Metre-long cell-laden microfibres exhibit tissue morphologies and functions.

Artificial reconstruction of fibre-shaped cellular constructs could greatly contribute to tissue assembly in vitro. Here we show that, by using a microfluidic device with double-coaxial laminar flow, metre-long core-shell hydrogel microfibres encapsulating ECM proteins and differentiated cells or somatic stem cells can be fabricated, and that the microfibres reconstitute intrinsic morphologies and functions of living tissues. We also show that these functional fibres can be assembled, by weaving and reeling, into macroscopic cellular structures with various spatial patterns. Moreover, fibres encapsulating primary pancreatic islet cells and transplanted through a microcatheter into the subrenal capsular space of diabetic mice normalized blood glucose concentrations for about two weeks. These microfibres may find use as templates for the reconstruction of fibre-shaped functional tissues that mimic muscle fibres, blood vessels or nerve networks in vivo.

Cell fibers promote proliferation of co-cultured cells on a dish.

This paper describes a co-culture method using cell fiber technology. Cell fibers are cell-laden hydrogel microfibers, in which cells are cultured three-dimensionally and allowed to reach more mature state than the conventional two-dimensional cell culture. Cells in the cell fibers are encapsulated by alginate shell. Only cellular secretome is released into the surrounding environment through the shell while the cells were retained by the fiber. With their high handleability and retrievability, we propose to use the cell fibers for co-culture to ensure steady supply of cellular secretome. We cultured mouse C2C12 myoblasts with mouse 3T3 fibroblasts encapsulated in the cell fibers for two days. The number of C2C12 cells increased proportionally to the number of co-cultured 3T3 fibers, suggesting that the secretome of 3T3 fibers promoted survival and proliferation of C2C12 cells. We believe that cell fiber technology is a useful tool for co-culturing cells, and it will contribute to both basic cell biology and tissue engineering with its unique features.

Cell-laden microfibers fabricated using µl cell-suspension.

Current microfluidic methods for cell-laden microfiber fabrication generally require larger than 100 µl of cell-suspensions. Since some 'rare' cells can be only acquired in small amounts, the preparation of >100 µl cell-suspensions with high-cell density can be both expensive and time consuming. Here, we present a facile method capable of fabricating cell-laden microfibers using small-volume cell-suspensions. The method utilizes a 3D-printed coaxial microfluidic device featured with a 'luer-lock inlet' to effectively load cell-suspensions in a deterministic volume (down to 5 µl) with a low sample-loss. In experiments, we demonstrate the formation of fibrous tissues consisting of various kinds of cells. Investigations on the morphology and function of the encapsulated cells show the viability of the cells is not significantly affected by the fabrication process, and also indicate the potential of using our method to perform quantitative assays on fiber-shaped tissues, while reducing the overall material and time consumption.

Differentiation Induction of Mouse Neural Stem Cells in Hydrogel Tubular Microenvironments with Controlled Tube Dimensions.

In this paper, a tubular 3D microenvironment created in a calcium alginate hydrogel microtube with respect to the effect of scaffold dimensions on the differentiation of mouse neuronal stem cells (mNSCs) is evaluated. Five types of hydrogel microtubes with different core diameters (≈65-200 µm) and shell thicknesses (≈30-110 µm) are fabricated by using a double coaxial microfluidic device, and differentiation of encapsulated mNSCs is induced by changing the growth medium to the differentiation medium. The influence of the microtube geometries is examined by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent immunocytochemistry. The analyses reveal that differences in microtube thickness within 30-110 µm affected the relative Tuj1 expression but do not affect the morphology of encapsulated mNSCs. The diameters of cores influence both the relative Tuj1 expression and morphology of the differentiated neurons. It is found that the tubular microenvironment with a core diameter of less than ≈100 µm contributes to forming highly viable and aligned neural tissue. The tubular microenvironment can provide an effective method for constructing microfiber-shaped neural tissues with geometrically controlled differentiation induction.