Equivalent temperature stabilization of nonlinear-optical crystals.

We introduce an approach for the temperature stabilization of nonlinear-optic crystals during laser frequency conversion processes. This approach is based on the stabilization of the piezoelectric resonance (PR) frequency of the crystal, so that the crystal itself becomes a temperature sensor. Application of an electronic oscillator provides a remarkably handy way to determine the PR frequency. When the PR frequency stabilization was employed, the stable generation of the second harmonic (SH) at 532 nm wavelength was achieved in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) at more than 30% power compared to the case of the application of external temperature sensors. Long-term stability of SH power was also enhanced.

[Synchronous schwannoma and ependymoma of the cauda equina]. / Sochetanie shvannomy i ependimomy konskogo khvosta spinnogo mozga.

The article presents a case of surgical treatment of primary multiple benign tumors of the cauda equine of different histological origin: spinal nerve root schwannoma and ependymoma of the filum terminale.

[ECG DISPERSION MAPPING: ABILITY TO PREDICT THE PATIENTS' PROGNOSIS (REVIEW)].

ECG dispersion mapping (DM) refers to new technologies for the production and analysis of the electric field of the heart. The main area of application of the method is screening and selection of groups of patients who need further comprehensive examination. There is limited data on its use to predict mortality. The purpose of this review was to analyze studies on the application of the method for the prediction of mortality in patients hospitalized due to emergency conditions. We searched PubMed (MEDLINE) database and e-library by search words "dispersion ECG mapping" and their translation into English. Selected articles evaluating the results of DM ECG in a prospective study of mortality. A total of 342 articles were selected according to the search criteria. At the initial selection stages, 337 were excluded. Five full-text articles have been reviewed for inclusion, four have been accepted and included in this review. DM ECG Index "Myocardium" can be used as a predictor for short-term prognosis of inpatient mortality. For the medium-term prognosis combination of the index "Myocardium" and the age of the patient is more important. Further studies are needed to clarify the value of DM ECG for long-term prognosis.

[Laurine fatty acids, medium fatty acids and triglycerides, hyperlipidemia, resistance to insulin, prevention of atherosclerosis and ateromatosis.]

Although the biochemistry of the positive effects of medium-chain fatty acids (FA) and triglycerides (TG) of the same name in vivo is not fully understood, food enriched with medium-chain LC and the same TG is effective in patients with type I diabetes, insulin resistance syndrome and in neurodegenerative pathology. Lauric C12 LC is half the FA in coconut oil. Residents of southeast Asia with constant use of coconut oil, have a low level of diseases of the cardiovascular system in the population. With a regulatory intake with food C12:0 laurin FA formed moderate ketosis and neuroprotective effect. Unlike long-chain LC, medium-chain TG cells are not deposited either in visceral fat cells, or in insulin-dependent adipocytes. Medium-chain fatty acids rapidly oxidize mitochondria; the formation of acetyl-CoA cells is used to form ketone bodies, activating thermogenesis in orange and brown adipocytes. Experiments with animals and observations in the clinic showed that taking medium-chain TG with food is more physiological than long-chain oils. This significantly increases the level of cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins. Food enriched with medium chain TG is optimal for increasing the ketone content in blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid without limiting the carbohydrate content in food. The formation of excess ketone bodies by cells can be achieved by activating the metabolic transformations of medium-chain FAs, without fasting and preserving carbohydrates in food. Coconut oil has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, preventing the formation of atherosclerosis and atheromatosis. Effective in the prevention of the pathology of the cardiovascular system is a decrease in food amounts of palmitic acid, an increase in oleic acid, polyene FA with a simultaneous increase in the proportion of medium-chain FA.

HISTOMORPHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF BONE REPAIR AFTER CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITE IMPLANTATION IN LUMBAR VERTEBRAE IN RATS.

The aim is to study the characteristics of bone regeneration under the conditions of implantation of carbon/carbon composite material with and without pyrocarbon coating in the vertebral bodies of rat. C/c composite (n=9) or c/c composite & PC (n=9) were implanted into hole defects in the LIII vertebral bodies of white laboratory male rats (6-7 months, weight 250-350 g). The material was made in the form of a cylinder (diameter 2 mm, height 2 mm). Histological and histomorphometric study were performed at 15, 30 and 90 days after implantation. After 15 days, bone and granulation tissues were found in the ratio of ½ along the perimeter of both materials. After 30 days, fibroreticular bone tissue and connective tissue of varying degrees of maturity formed around the implants. The relative content of new formed bone tissue near the c/c composite after 30 and 90 days was 1.4 times lower (p<0.001) compared with the c/c composite and PC group. The studied materials are biocompatible, do not interfere with bone regeneration, and do not cause inflammatory reactions. Osseointegration qualities are higher for the c/c composite & pyrocarbon coated.

[CRITERIA FOR SHORT AND LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS BASED ON THE ECG SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS AT ADMISSION. RATIONALE AND STUDY DESIGN].

The article presents the rationale and design of a prospective observational study devoted to the evaluation of criteria for short-term and long-term prognosis in hospitalized patients based on the characteristics of the ECG signal at admission to hospital. The purpose of this study is validity and predictive accuracy of predictive scores SCS, Tan et al., characteristics of standard ECG and ECG dispersion mapping to detect the short-term (30 days) prognosis of mortality and annual mortality in patients at admission to hospital. The objectives of the study are to study the calibration and prognostic ability of the above predictive scores and criteria, as well as a comparison of their predictive accuracy.

[SEASONAL VARIATION OF MICROVOLT T-WAVE ALTERNANS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS].

Objective - to access seasonal variation of microvolt T-wave alternans of ECG dispersion mapping in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy subjects. ECG data of the three groups of healthy subjects have been compared: inhabitants of Beirut, Lebanon (n=51), inhabitants of Moscow, Russia (n=94) and ECG data of healthy subjects (n=44) from the testing ECG database of the PTB - The National Metrology Institute of Germany as well as a group of patients with cardiovascular disease (n=138), inhabitants of Beirut, Lebanon. Microvolt T-wave alternans of ECG dispersion mapping was evaluated in three points - Tbeginning, Tmaximum, Tend. In healthy subjects, the seasonal variation of ECG dispersion mapping microvolt T-wave alternans was nonexistent. Myocardial lesion is characterized by an increase in Tbeg, Tmax, Tend in relation to the healthy individuals. Tbeg values are minimal in winter and summer and increase in spring and autumn. Tend values were reversed - they were maximal in winter and summer, decreasing in spring-autumn period. Seasonal variation of Tmax - Tbeg, and Tmax -Tend was detected: Tmax - Tbeg increased in the winter-summer period and decreased in spring and autumn, Tmax-Tend - increased in the spring-autumn period in relation to the winter-summer period. In patients with cardiovascular disease, in contrast to the healthy, there is a seasonal variation in microvolt T-wave alternans of ECG dispersion mapping, with the maximum differences in the winter and spring seasons, which should be taken into account when applying the method in clinical practice.

[The person in philogenesis is not (omnivores), but the herbivores with the carnivores past and the fuzzy future. Biological function of trophology (nutrition) in ontogenesis.]

According to the phylogenetic theory of general pathology, seven biological functions have been formed over billions of years. 1. biological function of trophology, nutrition; 2. homeostasis function; 3. biological function of endoecology; 4. function of adaptation; 5. function of the continuation of the species; 6. function of locomotion and 7. cognitive biological function, including intelligence. Millions of years in life consistently in the waters of several oceans, all the ancestors of man were carnivorous (Carnivores), fish-eating mammals. When the ocean retreated and the carnivorous (fish-eating) were on land, each individual privatized a "piece" of the ocean. Animals transformed it ito a pool of intercellular medium in vivo. The biological role of the late in the phylogeny of insulin is the formation of new biological functions in vivo. The action of insulin has transformed the carnivorous (fish-eating) ocean into herbivorous (Herbivores) species on land. There was it by synthesis in vivo from exogenous glucose of fatty acids (FA). Regulatory action of insulin was the directed conversion of exogenous glucose into ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic FA. Insulin late in phylogeny expressed the synthesis of new, conjugated enzymes: it is palmitoyl-CoA-elongase and stearyl-CoAdesaturase. Two enzymes synthesized FAs along the way: synthesized in situ de novo, from exogenous glucose, C16: 0 palmitic acid → C18: 0 stearic acid → ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic acid without accumulation of stearic FA. Insulin is not converted into an oleic FA exogenous palmitic acid from carnivorous food. On land, the action of insulin transformed the species Homo sapiens, into a herbivore, but with carnivorous, fish-eating, past. The idea of a person as omnivorous (Omnivor) - nonsense; such forms of nature did not form. Violation of the function of nutrition, the biological reaction of exotrophy (external nutrition), is the etiological and pathogenetic basis of the seven metabolic pandemics, the diseases of civilization. 1. Atherosclerosis and atheromatosis; 2. metabolic arterial hypertension; 3. metabolic syndrome; 4. obesity; 5. syndrome of insulin resistance; 6. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 7. endogenous hyperuricemia. The primary prevention of metabolic pandemics in the biological function of nutrition, in the biological reactions of exo-and endotrophy, will allow us to understand the theoretical bases and implementation of preventive actions that will determine the characteristics of nutrition in the future.

[CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL HEART FAILURE].

Treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) remains one of the challenging problems in cardiology. In recent years, the method of multifrequency bio-impendancemetry is used in patients with CHF for the assessment of water imbalance and determination of its severity. The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic capabilities of bio-impendancemetry in evaluation of the early manifestations of CHF. The study included 92 healthy individuals, and 335 patients who were hospitalized in the cardiology department with NYHA I-II functional class (FC) of chronic CHF. The echocardiography, rheography and biochemical examination were performed for determination of FC of CHF. Procedures were repeated at day 5 of hospitalization, 6-minute walk test was performed to assess physical tolerance and objectification of the functional status of patients with CHF. 45 patients had signs of CHF FC III-IV, therefore, they were excluded from the study. Analysis of endpoints was conducted by telephone survey in 1 year after discharge from the hospital. The results of the comparison of the predictive value of different methods for diagnosing CHF showed maximum sensitivity for brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) which was 82%, specificity was 88%. The 6-minute walk test showed the lowest values of sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 67%, specificity 72%) as well as leg impedance at low frequencies (LF) (sensitivity 69%, specificity 74%). The values for the leg impedance at high frequencies (HF) were as follows: sensitivity 68%, specificity 97%. High predictive value of a positive result (PPV) was shown in phase angle (91%) and BNP (91%). Left ventricle ejection fraction(LVEF) measurements had the lowest PPV (72%).

[Catering for client groups during the XXII Olympic winter games and XI Paralympic winter games of 2014 in Sochi].

The problems of catering control various client groups during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi is one of the priorities of the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population during mass events. The data on the order of nutrition of guests and participants of the games, control of food items, sanitary and microbiological monitoring of drinking water, food raw materials and products are presented. It is noted that the ongoing supervisory activities contributed to the sanitary and epidemiological well-being during the Games. The purpose of this study was to lighting modern achievements in the field of nutrition and food microbiology in the period of the Olympic Games and the determination of their value to the further improvement and use at when conducting mass gatherings.

NEVUS FLAMMEUS ASSOCIATED WITH DYSPLASTIC NEVI AND LICHEN SCLEROSUS: THE FIRST REPORT IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE.

We describe a rare case of a 28 year-old male patient presenting with pruritus and increased sensitivity of the prepuce accompanied by erythematous confluent papules, unilateral nevus flammeus (NF) along almost the whole length of the right lower limb and two dysplastic nevi (DN), one located on the mid back and the other on the medial border of the right fifth toe, the latter coinciding with the NF. A biopsy of the prepuce revealed lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA). Mental health assessment revealed anxiety disorder and predisposition to panic attacks. Several clinical, paraclinical and histopathological examinations were undertaken to evaluate potential underlying factors for such unusual combination of findings. Both dysplastic nevi were surgically removed. A topical calcineurin inhibitor treatment of the LSA was prescribed. For the first time in medical literature, we report an extremely rare association of NF, DN (including DN over NF) and LSA, and we are focusing our discussion on a potentially common genetic background which could explain this unusual combination of different diseases, which could in turn be caused by different mutations in common genes and/or different genes with close location in the genome.

[NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53 IN THE CONTEXT OF ANTICANCER THERAPY].

P53 protein is considered to be the major tumor suppressor in human cells. Cancer cells do not survive if the p53-mediated signaling pathways function properly. However, about half of all malignancies still express wild type p53. One of the explanations to this is that p53 is suppressed by overexpression of p53-specific E3-ubiquitin ligases: Mdm2, MdmX, Pirh2 and Cop1. Pharmacological inhibition of protein-protein interactions between p53 and these negative regulators is a promising therapeutic approach to treat cancers retaining wild type p53. To date, a series of chemical inhibitors of p53 interactions with Mdm2 and MdmX E3-ubiquitin ligases have been discovered and characterized. Several of them are in the early stages of clinical trials. Despite this fact, their clinical efficacy may be hampered by a number of reasons, including tumor-specific expression of multiple isoforms of the target E3-ligases, which become inert to treatment with small molecules. This and other biochemical mechanisms of possible resistance of tumor cells with wild type p53 to small molecules against its negative regulators will be discussed in this review.

[Principle directions for the creation and organization of the system of sanitary-epidemiological safety during the preparations for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

The paper generalizes the experience of formation of protection system against biological threats and ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare during preparation for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi. The basic steps for creating this system, since 2007, participation and role of Rospotrebnadzor in this process are shown. The paper deals with such questions as the governmental and administrative structures with federal agencies interaction, development of a regulatory framework governing the safety system of the Olympic Games, development of algorithms of information exchange and management decisions, biological safety in developing infrastructure in Sochi.

[Operation and interaction peculiarities of diagnostic laboratories involved in providing protection from infectious diseases during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

The experience of the organization and functioning of the laboratory network during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi is considered. Efforts to establish an effective system of laboratory support, the order of work and interaction of diagnostic laboratories involved in diseases control of population during the Olympic Games are analyzed.

[FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF SANITARY-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE DURING THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION AND HOSTING OF THE XXII OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES AND XI PARALYMPIC WINTER GAMES IN THE RESORT CITY OF SOCHI IN 2014].

In the paper there are presented the basic principles of the organization of activities for the assurance ofthe sanitary- epidemiological welfare in the period ofpreparation and hosting of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in the Resort City of Sochi. There are considered features of the organization ofepidemiological surveillance in the pre-Olympic period, the period of the games and the state of the morbidity rate in the region after the Olympics. There are presented data on certain directions of the work of organs and institutions of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare on the disease control of the event.

[The analytic quality in laboratory medicine: problems and perspectives (a lecture)].

The article considers the structure of analytical errors in clinical diagnostic laboratory analysis from the position of GOST R ISO 15189-2009 "Laboratories of medicine. Particular requirements to quality and competence". The key value of metrologic traceability of analyses is emphasized. The role of official standard patterns, control materials and statistical methods applied in quality analysis are discussed. The international experience and applied methodical procedures to implement requirements of ISO 15189 concerning validation and verification of analytical quality are presented. The approaches of protocols E3 23-A, ER 15-A2, N59-A in the sphere of USA laboratory medicine developed by the institute of clinical and laboratory standards are demonstrated. The review of referent patterns and methods is given. The problem of optimization of requirements to quality of production for laboratory diagnostic is discussed. The expedience of organization of the National institute of laboratory standards is substantiated.

[Features of surgical treatment of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation in high risk patients].

The experience of surgical treatment of high risk group patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation of different degree of manifestations was analyzed. The basic approaches to the management and the choice of treatment strategy are reported in this article. The authors suggested the priority strategy on the background of completed investigation: 1) the performance of the annuloplasty on pressure ring in combination with coronary bypass surgery in surgical treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation of Ill degree, as most effective kind of intervention; 2) the performance of operation of isolated coronary bypass surgery on working heart for high risk patients with the presence of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation, that allows the significant improvement of indices of postoperative period and the decrease of evidence of mitral regurgitation at the expense of a salvage of myocardial contractility.

[The practice of development and implementation of quality management systems in medical laboratories. The GOST R ISO 15189-2009 "medical laboratories. The detailed requirements to quality and competence". Particular difficulties of global nature].

The article discusses the methodological issues related to the implementation of international principles of standardization in the format of GOST R ISO 9001-2008 "Quality management systems. Requirements", GOST R ISO 15189-2009 "Medical laboratories. The detailed requirements to quality and competence" and GOST R ISO 18113.1-5 "Medical items for diagnostics in vitro. Information provided by manufacturer (marking)". This approach legibly assigns the responsibility concerning the support of metrological correctness of laboratory measurements. The lacking of both full-value public and sectorial normative documentation and coordinated positions of Rosstandard and Minzdrav of Russia on functioning of medical laboratories is noted.

[Introduction of quality systems into laboratory medicine: methodological aspects].

The paper considers the problems of introducing the quality management systems (QMS) according to GOST R ISO 9001-2001 in the health care facilities of different forms of property and departmental subordination. It gives examples of successfully putting QMS into practice in the companies that manufacture products for laboratory diagnosis in accordance with the Russian and international standardization principles. Methods are presented for training the staff of the facilities in the QMS principles and making a dialogue between laboratories and customers.