Tolerance of Hymenaea courbaril L. to glyphosate.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the glyphosate on Hymenaea courbaril L. A randomized block design with five replications was implemented. Each experimental unit was composed of one plant in a 5 L container. The treatments were 0 "control"; 96; 240; 480; and 960 g ha-1 "corresponding to 10, 25, 50, and 100% of the commercial dose of glyphosate recommended for Caryocar brasiliense crop, respectively". The evaluations were performed at 24 h and 60 days after application. Visual and anatomical evaluations did not change regardless of the dose, while the histochemical evaluation showed an accumulation of starch grains in leaf tissues. There was an increase in the photosynthetic rate, in the electron transport rate, and in the effective quantum yield of photosystem II at 24 h after application. At 60 days after the application of the treatments, the photosynthetic rate showed a slight decrease and the transpiratory rate showed quadratic behavior. An increase in plant height was observed up to the dose of 480 g ha-1, a linear increase in stem diameter and a decrease in the number of leaves with increasing glyphosate doses. These results show that the cuticle protected the plant, and that the little absorbed glyphosate increased photosynthesis and transpiration to favor the plants. We can conclude that the H. courbaril species is able to survive after contact with glyphosate during the evaluated time, with no visual and/or anatomical damage, showing increases in growth and physiological characteristics for the tested doses.

Searching for biomarkers of early detection of 2,4-D effects in a native tree species from the Brazilian Cerrado biome.

Biodiversity in the Brazilian Cerrado biome has been declining sharply with the continued expansion of agriculture and the excessive use of herbicides. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical responses in Dipteryx alata plants to various doses of the herbicide 2,4-D. Specific biomarkers that characterize the phytoindicator potential of this species were determined. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and cellulase were performed after 24, 96 and/or 396 hours after 2,4-D application (HAA). The herbicide caused higher antioxidant enzymatic activity 24 HAA and damage to the photosynthetic machinery after 96 HAA. Reduction in gas exchange, chlorophyll content, and photochemical traits were observed. Increased respiratory rates, non-photochemical quenching, and carotenoid concentrations in 2,4-D-treated plants were important mechanisms in the defense against the excess energy absorbed. Furthermore, the absence of leaf symptoms suggested tolerance of D. alata to 2,4-D. Nevertheless, changes in the photosynthetic and biochemical metabolism of D. alata are useful as early indicators of herbicide contamination, especially in the absence of visual symptoms. These results are important for early monitoring of plants in conserved areas and for preventing damage to sensitive species.

Dipteryx alata, a tree native to the Brazilian Cerrado, is sensitive to the herbicide nicosulfuron.

The expansion of land use for agricultural interests and the excessive use of herbicides are among the causes of biodiversity losses in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. Therefore, we aimed to test the hypothesis that Dipteryx alata Vogel, a common species in this biome, is sensitive to nicosulfuron because of its high phytotoxicity. We evaluated physiological, biochemical and morphological responses in D. alata plants exposed to increasing doses of the herbicide. Young plants were transplanted to 10 L pots containing substrate composed of soil and sand (2:1) after fertilization. After an acclimation period, the following doses of nicosulfuron were applied: 0 (control), 6, 12, 24, 48, and 60 g a.e. ha-1. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design factorial scheme with six doses of nicosulfuron, three evaluation times, and five replicates per treatment. The effects of the herbicide were assessed by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, membrane permeability, antioxidant enzymes and acetolactate synthase. Nicosulfuron altered the photosynthetic machinery and enzymatic metabolism of D. alata. Reductions in physiological traits, increased catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, enhanced malondialdehyde concentrations rate of electrolyte leakage and decreased acetolactate synthase activity in response to nicosulfuron all suggest that D. alata is sensitive to this herbicide.

Hormetic Effect Caused by Sublethal Doses of Glyphosate on Toona ciliata M. Roem.

This study aimed to evaluate the response of Toona ciliata seedlings to sublethal doses of glyphosate. The increasing use of glyphosate in agriculture concerns the scientific community, as the drift of this pollutant into aquatic systems or atmospheric currents can affect non-target species. Therefore, we need to understand how non-target species respond to small doses of this herbicide. T. ciliata seedlings (clone BV-1110) were exposed to sublethal doses of glyphosate (0, 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8 g ae ha-1). Anatomical, physiological, and photochemical analyses were performed 60 days after herbicide application, and growth assessments were carried out after 160 days of cultivation. We found that sublethal doses of glyphosate above 19.2 g ae ha-1 induced toxicity symptoms in Toona ciliata leaves. These symptoms were mild in some cases, such as chlorosis, but severe in other cases, such as tissue necrosis. We observed a positive relationship between increased plant height and photochemical yield with plant exposure to sub-doses 9.6 and 19.2 g ae ha-1. A sublethal dose of 38.4 g ae ha-1 improved the photosynthetic rate and carboxylation efficiency. Thus, we confirmed the hypothesis of a hormetic effect when T. ciliata was exposed to sub-doses of glyphosate equal to or lower than 38.4 g ae ha-1. However, the sublethal dose of 76.8 g ae ha-1 must be considered toxic, impacting photosynthetic activity and, consequently, the height of T. ciliata. The stem diameter of T. ciliata responded positively to increasing glyphosate doses. This occurs to compensate for the negative effect of glyphosate on water absorption. Further research will provide valuable information for harnessing the potential benefits of hormesis to improve the productivity of T. ciliata.

Can a successional crop system associated with preemergent herbicides be a tool to control weeds?

The objective of this research was to evaluate weed control in a successional soybean-sorghum system by using preemergent herbicides. Two trials were conducted in soybean and two in sorghum, in different soil types (sandy in Rio Verde city and clayey in Montividiu city). All trials were established in a completely randomized block design with five preemergent herbicides in soybean (rates in): diclosulam 35.3 g a.i.·ha­1, chlorimuron 20 g a.i.·ha­1, sulfentrazone 200 g a.i.·ha­1, flumioxazin 50 g a.i.·ha­1, S-metolachlor 1728 g a.i.·ha­1, and two controls (hand weeded and untreated). Treatments in sorghum trials were the same to the soybean plus atrazine 1250 g a.i.·ha­1 and atrazine 1250 g a.i.·ha­1 + S-metolachlor 1728 g a.i.·ha­1. All treatments had four replicates. Weed control was assessed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP) in both crops. In addition, yield was measured when grains reached physiological maturity. All preemergent herbicide treatments successfully controlled weeds, specially Commelina benghalensis, Cenchrus echinatus and Eleusine indica, in both soybean trials until 28 DAP. In some weeds of sorghum, sulfentrazone, diclosulam and chlorimuron sprayed at soybean preemergence performed better than atrazine sprayed at sorghum preemergence. All preemergent herbicides sprayed at soybean preemergence did not affect soybean and sorghum yield, showing similarity with the hand weeded treatment. The results of this research provide evidence that the mix of crop succession and preemergent herbicide applications can be a strong strategy for integrated weed management.

Simulated drift of dicamba and 2, 4-D on soybeans: effects of application dose and time / Deriva simulada de dicamba e 2, 4-D na soja: efeitos da dose de aplicação e tempo

The use of soybean varieties resistant to the herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D may lead to drifts towards areas grown with non-resistant varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dicamba and 2,4-D underdoses applied at the phenological stages V4 and R2 of soybeans. Two experiments were conducted with dicamba or 2,4-D in a randomized block design with four replications. The 4 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme was composed of four doses (0.028, 0.28, 2.8, and 28 g ae ha−1) of dicamba or 2,4-D applied at two phenological stages (V4 and R2) + a control treatment (without herbicide application). Dicamba underdoses caused damage to soybean crop affecting its vegetative growth and yield; the injuries caused by 2,4-D were neither enough to damage crop nor affect yield components. Dicamba underdoses applied at V4 caused injuries of up to 41%, while in R2 they reached 70%. Plant height decreased by up to 61% when treated with dicamba. Soybean yield was reduced by 29 and 76% when the simulated drift occurred at V4 and R2, respectively, and at a dose of 28 g ae ha−1 of dicamba. For the tested underdoses, only 2,4-D had no effect in soybean crop yield.

Com a inserção de variedades de soja resistentes aos herbicidas dicamba e 2,4-D os eventos de deriva destes herbicidas para áreas com variedades não resistentes será passível de ocorrência. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos de subdoses de dicamba e 2,4-D aplicados nos estádios fenológicos V4 e R2 da cultura da soja. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com dicamba ou 2,4-D em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Adotou-se o esquema fatorial de 4 x 2 + 1 composto por quatro doses (0,028, 0,28, 2,8 e 28 g ea ha-1) de dicamba ou de 2,4-D, aplicados em dois estádios fenológicos (V4 e R2) + um tratamento testemunha (sem aplicação de herbicida). As subdoses de dicamba provocaram danos na cultura da soja, afetando o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a produtividade, enquanto o 2,4-D não provocou injúrias suficientes para provocar danos que comprometessem a cultura, e desta forma, não afetou os componentes de produção. As subdoses de dicamba aplicadas no estádio V4 provocou injúrias de até 41%, enquanto em R2 chegaram a 70%. A altura das plantas reduziu em até 61% quando tratadas com dicamba. A produtividade da soja foi reduzida em 29 e 76%, quando a deriva simulada ocorreu nos estádios V4 e R2, respectivamente, e na dose de 28 g ea ha-1 de dicamba. Nas subdoses testadas somente o 2,4-D não afetou a produtividade da cultura da soja.

Quality of adzuki bean seeds desiccated with flumioxazin and subjected to storage / Qualidade de sementes de feijão azuki dessecadas com flumioxazin e submetidas ao armazenamento

Production and storage environments influence the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the herbicide flumioxazin applied as a preharvest desiccant and storage on the physiological and sanitary quality of adzuki bean seeds. A randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. Plots consisted of five doses of the herbicide flumioxazin (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 g ai·ha-1) and subplots consisted of two evaluation times (harvest and six months after harvest). Two controls, with no herbicide application, were tested for each evaluation time. The physiological seed quality was maintained with doses from 25 to 35 g·ha-1 of flumioxazin. Increasing herbicide doses reduced the electrical conductivity of seeds. The increased doses also reduced the percentage of normal seedlings in the first germination count after six months of storage and caused seedling vigor loss. The storage of adzuki bean for six months reduced its physiological quality, leading to losses in germination and seed vigor. Storage and increasing doses of the desiccant flumioxazin reduced the incidence of the pathogens Rhizopus, Cladosporium, and Fusarium in the seeds. The increased doses of this herbicide reduced Aspergillus incidence. Penicillium incidence was not affected by treatments.(AU)

A qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes é influenciada pelo ambiente de produção e de armazenamento. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do herbicida flumioxazin aplicado como dessecante em pré-colheita e do armazenamento sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão azuki. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram alocadas as cinco doses do herbicida flumioxazin (20, 25, 30, 35 e 40 g i.a·ha-1) e nas subparcelas as duas épocas de avaliação (colheita e 6 meses após a colheita), com quatro repetições. Foram testados dois tratamentos sem aplicação do herbicida para cada época de avaliação. Nas doses entre 25 a 35 g·ha-1 de flumioxazin observou-se a manutenção da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Em doses crescentes reduziu-se a condutividade elétrica das sementes. O aumento das doses reduziu a porcentagem de plântulas normais na primeira contagem da germinação, após seis meses de armazenamento, e causou perda no vigor das plântulas. O armazenamento de feijão azuki durante seis meses reduziu a qualidade fisiológica, causando perdas na germinação e vigor das sementes. O armazenamento e o aumento das doses do dessecante flumioxazin reduziram a incidência dos patógenos Rhizopus, Cladosporium e Fusarium nas sementes. O aumento das doses reduziu a incidência de Aspergillus. A incidência de Penicillium não foi afetada pelos tratamentos.(AU)

Quality of silage produced from intercropped corn RR and soybeans RR / Qualidade de silagem produzida a partir de milho rr consorciado com soja RR

The objective of this study was to produce silage from intercropped RR glyphosate tolerant corn (RR - Roundup Ready) and RR soybeans under Brazilian Cerrado conditions. The research was carried out in off-season between February and June 2015, in Rio Verde, Goiás (Brazil). In the experimental period the rainfall was 865 mm and the average temperature of 23.7°C. Two trials were performed. The first had corn rows spaced in 1 m with a row of soybeans in the interrow. The second had double corn rows interspersed with one row of soybeans, all spaced in 0.50 m. In both trials, we used a randomized block design, in a 2x2+3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Primary factor consisted of two types of pre-sowing fertilization: one only in corn rows and the other over the total area. The secondary factor corresponded to two soybean varieties: medium and late cycle variety. In addition, three control treatments were made: one of corn and two of soybeans. The corn cutoff point was at the hard farinaceous stage when the milk line reaches half the grain, and in the sole crop soybean at the R5.5 final phase of grain filling. Silage was stored in PVC experimental silos for 60 days. The intercropped treatments, in both spatial arrangements, promoted increases in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents. Soybean monoculture presented high values of crude protein and ethereal extract. There were higher effluent losses in medium-cycle soybean variety silage when it was grown in single cropping. However, the lowest effluent losses were recorded for silages of medium-cycle soybean intercropped under a double row pre-sowing corn fertilization system. The soybeans mixed silages produced together with corn under off-season conditions did not yield satisfactory results.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho adequar o sistema de consórcio entre milho com tolerância ao herbicida glifosato (RR - Roundup Ready) e soja RR para obtenção de silagem de qualidade em condições do Cerrado brasileiro. A pesquisa foi conduzida na safrinha entre fevereiro e junho de 2015, em Rio Verde, Goiás (Brasil). A pluviosidade do período experimental foi de 865mm e a temperatura média de 23,7°C. Realizou-se dois ensaios, adequando formas de adubação de semeadura, arranjo de plantas e cultivares. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, em fatorial 2x2+3, com quatro repetições, sendo o fator primário duas modalidades de adubação de semeadura na linha: somente no milho, e em área total; o fator secundário correspondeu a duas variedades de soja: ciclo médio e tardio; mais três testemunhas: uma de milho e duas de soja. O ponto de corte do milho foi no estádio farináceo duro quando a linha do leite atinge metade do grão, e na soja em monocultivo no estádio fenológico R5.5, fase final de enchimento de grãos. Armazenou-se a silagem em silos experimentais de PVC por 60 dias. Os tratamentos de consórcio em ambos os arranjos aumentaram os teores de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Os monocultivos de soja obtiveram valores elevados de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Ocorreu maior perda por efluente na silagem da variedade de soja de ciclo médio cultivada em monocultivo. No entanto, as menores perdas por efluente foram registradas para silagens de culturas de soja de ciclo médio consorciadas sob um sistema de fertilização pré-semeadura de linha de milho, no arranjo de linha dupla. A inserção de soja para produzir silagens mista juntamente com o milho em condições de safrinha não teve resultados satisfatórios.

Influence of glyphosate underdoses on the suppression of Panicum maximum cultivars / Subdoses de glifosato na supressão de cultivares de Panicum maximum

The use of herbicide underdoses allows minimizing the competition of grasses on annual crops, enabling simultaneous cultivation. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate glyphosate underdoses on the suppression of the initial growth of three Panicum maximum cultivars aiming at the integrated cultivation, in addition to the effects of forage species on the incidence and development of weeds. Three field experiments were conducted. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications and eight treatments consisting of increasing glyphosate doses (0, 54, 108, 270, 378, 540, 756, and 1,080 g a.e. ha−1). An atrazine dose of 1,200 g a.i. ha−1 was added to each treatment. Plant phytotoxicity assessments were performed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application. At 80 and 125 days after sowing, the assessments of total dry matter production, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter, and leaf to stem ratio were carried out, in addition to density and dry matter production of weed community. Glyphosate underdoses below 215, 65, and 90 g a.e. ha-1 have a potential to be investigated aiming at the management of P. maximum cv. Atlas, P. maximum cv. Mombasa, and P. maximum cv. Tanzania under intercropping. The three forage species are effective in suppressing weeds.(AU)

A utilização de subdoses de herbicidas permite amenizar a competição exercida pelas gramíneas sobre a cultura anual, viabilizando o cultivo simultâneo. Neste contexto, objetivou-se pesquisar subdoses de glifosato na supressão do crescimento inicial de três cultivares de Panicum maximum, almejando o cultivo integrado, além dos efeitos das forrageiras sobre a incidência e o desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas. Foram conduzidos três ensaios em campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e oito tratamentos, formados por doses crescentes do herbicida glifosato (0; 54; 108; 270; 378; 540; 756 e 1.080 g de e.a. ha-1). Em todos os tratamentos foram adicionados 1.200 g de i.a. ha-1 de atrazine. Foram realizadas avaliações de fitointoxicação de plantas aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação. Aos 80 e 125 dias após a semeadura foram realizadas avaliações de produção de matéria seca total, matéria seca de folha, matéria seca de colmos e relação folha: colmo, além da densidade e produção de matéria seca da comunidade de plantas daninhas. Subdoses de glifosato abaixo de 215, 65 e 90 g de e.a. ha-1 possuem potencial para serem pesquisadas visando ao manejo de Panicum maximum cv. Atlas, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça e Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia em consórcio. As três forrageiras são eficientes na supressão de plantas daninhas.(AU)

Effects of herbicide and insecticide interaction on soil entomofauna under maize crop.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the herbicide mixture nicosulfuron + atrazine, with or without the insecticide chlorpyrifos, onto soil entomofauna under maize crop. The treatments, applied 25 days after maize emergence, were represented by a weeded control without insecticide and herbicide, a weeded control with chlorpyrifos, and mixtures of nicosulfuron + atrazine, with or without chlorpyrifos. Arthropods populations, on the soil surface, as well as inside the soil under maize, were principally represented by mites (Arachnida: Acari), decomposer collembolans (Hexapoda:Parainsecta:Collembola) and predator ants (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). The nicosulfuron + atrazine mixture with chlorpyrifos and the isolated chlorpyrifos reduced the population dynamics of all insect groups on the soil surface compared to the weeded control. In the soil, mite and ant populations were reduced after application of the herbicide mixture with chlorpyrifos and of the isolated chlorpyrifos.

Population dynamics of weeds in no-tillage and conventional crop systems.

Population dynamics of weeds in successive maize and bean crops were evaluated in two soil management systems (conventional and no-tillage), for two maize applications (grain and silage), and in four consecutive growing seasons. Every year, conventional tillage consisted in plowing and harrowing before sowing. In no-tillage, chemical weed desiccation was made with the mixture glyphosate + 2.4-D. To control weeds, the mixture fluazifop-p-butil + fomesafen was applied on the bean crop in all the planting seasons, and the herbicides nicosulfuron + atrazine on maize after crop emergence (1998--1999, 1999--2000, 2001--2002) and atrazine + metolachlor before emergence (2000--2001). Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) was the most important species under conventional soil tillage; while in no-tillage the dicotyledonous weed species (Amaranthus deflexus, Bidens pilosa, Euphorbia heterophylla, Galinsoga parviflora Ipomoea grandifolia) were the most relevant. Regardless of the maize use, the C. rotundus population and tuber bank, with prevailingly dormant tubers, was considerably reduced in no-tillage compared with the conventional system.

Inoculação das sementes e adubações nitrogenada e molíbdica do feijoeiro-comum, em Rolim de Moura, RO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and nitrogen and molybdenum fertilization on the performance of the common-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A complete randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a factorial arrangement 2x2x2, with the combinations of absence and presence of seed inoculation and nitrogen (N) and molybdenum (Mo) fertilization. Seeds inoculation was just before sowing with a peat inoculante composed by the strain CIAT 899 (SEMIA 4077), N was provided at sowing (10 kg.ha-1) and coverage (50 kg.ha-1) when the plants showed the third trifoliate sheet expand and Mo was applied by foliar spraying with 60 g.ha-1 when plants were at beginning of flowering . No effect of treatments on the dry mass of roots and the number of pods per plant was observed. N fertilization reduced nodulation of plants, however, N fertilization lead to an increase in height and dry mass of bean shoots. It was also observed that plants fertilized with N but in the absence of Mo shoed heavier grains. The interactions between N and Mo fertilization with inoculation of seed negatively affected the leaf N content and the number of grains per pod. The inoculation of seed in beans provided grain yields similar to those provided by the treatment with N fertilization.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do feijoeiro-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L) em função da inoculação de sementes com Rhizobium tropici e das adubações nitrogenada e molibdica. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 2x2x2, constituindo-se das combinações de ausência e presença de inoculação de sementes, da adubação molíbdica e da adubação nitrogenada. A inoculação das sementes foi imediatamente antes da semeadura com inoculante turfoso composto da estirpe CIAT 899 (SEMIA 4077); a adubação nitrogenada foi na semeadura (10 kg.ha-1) e em cobertura (50 kg.ha-1), quando as plantas apresentaram a terceira folha trifoliolada expandida e o molibdênio (Mo) foi aplicado em pulverização foliar na dose de 60 g.ha-1. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos para a massa seca de raízes e o número de vagens por planta. A adubação nitrogenada reduziu a nodulação nos feijoeiros. Todavia, com a adubação nitrogenada foi verificado incremento na altura e na massa seca da parte aérea dos feijoeiros. Grãos de feijão mais pesados foram observados em feijoeiros adubados com N na ausência de Mo. As interações entre adubação nitrogenada e molibdica com inoculação de sementes afetaram, também, o teor de N foliar e o número de grãos por vagem A inoculação de sementes proporcionou nos feijoeiros rendimentos de grãos semelhantes aos fertilizados com N.