking mothers. Neonates were matched 1:1 with regards to gestational age, delivery mode, and gender. ROTEM EXTEM assay was performed on the 2nd-3rd day of life and clotting time (CT); clot formation time (CFT); clot amplitude recorded at 10 and 30 min (A10, A30); a angle (ao); maximum clot firmness (MCF, mm); lysis index at 30 and 60 min (LI30, LI60, %); maximum clot elasticity (MCE), were measured. RESULTS: Neonates with antenatal exposure to tobacco had shorter CT (p < 0.001) and CFT (p = 0.035), higher A10 (p = 0.043), A30 (p = 0.028) and MCE (p = 0.028) compared to those not exposed to tobacco during pregnancy. The multivariable regression analysis adjusted for gestational age, gender, birth weight and delivery mode showed that maternal tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with an accelerated activation of coagulation in neonates expressed by shorter EXTEM CT values (coefficient: -8.68, 95%,CI: -13.51--3.85, p = 0.001) while no association was found with the remaining ROTEM parameters. DISCUSSION: Smoking during pregnancy results in a hypercoagulable profile of neonates, expressed by shorter ROTEM CT. Antenatal exposure to tobacco appears to be an aggravating factor for the hemostatic status of neonates.

"Aggressive" Feeding of Very Preterm Neonates and Body Mass Index at School Age.

INTRODUCTION: The effects of "aggressive" neonatal feeding policies of very preterm neonates (VPN) and the risk of metabolic syndrome later in life remain questionable. We aimed to evaluate the effect of our "aggressive" nutrition policies of VPN during hospitalisation on body mass index (BMI) at ages 2 and 8 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty four VPN, who received "aggressive" nutrition during hospitalisation in an effort to minimise postnatal growth restriction (PGR) (group A), and 62 term neonates, as controls (group B), were enrolled in the study. Group A was further divided in four subgroups depending on the type (A1: fortified expressed breast milk and preterm formula; A2: exclusively preterm formula) and quantity of milk received (A3: maximum feeds 180-210 mL/kg/day; A4: maximum feeds 210 and up to 260 mL/kg/day). BMI was calculated at ages 2 and 8 years and plotted on the centile charts. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in BMI between groups A and B at 2 and 8 years, respectively, in both absolute BMI values and their centile chart distribution. There was no significant difference in BMI at 2 and 8 years either between subgroups A1 and A2 or between subgroups A3 and A4. CONCLUSIONS: "Aggressive" and individualised feeding policy for VPN did not affect the BMI and obesity rates at ages of 2 and 8 years in our study population. The type and quantity of milk feeds had no impact on their BMI at school age. Further larger studies are needed to confirm our results.

Comparative Performance of Four Established Neonatal Disease Scoring Systems in Predicting In-Hospital Mortality and the Potential Role of Thromboelastometry.

BACKGROUND: To compare the prognostic accuracy of the most commonly used indexes of mortality over time and evaluate the potential of adding thromboelastometry (ROTEM) results to these well-established clinical scores. METHODS: The study population consisted of 473 consecutive term and preterm critically-ill neonates. On the first day of critical illness, modified Neonatal Multiple Organ Dysfunction (NEOMOD) scoring system, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP II), Perinatal extension of SNAP (SNAPPE), and SNAPPE II, were calculated and ROTEM standard extrinsically activated (EXTEM) assay was performed simultaneously. Time-to-event methodology for competing-risks was used to assess the performance of the aforementioned indexes in predicting in-hospital mortality over time. Time-dependent receiver operator characteristics curves for censored observation were compared across indexes. The addition of EXTEM parameters to each index was tested in terms of discrimination capacity. RESULTS: The modified NEOMOD score performed similarly to SNAPPE. Both scores performed significantly better than SNAP II and SNAPPE II. Amplitude recorded at 10 min (A10) was the EXTEM parameter most strongly associated with mortality (A10 < 37 mm vs. ≥37 mm; sHR = 5.52; p < 0.001). Adding A10 to each index apparently increased the prognostic accuracy in the case of SNAP II and SNAPPE II. However, these increases did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Although the four existing indexes considered showed good to excellent prognostic capacity, modified NEOMOD and SNAPPE scores performed significantly better. Though larger studies are needed, adding A10 to well-established neonatal severity scores not including biomarkers of coagulopathy might improve their prediction of in-hospital mortality.

A Risk Score for Predicting the Incidence of Hemorrhage in Critically Ill Neonates: Development and Validation Study.

The aim of the study was to develop and validate a prediction model for hemorrhage in critically ill neonates which combines rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) parameters and clinical variables. This cohort study included 332 consecutive full-term and preterm critically ill neonates. We performed ROTEM and used the neonatal bleeding assessment tool (NeoBAT) to record bleeding events. We fitted double selection least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logit regression to build our prediction model. Bleeding within 24 hours of the ROTEM testing was the outcome variable, while patient characteristics, biochemical, hematological, and thromboelastometry parameters were the candidate predictors of bleeding. We used both cross-validation and bootstrap as internal validation techniques. Then, we built a prognostic index of bleeding by converting the coefficients from the final multivariable model of relevant prognostic variables into a risk score. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to calculate the area under curve (AUC) of our prediction index. EXTEM A10 and LI60, platelet counts, and creatinine levels were identified as the most robust predictors of bleeding and included them into a Neonatal Bleeding Risk (NeoBRis) index. The NeoBRis index demonstrated excellent model performance with an AUC of 0.908 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.870-0.946). Calibration plot displayed optimal calibration and discrimination of the index, while bootstrap resampling ensured internal validity by showing an AUC of 0.907 (95% CI: 0.868-0.947). We developed and internally validated an easy-to-apply prediction model of hemorrhage in critically ill neonates. After external validation, this model will enable clinicians to quantify the 24-hour bleeding risk.

Nucleated Red Blood Cells: Could They Be Indicator Markers of Illness Severity for Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients?

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess whether nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) count could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for morbidity and mortality in critically ill neonates. METHODS: The association between NRBCs count and neonatal morbidity and mortality was evaluated in an observational cohort of critically ill neonates hospitalized in our neonatal intensive care unit over a period of 69 months. The discriminative ability of NRBCs count as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers was evaluated by performing the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: Among 467 critically ill neonates included in the study, 45 (9.6%) of them experienced in-hospital mortality. No statistically significant difference was found with regards to NRBCs count between survivors and non-survivors, although the median value for NRBCs was sometimes higher for non-survivors. ROC curve analysis showed that NRBCs is a good discriminator marker for the diagnosis of perinatal hypoxia in neonates with area under the curve (AUC) [AUC 0.710; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.660-0.759] and predominantly in preterm neonates (AUC 0.921 (95% CI, 0.0849-0.0993)) by using a cut-off value of ≥11.2%, with 80% sensitivity and 88.7% specificity. NRBCs also revealed significant prognostic power for mortality in septic neonates (AUC 0.760 (95% CI, 0.631-0.888)) and especially in preterms with sepsis (AUC 0.816 (95% CI, 0.681-0.951)), with cut-off value ≥ 1%, resulting in 81.6% sensitivity and 78.1% specificity. CONCLUSION: NRBCs count may be included among the early diagnostic and prognostic markers for sick neonates.

Reference Values of Thrombolastometry Parameters in Healthy Term Neonates.

BACKGROUND: Thromboelastometry (ROTEM), as a point of care test, is an attractive tool for rapid evaluation of hemostasis. Currently, no reference ranges exist for all ROTEM assays in neonates, limiting its use in this vulnerable population. The aim of the present study was: (1) to establish reference ranges for standard extrinsically activated (EXTEM), intrinsically activated (INTEM), and fibrinogen polymerization (FIBTEM) ROTEM assays in whole blood samples of healthy term neonates; (2) to determine the impact of gender, delivery mode, and hematocrit on ROTEM parameters. METHODS: EXTEM, INTEM, and FIBTEM ROTEM assays were performed simultaneously with complete blood count in 215 healthy term neonates. RESULTS: Reference ranges (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) were obtained for clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), α-angle, clot firmness at 10 min (A10), maximum clot firmness (MCF), and lysis index at 60 min (LI60, %). Reference ranges for EXTEM were CT 38-78 s, CFT 49-148 s, A10 40-65 mm, and MCF 47-69 mm, LI60 83-98%. For INTEM, CT 134-270 s, CFT 50-142 s, A10 41-63 mm, and MCF 48-67 mm, LI60 85-97%, and finally, for FIBTEM: CT 36-85 s, A10 9-25 mm and MCF 10-26 mm, LI60 92-100%. Hematocrit values were positively correlated with CT, CFT and negatively with A10, MCF values. CONCLUSION: This study provides, for the first time, reference ranges for ROTEM EXTEM/INTEM/FIBTEM values simultaneously in healthy term neonates. The combined evaluation of ROTEM tests increases its diagnostic accuracy, contributing to the expansion of ROTEM use in the neonatal population.

ROTEM diagnostic capacity for measuring fibrinolysis in neonatal sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Hypofibrinolysis has been demonstrated in several studies in adult sepsis. Although fibrinolysis is an important and integral part of the hemostatic system, few data are available regarding its role in neonatal sepsis. Our purpose was to define fibrinolytic profiles across neonatal sepsis spectrum using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was performed in a Greek tertiary General Hospital during an 18 month-period and included 44 neonates with confirmed sepsis and 22 with suspected sepsis; 110 healthy neonates served as controls. Whenever sepsis was suspected, EXTEM and APTEM assays were performed, clinical findings and laboratory data were recorded. RESULTS: Although most EXTEM parameters were significantly different among the 3 groups, Maximal Lysis (ML) and Lysis Index at 60 min (LI60) levels were similar (p = 0.11 and p = 0.20, respectively). Hyperfibrinolysis, as defined by ROTEM parameters, did not significantly differ among the study populations (p = 0.41). On the contrary, fibrinolysis shutdown, defined as an EXTEM LI60 ≥98%, was more common in septic neonates than in healthy (p < 0.001) and neonates with suspected sepsis (p = 0.042). A weak to moderate correlation of LI60 and ML with mortality (Spearman rho = 0.43 and - 0.40, p = 0.005 and 0.007, respectively) and SNAPE score (Spearman rho = 0.35 and - 0.33, p = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively) was noticed in sepsis group. CONCLUSIONS: ROTEM, based on fibrinolytic parameters, showed a more frequent fibrinolysis shutdown in neonatal sepsis, but it could neither effectively discriminate septic neonates, nor predict their clinical outcome. The considerable overlap among numerical ROTEM values probably compromises their diagnostic clinical utility in neonatal sepsis.