Comparison of surgical and endovascular treatments for fusiform intracranial aneurysms: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

Fusiform intracranial aneurysms (FIA) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data with propensity score adjustment to compare the functional and angiographic outcomes between surgical and endovascular approaches to FIA. We conducted a systematic review for articles on the treatment of FIA with individual patient-level detailing. Data from patients treated for FIA in our institution from 2010 to 2018 were also collected. The primary studied outcome was morbidity, and secondary outcomes were angiographic results and retreatment. Propensity score-adjusted mixed-effects logistic regression models evaluated treatment options, stratified by anatomical location. Compiling original and published data, there were 312 cases, of which 79 (25.3%) had open surgery, and 233 (74.5%) were treated with endovascular procedures. There were no differences between treatment groups, for neither cavernous ICA (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.05-23.6) nor supraclinoid aneurysms (OR 7.82, 95% CI 0.65-94.4). Both size (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.19) and initial mRS (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3) were risk factors for morbidity, independent of location. Neither age nor rupture status influenced the odds of posterior morbidity. Unfavorable angiographic outcomes were more common in the endovascular group for supraclinoid and vertebrobasilar aneurysms (χ2, P < 0.01). There were no differences between morbidity of surgical and endovascular treatments for FIA, regardless of aneurysm location. Size and initial mRS were correlated with functional outcomes, whereas age and rupture status were not. Microsurgery seems to yield better long-term angiographic results compared to endovascular procedures.

Corticomotor excitability is altered in central neuropathic pain compared with non-neuropathic pain or pain-free patients.

OBJECTIVES: Central neuropathic pain (CNP) is associated with altered corticomotor excitability (CE), which can potentially provide insights into its mechanisms. The objective of this study is to describe the CE changes that are specifically related to CNP. METHODS: We evaluated CNP associated with brain injury after stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI) due to neuromyelitis optica through a battery of CE measurements and comprehensive pain, neurological, functional, and quality of life assessments. CNP was compared to two groups of patients with the same disease: i. with non-neuropathic pain and ii. without chronic pain, matched by sex and lesion location. RESULTS: We included 163 patients (stroke=93; SCI=70: 74 had CNP, 43 had non-neuropathic pain, and 46 were pain-free). Stroke patients with CNP had lower motor evoked potential (MEP) in both affected and unaffected hemispheres compared to non- neuropathic pain and no-pain patients. Patients with CNP had lower amplitudes of MEPs (366 µV ±464 µV) than non-neuropathic (478 ±489) and no-pain (765 µV ± 880 µV) patients, p < 0.001. Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was defective (less inhibited) in patients with CNP (2.6±11.6) compared to no-pain (0.8±0.7), p = 0.021. MEPs negatively correlated with mechanical and cold-induced allodynia. Furthermore, classifying patients' results according to normative data revealed that at least 75% of patients had abnormalities in some CE parameters and confirmed MEP findings based on group analyses. DISCUSSION: CNP is associated with decreased MEPs and SICI compared to non-neuropathic pain and no-pain patients. Corticomotor excitability changes may be helpful as neurophysiological markers of the development and persistence of pain after CNS injury, as they are likely to provide insights into global CE plasticity changes occurring after CNS lesions associated with CNP.

Dissecting central post-stroke pain: a controlled symptom-psychophysical characterization.

Central post-stroke pain affects up to 12% of stroke survivors and is notoriously refractory to treatment. However, stroke patients often suffer from other types of pain of non-neuropathic nature (musculoskeletal, inflammatory, complex regional) and no head-to-head comparison of their respective clinical and somatosensory profiles has been performed so far. We compared 39 patients with definite central neuropathic post-stroke pain with two matched control groups: 32 patients with exclusively non-neuropathic pain developed after stroke and 31 stroke patients not complaining of pain. Patients underwent deep phenotyping via a comprehensive assessment including clinical exam, questionnaires and quantitative sensory testing to dissect central post-stroke pain from chronic pain in general and stroke. While central post-stroke pain was mostly located in the face and limbs, non-neuropathic pain was predominantly axial and located in neck, shoulders and knees (P < 0.05). Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory clusters burning (82.1%, n = 32, P < 0.001), tingling (66.7%, n = 26, P < 0.001) and evoked by cold (64.1%, n = 25, P < 0.001) occurred more frequently in central post-stroke pain. Hyperpathia, thermal and mechanical allodynia also occurred more commonly in this group (P < 0.001), which also presented higher levels of deafferentation (P < 0.012) with more asymmetric cold and warm detection thresholds compared with controls. In particular, cold hypoesthesia (considered when the threshold of the affected side was <41% of the contralateral threshold) odds ratio (OR) was 12 (95% CI: 3.8-41.6) for neuropathic pain. Additionally, cold detection threshold/warm detection threshold ratio correlated with the presence of neuropathic pain (ρ = -0.4, P < 0.001). Correlations were found between specific neuropathic pain symptom clusters and quantitative sensory testing: paroxysmal pain with cold (ρ = -0.4; P = 0.008) and heat pain thresholds (ρ = 0.5; P = 0.003), burning pain with mechanical detection (ρ = -0.4; P = 0.015) and mechanical pain thresholds (ρ = -0.4, P < 0.013), evoked pain with mechanical pain threshold (ρ = -0.3; P = 0.047). Logistic regression showed that the combination of cold hypoesthesia on quantitative sensory testing, the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory, and the allodynia intensity on bedside examination explained 77% of the occurrence of neuropathic pain. These findings provide insights into the clinical-psychophysics relationships in central post-stroke pain and may assist more precise distinction of neuropathic from non-neuropathic post-stroke pain in clinical practice and in future trials.

C-Reactive Protein Levels Are Higher in Patients With Fusiform Intracranial Aneurysms: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Comprehending the risk factors that contribute to the formation of fusiform aneurysms (FAs) might provide some insight into treatment and prevention strategies. This case-control study aimed to compare the levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), as a biomarker, between patients with fusiform and saccular intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed medical records from 2010 to 2019. Thirty-five patients were identified as having FAs: 13 (37.1%) were ruptured, and 22 were unruptured. An age-matched sample of 70 controls (2:1) with saccular aneurysms was obtained from the same records: 36 (51.4%) ruptured and 34 unruptured. RESULTS: Patients with FAs had median CRP values of 0.61 mg/dL (IQR: 1.5), compared with 0.29 mg/dL (IQR: 0.42) in controls (P < 0.01). Within both the ruptured and the unruptured group, median CRP was higher in patients with FAs compared with controls (P < 0.01). Diabetes, smoking status, hypertension, and sex did not significantly influence CRP levels. Age-adjusted analyses showed that fusiform morphology was independently associated with higher CRP levels for unruptured aneurysms (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.05-1.43), but not for ruptured aneurysms (OR 1.02, 95%CI 0.99-1.05). CONCLUSIONS: CRP was higher in patients with FAs than controls, and it constituted an independent predictor of fusiform morphology for patients with unruptured aneurysms. Inflammation might be an especially important factor in FA formation and growth, and further studies could use this finding to design new treatment strategies.

Cavernous carotid artery aneurysms on a single institution: An epidemiological study with 201 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Cavernous carotid aneurysms (CCA) represent 2-9% of all intracranial aneurysms. For long considered benign lesions, these entities are unique when it comes to clinical presentation and management. Usually asymptomatic, CCAs can grow and rupture causing different manifestations. The lack of a long-term assessment of both treated and untreated CCAs' natural history justifies why there is no consensus regarding what are the recommended therapeutic measures. While some advocate that an intervention is always necessary, others consider that patients deserve an individualized evaluation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We describe our single-institution experience in diagnosis, follow-up, and management of 201 CCAs. In addition, we evaluate the association of giant CCAs with aneurysms in other locations using a Chi-square test. RESULTS: 201 patients had 245 CCAs. 92% of the patients were women. The mean age at diagnosis was 61 years. Concomitant aneurysms were observed in 53.2% of the patients, and the middle cerebral artery was the most affected artery. 66 (30.6%) CCAs were considered "giant", and the follow-up period ranged from 1 to 23 years.The presence of a giant CCA seemed to hinder other aneurysms' formation - RR 0.47 (IC 95% 0.31-0.67), p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: CCAs should be individually assessed. A conservative approach ought to be adopted for asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic lesions. Finally, a multidisciplinary team must evaluate the other situations, in order to define whether the microsurgical or the endovascular treatment is better option. Presence of a giant lesion within the cavernous sinus is associated with less occurrence of other aneurysms.

Epidemiological analysis of 1404 patients with intracranial aneurysm followed in a single Brazilian institution.

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the epidemiology of intracranial aneurysms in relation to location, gender, age, presence of multiple aneurysms, and comorbidities in the Brazilian population. METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of a cohort of 1404 patients diagnosed with intracranial aneurysm admitted to the Hospital das Clinicas of the University of Sao Paulo, a referral hospital for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in Brazil. Patients admitted between September 2009 and September 2018 with radiological diagnosis of intracranial aneurysm were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 2251 aneurysms were diagnosed. Females accounted for 1090 aneurysms (77.6%) and the mean age at diagnosis was 54.9 years (ranging 15-88). The most common location was middle cerebral artery (MCA) with 593 aneurysms (26.3%) followed by anterior cerebral artery (ACA) with 417 aneurysms (18.5%) and internal carotid artery in the posterior communicating segment with 405 aneurysms (18.0%). Males had higher rates of ACA aneurysms (29.7%) while females had higher rates of MCA aneurysms (26.1%). Sorting by size, 492 aneurysms were <5 mm (21.8%), 1524 measured 5-10 mm (67.7%), 119 size 11-24 mm (5.3%), and 116 were >24 mm (5.2%). The occurrence of multiple aneurysms was associated with female gender (P < 0.001) and smoking (P < 0.001), but not with hypertension (P = 0.121). CONCLUSION: In this population, the occurrence of intracranial aneurysm is related to several factors, including gender, age, smoking, and hypertension. Our study brought to light important characteristics of a large number of Brazilian patients regarding epidemiology, location, size, and multiplicity of intracranial aneurysms.

Prognostic model for patients with traumatic brain injuries and abnormal computed tomography scans.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of death and disability worldwide. The prognosis evaluation is a challenge when many variables are involved. The authors aimed to develop prognostic model for assessment of survival chances after TBI based on admission characteristics, including extracranial injuries, which would allow application of the model before in-hospital therapeutic interventions. A cohort study evaluated 1275 patients with TBI and abnormal CT scans upon admission to the emergency unit of Hospital das Clinicas of University of Sao Paulo and analyzed the final outcome on mortality. A logistic regression analysis was undertaken to determine the adjusted weigh of each independent variable in the outcome. Four variables were found to be significant in the model: age (years), Glasgow Coma Scale (3-15), Marshall Scale (MS, stratified into 2,3 or 4,5,6; according to the best group positive predictive value) and anysochoria (yes/no). The following formula is in a logistic model (USP index to head injury) estimates the probability of death of patients according to characteristics that influence on mortality. We consider that our mathematical probability model (USP Index) may be applied to clinical prognosis in patients with abnormal CT scans after severe traumatic brain injury.