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1.
N Engl J Med ; 365(19): 1763-70, 2011 Nov 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22029753

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A large outbreak of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 occurred in Germany in May 2011. The source of infection was undetermined. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study and a recipe-based restaurant cohort study, along with environmental, trace-back, and trace-forward investigations, to determine the source of infection. RESULTS: The case-control study included 26 case subjects with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and 81 control subjects. The outbreak of illness was associated with sprout consumption in univariable analysis (matched odds ratio, 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 29) and with sprout and cucumber consumption in multivariable analysis. Among case subjects, 25% reported having eaten sprouts, and 88% reported having eaten cucumbers. The recipe-based study among 10 groups of visitors to restaurant K included 152 persons, among whom bloody diarrhea or diarrhea confirmed to be associated with Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli developed in 31 (20%). Visitors who were served sprouts were significantly more likely to become ill (relative risk, 14.2; 95% CI, 2.6 to ∞). Sprout consumption explained 100% of cases. Trace-back investigation of sprouts from the distributor that supplied restaurant K led to producer A. All 41 case clusters with known trading connections could be explained by producer A. The outbreak strain could not be identified on seeds from the implicated lot. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations identified sprouts as the most likely outbreak vehicle, underlining the need to take into account food items that may be overlooked during subjects' recall of consumption.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/epidemiologia , Brotos de Planta/microbiologia , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Comércio , Infecções por Escherichia coli/etiologia , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/microbiologia , Humanos , Lens (Planta)/microbiologia , Masculino , Medicago sativa/microbiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Restaurantes , Trigonella/microbiologia
2.
Scand J Public Health ; 40(3): 294-302, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22312030

RESUMO

AIMS: To estimate disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and cost of illness (COI) associated with the gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens Campylobacter and verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in Sweden and to investigate the impact of variability in health outcomes, data availability, and different assumptions about underreporting on DALY. METHODS: Data from the Swedish notification system, public databases, and the literature were used to estimate COI and DALY. DALY was modelled using a deterministic and a stochastic approach, the latter describing variation in health outcomes between individuals. Effects of different assumptions about underreporting of gastroenteritis were evaluated in separate scenarios. RESULTS: COI and DALY were greater for Campylobacter than for VTEC. Years of life lost due to haemolytic uraemic syndrome and years lived with gastroenteritis constituted most of DALY for VTEC and Campylobacter, respectively. Productivity losses due to gastroenteritis constituted the main cost associated with both pathogens. Degree of underreporting had a greater impact on DALY for Campylobacter, due to higher estimated incidence of gastroenteritis associated with campylobacteriosis. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogen-specific health outcomes and data quality may influence the preferred modelling approach. There was a fair agreement between modelling approaches, but the stochastic model reflected the contribution of some rare health outcomes not captured in the deterministic model. Health outcomes excluded due to lack of data lead to an underestimation of the total burden associated with the pathogens. Increased knowledge, especially on the degree of underreporting and the contribution of the pathogens to sequelae, is needed to further improve public health burden estimates for these pathogens in Sweden.


Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter/complicações , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Infecções por Escherichia coli/complicações , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica , Infecções por Campylobacter/economia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/economia , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Suécia
3.
Foodborne Pathog Dis ; 8(9): 997-1003, 2011 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21561382

RESUMO

Salmonella enterica serovar Napoli is an emerging serovar in Italy, France, and Switzerland, but little is known about its pathogenicity to humans. A collection of 112 strains of Salmonella Napoli isolated in Italy from human cases, foods of animal origin, and the environment have been characterized by the detection of a set of virulence genes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antibiotic susceptibility. All the strains examined were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested. The Salmonella pathogenicity islands genes ssaQ, mgtC spi_4D, and sopB were present from 75.0% to 100% of the tested strains. Only one human and four environmental strains showed the avrA gene. The phage-related sopE1 gene was present in 93% of the strains, whereas sodC1 and gipA genes were only in four and two environmental strains, respectively. The bcfC fimbrial gene was present in all the animal/food strains, in the 71.4% of environmental strains, and in 46.8% of the human strains, respectively. Overall, we observed 10 distinct virulence profiles (VP), but VP1-2-3 included 99 out of 112 strains. PFGE showed that 103 out of 111 isolates were grouped in four major clusters and three minor clusters, whereas two strains were totally unrelated. The most represented PFGE clusters mainly correlated with the virulotypes are VP1, VP2, and VP3. Salmonella Napoli shows an array of virulence genes similar to other serovars considered of public health importance and confirming its capability to cause infection in human. Concerning possible source of infection or reservoirs, the results did not point out any, but our hypothesis is that the environment can act as the main reservoir for Salmonella Napoli, and from there it can spill over to animals and humans. Further studies are needed to increase the knowledge on the ecology of Salmonella Napoli serovar and on the main risk factors for human infection.


Assuntos
Microbiologia Ambiental , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/patogenicidade , Animais , Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Reservatórios de Doenças , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Genes Bacterianos , Ilhas Genômicas , Humanos , Itália , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Filogenia , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enterica/genética , Especificidade da Espécie , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/genética
5.
PLoS One ; 9(3): e89833, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24594989

RESUMO

The Swedish salmonella control programme has been very successful in reducing the number of salmonella infections in both humans and animals. However, the costs for the control have increased and it has thus been questioned if the control measures could be relaxed and, if so, what effect this would have on human and animal health. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expected effects on human health of a relaxation of the Swedish control i.e. a substitution of the present programme with a programme similar to the ones present in Denmark or The Netherlands. Data from the year 2010 was used to illustrate this. It was assumed that the domestic exposure to salmonella would then become the same in Sweden as it was in Denmark or the Netherlands in that year. As official statistics on the number of reported salmonella cases are not comparable across European countries, data from five different sources were used to try to obtain comparable estimates of the domestic salmonella exposure in the three countries. The study shows that the number of reported domestic human salmonella cases in Sweden in 2010 would increase by approximately 900 to 2400 cases in the Danish scenarios and 6400 to 8400 in the Dutch scenarios. Although uncertainty exists, it was concluded that the number of reported domestic salmonella cases would increase substantially in Sweden in case of a relaxation of the current control programme.


Assuntos
Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Infecções por Salmonella/prevenção & controle , Suécia/epidemiologia
6.
PLoS One ; 9(5): e96446, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24831797

RESUMO

The objective of the study was to analyse the economic effects of introducing alternative Salmonella control strategies in Sweden. Current control strategies in Denmark and the Netherlands were used as benchmarks. The true number of human Salmonella cases was estimated by reconstructing the reporting pyramids for the various scenarios. Costs were calculated for expected changes in human morbidity (Salmonella and two of its sequelae), for differences in the control programmes and for changes in cattle morbidity. The net effects (benefits minus costs) were negative in all scenarios (€ -5 to -105 million), implying that it would not be cost-effective to introduce alternative control strategies in Sweden. This result was mainly due to an expected increase in the incidence of Salmonella in humans (6035-57108 reported and unreported new cases/year), with expected additional costs of € 5-55 million. Other increased costs were due to expected higher incidences of sequelae (€ 3-49 million) and a higher cattle morbidity (€ 4-8 million). Benefits in terms of lower control costs amounted to € 4-7 million.


Assuntos
Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/economia , Infecções por Salmonella/economia , Infecções por Salmonella/prevenção & controle , Animais , Bovinos , Simulação por Computador , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Análise Custo-Benefício , União Europeia , Contaminação de Alimentos , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Método de Monte Carlo , Salmonella , Infecções por Salmonella/complicações , Processos Estocásticos , Suécia , Suínos
7.
PLoS Curr ; 62014 Jun 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24944844

RESUMO

In June-July 2013, six counties notified the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control of enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) infections among attendees at a hotel in Dalarna, Sweden. An outbreak control team investigated to identify the source and implement control measures. We included individuals who attended the hotel between June 19th-25th in a cohort. We asked them about animal contact, swimming, and consumption of food items during this time using a questionnaire. A confirmed case was an EHEC O157:H7 outbreak strain positive individual who developed abdominal pain or diarrhoea between June 20th-July 2nd. We described the outbreak in time, place and person, calculated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We investigated the kitchen, tested and traced back implicated food items. 172 individuals responded. We identified 19 confirmed cases (Median age: 17 years, 64% female) with symptom onset between June 22nd-27th. Eating green salad on June 20th was associated with illness (RR:3.7;CI:1.3-11). The kitchen mixed green salads without records and destroyed leftovers immediately. Hence we could not conduct trace-back or obtain microbiological confirmation. Green salad contaminated before entering the kitchen was the likely outbreak source. We recommended early collaboration with food agencies and better restaurant records to facilitate future investigations.

8.
PLoS One ; 8(5): e63027, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23675451

RESUMO

The sequencing of highly virulent Escherichia coli O104:H4 strains isolated during the outbreak of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in Europe in 2011 revealed a genome that contained a Shiga toxin encoding prophage and a plasmid encoding enteroaggregative fimbriae. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of a strain isolated in Sweden from a patient who had travelled to Tunisia in 2010 (E112/10) and was found to differ from the outbreak strains by only 38 SNPs in non-repetitive regions, 16 of which were mapped to the branch to the outbreak strain. We identified putatively adaptive mutations in genes for transporters, outer surface proteins and enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. A comparative analysis with other historical strains showed that E112/10 contained Shiga toxin prophage genes of the same genotype as the outbreak strain, while these genes have been replaced by a different genotype in two otherwise very closely related strains isolated in the Republic of Georgia in 2009. We also present the genome sequences of two enteroaggregative E. coli strains affiliated with phylogroup A (C43/90 and C48/93) that contain the agg genes for the AAF/I-type fimbriae characteristic of the outbreak population. Interestingly, C43/90 also contained a tet/mer antibiotic resistance island that was nearly identical in sequence to that of the outbreak strain, while the corresponding island in the Georgian strains was most similar to E. coli strains of other serotypes. We conclude that the pan-genome of the outbreak population is shared with strains of the A phylogroup and that its evolutionary history is littered with gene replacement events, including most recently independent acquisitions of antibiotic resistance genes in the outbreak strains and its nearest neighbors. The results are summarized in a refined evolutionary model for the emergence of the O104:H4 outbreak population.


Assuntos
Adaptação Biológica/genética , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/genética , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/patogenicidade , Mutação , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Virulência/genética , Adesinas Bacterianas/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Surtos de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/classificação , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Ordem dos Genes , Genes Bacterianos , Genoma Bacteriano , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/epidemiologia , Humanos , Filogenia , Plasmídeos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Prófagos/genética , Recombinação Genética , Toxina Shiga/genética , Telúrio/farmacologia , Tunísia
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